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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic characteristics of measles and rubella in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2013 to 2022， and to provide data support for the elimination of measles and rubella.MethodsEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect IgM antibodies in serum samples. The sequence of 630 nucleotides at the C-terminal of N gene of measles virus was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the phylogenic tree was constructed.ResultsA total of 1 529 suspected cases of measles were detected from 2013 to 2022， among which the positive rate of measles IgM antibody was 33.55% （513/1 529）. The highest positive rate （20.73%） was from March to May ， and the positive rate of rubella IgM antibody was 6.80% （104/1 529）. The positive rate of both IgM was higher in males than that in females （P

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of acute respiratory infections in children under 12 years old in Pudong New Area， Shanghai from 2019 to 2023.MethodsAcute respiratory infection samples of children under 12 years old from three sentinel hospitals in Pudong New Area， Shanghai from 2019 to 2023 were collected， and 42 respiratory infection pathogens， including influenza virus， adenovirus， parainfluenza virus， respiratory syncytial virus， human enterovirus/rhinovirus， human pulmonary virus， human bokavirus， coronavirus （229E， HKU1， NL63 and OC43）， and novel coronavirus， were detected with microfluidic chips. The situation of acute respiratory infections among outpatient and inpatient children in this area was analyzed for the before the implementation of non pharmacological intervention measures （2019.12‒2020.1）， during the period of non pharmacological intervention measures （2020.2‒2022.12）， and after non pharmacological intervention measures （2023.1‒2023.6）.ResultsFrom 2019 to 2023， a total of 1 770 samples were collected， and 445 pathogens were detected， with a detection rate of 25.14% （445/1 770）. The main pathogens detected during the study period were influenza virus： 8.70% （154/1 770）， respiratory syncytial virus： 4.41% （78/1 770）， human enterovirus/rhinovirus： 2.66% （47/1 770）， human adenovirus： 2.49% （44/1 770）， and parainfluenza virus： 2.20% （39/1 770）. Before the implementation of non pharmacological intervention measures， outpatients were primarily infected with influenza， parainfluenza virus， and respiratory syncytial virus， with detection rates of 8.09%， 4.49%， and 4.04%， respectively； inpatients were mainly infected with influenza， respiratory syncytial virus， and parainfluenza virus， with detection rates of 4.49%， 3.82%， and 3.15%， respectively. During the period of non pharmacological intervention measures， influenza， rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the main viruses detected in the samples of outpatient children， with detection rates of 4.04%， 3.60%， and 2.47%， respectively； inpatient samples mainly detected respiratory syncytial virus， rhinovirus， and influenza virus， with detection rates of 3.60%， 2.02%， and 1.80%， respectively. After non pharmacological intervention measures， influenza， rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the main pathogens detected in the outpatients， with detection rates of 9.89%， 2.92% and 2.02%， respectively； influenza， respiratory syncytial virus， and rhinovirus were the main pathogens detected in inpatient children， with detection rates of 6.29%， 1.57%， and 1.35%， respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of pathogens related to acute respiratory infections in children is influenced by non pharmacological preventive measures.

Abstract [Objective] The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possesses unique and valuable plant resources due to its special geographical location, rich vegetation types, and complex and variable climatic conditions. Understanding plant background information and geographical distribution are of great importance to the study of the flora in this region. [Methods and Results] In this paper, three newly recorded plant species, namely Pedicularis cornigera T.Yamaz., Hymenidium dentatum (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov, and Lagotis kunawurensis Rupr., were discovered based on the survey of the alpine plant diversity and flora in the Karma Gorge region of Tingri County, Tibet Autonomous Region. [Conclusion] This paper reports three newly recorded plant species, which provides reference for the study of plant composition in this region. It provides additional information for plant diversity conservation and systematic classification in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

ObjectiveTo identify the rate， population characteristics， and vaccination history of repeat infections among previously infected people in the current epidemic based on the rate of repeat infection and population characteristics of different mutant strains at different times in Pudong New Area of Shanghai， and to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of novel coronavirus repeat infections.MethodsA total of 9 250 investigated subjects were randomly selected from the new cases of asymptomatic infection and confirmed cases reported by Pudong New Area from March to May 2022. The investigation mainly focused on demographic characteristics， nucleic acid or antigen test results， and symptoms after infection. The repeat infection rates among different populations were compared， and logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of gender， age， and vaccination status on repeat infections.ResultsThe survey sample of 9 250 people had a response rate of 81.85%. There were 4 043 males （53.40%） and 3 528 females （46.60%）， with a median age of 34 years old （P25， P75： 7， 61）. The overall vaccine uptake rate was 59.44% （4 500/7 571）. In December of 2022， there were 563 cases of repeat infection， with an infection rate of 7.44%. The lowest rate of repeat infection was seen in the 3‒ year-old group （2.86%） and the highest rate in the 30‒ year-old group （12.42%）， with significant differences between different age groups. The repeated infection rate for those who had completed their vaccinations was significantly lower （6.57%） compared to those who had not （7.11%）. The age groups of 3‒ years， 70‒79 years， as well as individuals who completed full vaccination and received booster shots were protective factors against repeat infections.ConclusionThe overall rate of reinfection among the infected in Shanghai during the spring of 2022 was low in the outbreak of the Omicron variant， and the rate of reinfection in the 3‒ year-old group was significantly lower than in other age groups. Completing the full course of vaccination significantly reduces the risk of reinfection. Although the reinfection rate is high in individuals who received booster shots， it remains a mitigating factor compared to those who do not receive the vaccine. It is recommended to continue monitoring reinfections in key populations and further strengthen immunization efforts.

ObjectiveTo understand the serotype distribution and drug resistance of salmonella contaminated in commercially available food.MethodsSalmonella detection， including the serotypes， was conducted in food products sold in Pudong New Area from 2020 to 2022. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of 15 antibiotics was conducted by the broth microassay.ResultsA total of 118 salmonella strains were detected in 2 497 pieces of food， with a total detection rate of 4.7%. The dominant detection categories were poultry meat， livestock meat and aquatic products. The 118 salmonella strains could be divided into 24 serotypes， Salmonella enteritidis （26.4%）， Salmonella Typhimurium （16.2%） and Salmonella delpy （14.4%） were the main dominant types. Salmonella had the highest resistance rate to ampicillin （63.6%）， followed by tetracycline， chloramphenicol， cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. Among the three dominant serotypes， the multidrug resistance rate of Salmonella typhimurium was the highest （89.5%）， followed by Salmonella delpy （70.6%） and Salmonella enteritidis （61.3%）.ConclusionLivestock， poultry meat， and aquatic products are seriously contaminated by salmonella with diverse serotypes. The livestock meat is mainly contaminated by Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella delpy， and the poultry meat is mainly contaminated by Salmonella enteritidis. The drug resistance spectrum is wide and the multi-drug resistance rate is high. Different from the livestock and aquatic isolates， poultry meat-derived strains have high tolerance to ampicillin， nalidixic acid and polymyxin， and carry certain potential food safety risks.

ObjectiveTo investigate the etiological features and traceability of a food poisoning incident in Pudong District， Shanghai， and to provide a basis for the future investigation and disposal of similar incidents.MethodsAnal swabs of the patients and a chef and food residues were collected for pathogens isolation and identification. Enterotoxin detection immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， drug sensitivity test， pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） and multilocus sequence typing （MLST） were used for genotyping and tracing.ResultsNine anal swabs from patients， one anal swab from the chef， and 3 food residues were positive for Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus）. Ten isolates from patients and the chef carried Staphylococcus enterotoxin （SE） A and SEE， while 3 isolates from food carried SEA， SED and SEE. All the isolates were resistant to penicillin. The S. aureus strains from the case shared the same PFGE pattern and the MLST type of them belonged to ST6.ConclusionThe cause of this food poisoning outbreak was S. aureus contamination. It is necessary to further strengthen the education and management of food processing enterprises， canteens， etc. to prevent similar incidents.

ObjectiveTo conduct on-site epidemiological investigation， emergency response， tracing of infection source and analysis of a confirmed COVID-19 case of a foreign airline cargo service staff member in Shanghai’s international airport， aiming to provide reference for prevention of imported COVID-19 cases under regular prevention and control of COVID-19.MethodsA retrospective field epidemiological investigation was conducted to collect information of basic characteristics， illness onset， diagnosis， treatment， clinical manifestations， exposure history and risk factors within 14 days before onset， close contacts， close contacts of close contacts， and key places related to activity trajectories. Respiratory tract specimens of cases and contacts were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real time RT-PCR （rRT-PCR）. Emergency response， including infection source analysis and contact management， was conducted.ResultsThe case developed pharyngeal itch on July 28， 2021， and fever on the 30th， and went to the hospital for treatment twice on the 31st. Because his specimen was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR on August 1， he was isolated and treated on August 2 and diagnosed as a confirmed case of COVID-19. The case was a foreign airline cargo service member at an international airport. The two regular nucleic acid screenings of him as a high-risk occupation on July 21 and 28 were negative. He did not leave Shanghai within 14 days before the onset of illness. During July 22nd and 23rd， he was repeatedly exposed during work to the high-risk environment that may have been contaminated by SARS-CoV-2 and had contact with the crew of foreign airlines， and the personal protection was not standardized. None of the 67 close contacts and 567 close contacts of close contacts in Shanghai showed symptoms during the 14-day medical quarantine， and the specimens of them were all negative for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR. The results of genome sequencing analysis showed that the genomic homology between the virus of the case and the one of recent domestic local epidemic and the recent imported cases was low， and the homology with the overseas Delta mutant strain was higher than that of the domestic Delta mutant strain.ConclusionThe situation of prevention of COVID-19 import is still serious. It is necessary to conduct regular nucleic acid screening for high-risk occupational groups， strengthen the diagnosis and reporting awareness of medical institutions， effectively implement the prevention and control measures for people， objects， and environment at international airports， and further enhance the public's awareness of personal protection.

Background: A variety of viruses can cause acute respiratory infections (ARIs), resulting in a high disease burden worldwide. To explore the dominant viruses and their prevalence characteristics in children with ARIs, comprehensive surveillance was carried out in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai. Methods: Between January 2013 and December 2022, the basic and clinical information, and respiratory tract specimens of 0–14 years old children with ARIs were collected in five sentinel hospitals in Shanghai Pudong. Each specimen was tested for eight respiratory viruses, and the positive rates of different age groups, case types (inpatient or outpatient) were analyzed. Results: In our study, 30.67% (1294/4219) children with ARIs were positive for at least one virus. Influenza virus (IFV) was the most commonly detected respiratory virus (349/4219, 8.27%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (217/4219, 5.14%), para‐influenza virus (PIV) (215/4219, 5.10%), and human coronavirus (HCoV, including 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) (184/4219, 4.36%). IFV was the leading respiratory virus in outpatients aged 5–14 years (201/1673, 12.01%); RSV was the most prevalent respiratory virus in both inpatients (61/238, 25.63%) and outpatients (4/50, 8.00%) for ARI patients aged <6 months old. For PIV, HMPV, HCoV, and HRV, the risk of infection usually was higher among young children. Co‐infection with more than two viruses was seen in 3.25% (137/4219). Conclusions: IFV and RSV played important roles in ARIs among children, but the risk populations were different. There are needs for targeted diagnosis and treatment and necessary immunization and non‐pharmaceutical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants due to immune escape is challenging for the global response to the pandemic. We estimated the Omicron reinfection prevalence among people who had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shanghai, China. We conducted a telephone survey in December 2022 with those who had previously been infected with Omicron between March and May 2022. Information on their demographics, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing, and vaccination history was collected. The overall and subgroup reinfection rates were estimated and compared. Among the 1981 respondents who were infected between March and May 2022, 260 had positive nucleic acid or rapid antigen tests in December 2022, with an estimated reinfection rate of 13.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 11.6–14.6). The reinfection rate for those who had a booster vaccination was 11.4% (95% CI: 9.2–13.7), which was significantly lower than that for those with an incomplete vaccination series (15.2%, 95% CI: 12.3–18.1) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.579; 95% CI: 0.412–0.813). Reinfection with the Omicron variant was lower among individuals with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who had a booster vaccination, suggesting that hybrid immunity may offer protection against reinfection with Omicron sublineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to thoroughly document the effects of multiple intervention and control methods to mitigate the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. After identification of the first confirmed case of COVID‐19 in Pudong on January 21, 2020, the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a case investigation involving isolation, close‐contact (CC) tracing and quarantine of persons with a potential exposure risk to prevent and control transmission. Epidemiological features of cases detected by three different strategies were compared to assess the impact of these active surveillance measures. As of February 16, 2020, a total of 108 confirmed COVID‐19 cases had been identified in Pudong, Shanghai. Forty‐five (41.67%) cases were identified through active surveillance measures, with 22 (20.37%) identified by CC tracing and 23 (21.30%) by quarantine of potential exposure populations (PEPs). The average interval from illness onset to the first medical visit was 1 day. Cases identified by CC tracing and PEPs were quarantined for 0.5 and 1 day before illness onset, respectively. The time intervals from illness onset to the first medical visit and isolation among actively screened cases were 2 days (p =.02) and 3 days (p =.00) shorter, respectively, than those among self‐admission cases. Our study highlights the importance of active surveillance for potential COVID‐19 cases, as demonstrated by shortened time intervals from illness onset to both the first medical visit and isolation. These measures contributed to the effective control of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Pudong, Shanghai. Research Highlights: ‐Nearly half of the confirmed COVID‐19 cases in Pudong New Area, Shanghai were detected through those active surveillance measures in early stage of the pandemic. ‐Cases identified from CCs and PEPs were quarantined for 0.5 and 1 day before illness onset, respectively. ‐The time intervals from illness onset to the first medical visit and isolation among actively screened cases were 2 and 3 days shorter respectively than those among self‐admission cases. ‐Early tracing and quarantine of specific populations with a higher exposure risk may have a positive effect on pandemic control in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited evidence is available for the associations between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) constituents and daily cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in China. In present study, a time-series analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations of PM 2.5 constituents (two carbonaceous fractions, eight water-soluble inorganic ions and fifteen elements) with daily CVD mortality in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, from 2014 to 2016. Results showed that the effect estimates for the associations of PM 2.5 and its constituents with CVD mortality were generally strongest when using the exposures of the previous two day concentrations. The associations of organic carbon, sulfate, ammonia, potassium, copper, arsenic, and lead with daily CVD mortality were robust to the adjustment of PM 2.5 total mass, their collinearity with PM 2.5 total mass, and criteria gaseous air pollutants. An interquartile range increase in the previous two day concentrations of PM 2.5 , organic carbon, sulfate, ammonia, potassium, copper, arsenic, and lead were associated with significant increments of 2.21% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.54%, 3.88%), 2.83% (95% CIs: 1.16%, 4.50%), 1.90% (95% CIs: 0.35%, 3.45%), 2.29% (95% CIs: 0.80%, 3.77%), 0.94% (95% CIs: 0.13%, 1.75%), 1.53% (95% CIs: 0.37%, 2.69%), 2.08% (95% CIs: 0.49%, 3.68%) and 1.98% (95% CIs: 0.49%, 3.47%) in daily CVD mortality, respectively, in single-pollutant models. In conclusion, this study suggested that organic carbon, sulfate, ammonia, potassium, copper, arsenic, and lead might be mainly responsible for the associations between short-term PM 2.5 exposures and increased CVD mortality in Shanghai, China. Image 1 • Limited evidence is available on PM 2.5 constituents and daily CVD mortality in China. • Significant associations were found between PM 2.5 and CVD mortality in Shanghai. • OC, SO 4 2−, NH 4 +, K, Cu, As and Pb might be mainly responsible for the associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In developing and underdeveloped countries, undernutrition plays a major role in subverting the immune system, leading to an increase in TB infections; this study investigated the associations between dietary patterns and latent tuberculosis infection risk among young adults in Shanghai. Methodology: In a case-control study, 96 cases of latent tuberculosis infection and 192 healthy controls were studied among contacts of students in clusters of tuberculosis epidemics in colleges from January 2021 to March 2023. A standardized questionnaire assessing sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics was applied. Food intake was estimated using a 95-item semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Using the principal component analysis to extract dietary patterns from food groups intake. Logistic regression models were applied. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified: "traditional balanced" pattern, "unsaturated fatty acid" pattern, "snack" pattern, and "protein and fruit" pattern. Four components explaining 64.52% of the total variation in consumption were derived. In a conditional logistic regression analysis, three models were created. After adjusting for various confounders, compared to "snack" pattern, the risk of latent TB infection was 91% lower in the "traditional balanced" pattern (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01, 0.38, p = 0.004). Conclusions: To prevent TB infection among young adults living in high TB burden areas, a balanced dietary pattern rather than a "snack" pattern should be promoted in school settings. Future research should explore the risk of developing active tuberculosis in Mtb-infected people with different dietary patterns and the prevention of this risk by healthy dietary patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are exposed to disinfection by-products through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes, during bathing and swimming, potentially causing skin lesions, asthma, and bladder cancer. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of the adaptive antioxidant response via the antioxidant reaction elements (ARE) orchestrating the transcription of a large group of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Here we used an immortalized human keratinocyte model HaCaT cells to investigate NRF2-ARE as a responder and protector in the acute cytotoxicity of seven haloacetonitriles (HANs), including chloroacetonitrile (CAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), iodoacetonitrile (IAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) found in drinking water and swimming pools. The rank order of cytotoxicity among the HANs tested was IAN ≈ BAN ˃ DBAN ˃ BCAN ˃ CAN ˃ TCAN ˃ DCAN based on their LC 50. The HANs induced intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and activated cellular antioxidant responses in concentration- and time-dependent fashions, showing elevated NRF2 protein levels and ARE activity, induction of antioxidant genes, and increased glutathione levels. Additionally, knockdown of NRF2 by lentiviral shRNAs sensitized the HaCaT cells to HANs-induced cytotoxicity, emphasizing a protective role of NRF2 against the cytotoxicity of HANs. These results indicate that HANs cause oxidative stress and activate NRF2-ARE-mediated antioxidant response, which in turn protects the cells from HANs-induced cytotoxicity, highlighting that NRF2-ARE activity could be a sensitive indicator to identify and characterize the oxidative stress induced by HANs and other environmental pollutants. [Display omitted] • Haloacetonitriles cause acute cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. • Haloacetonitriles induce NRF2-ARE-mediated antioxidant response in HaCaT cells. • NRF2 protects human keratinocytes from HANs-induced acute cell damage. • NRF2-ARE activity is an indicator for the oxidative stress caused by haloacetonitriles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-axis: The value of climate variable; Y-axis: 2-weeks lagged cumulative relative risk (RR), indicating the number of times more likely to have influenza compared to reference value (Ref); Solid line: RR value; Grey shadow: 95% confidence interval (95% CI). • High temperature only associated with influenza A occurrence. • High diurnal temperature range (DTR) causes more influenza A cases. • Low DTR causes more influenza B cases. • High DTR and low temperature were the key drivers for influenza A and B separately. Most previous studies focused on the association between climate variables and seasonal influenza activity in tropical or temperate zones, little is known about the associations in different influenza types in subtropical China. The study aimed to explore the associations of multiple climate variables with influenza A (Flu-A) and B virus (Flu-B) transmissions in Shanghai, China. Weekly influenza virus and climate data (mean temperature (MeanT), diurnal temperature range (DTR), relative humidity (RH) and wind velocity (Wv)) were collected between June 2012 and December 2018. Generalized linear models (GLMs), distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) and regression tree models were developed to assess such associations. MeanT exerted the peaking risk of Flu-A at 1.4 °C (2-weeks' cumulative relative risk (RR): 14.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.67–23.31) and 25.8 °C (RR: 12.21, 95%CI: 6.64–19.83), Flu-B had the peak at 1.4 °C (RR: 26.44, 95%CI: 11.52–51.86). The highest RR of Flu-A was 23.05 (95%CI: 5.12–88.45) at DTR of 15.8 °C, that of Flu-B was 38.25 (95%CI: 15.82–87.61) at 3.2 °C. RH of 51.5% had the highest RR of Flu-A (9.98, 95%CI: 4.03–26.28) and Flu-B (4.63, 95%CI: 1.95–11.27). Wv of 3.5 m/s exerted the peaking RR of Flu-A (7.48, 95%CI: 2.73–30.04) and Flu-B (7.87, 95%CI: 5.53–11.91). DTR ≥ 12 °C and MeanT <22 °C were the key drivers for Flu-A and Flu-B, separately. The study found complex non-linear relationships between climate variability and different influenza types in Shanghai. We suggest the careful use of meteorological variables in influenza prediction in subtropical regions, considering such complex associations, which may facilitate government and health authorities to better minimize the impacts of seasonal influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The occurrence and dissemination of hypermucoviscous and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hm-hvKp) isolates in clinical settings are a critical public health problem in the world. However, the data on these isolates in community populations are limited. This study aims to understand the prevalence and molecular characteristics of hm-hvKp isolates in community patients in Shanghai, China., Methods: In 2018, an active surveillance system focused on hm-hvKp in community diarrhoeal cases was implemented in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, involving 12 sentinel hospitals. The antimicrobial susceptibility of hm-hvKp isolates from fecal samples was tested, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to predict the serotypes and sequence types and to identify antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence determinants, and phylogenetic clusters., Results: The overall prevalence of hm K. pneumoniae isolates was 2.48% (31/1252), with the proportions of 1.76% (22/1252) for hm-hvKp and 0.72% (9/1252) for hm not hv K. pneumoniae . The prevalence of hm-hvKp isolates among different age groups and different months was statistically significant. All the 22 hm-hvKp isolates were susceptible to 20 antimicrobial agents and only carried bla SHV gene, and KL1 and KL2 accounted for eight (36.36%) cases and seven (31.82%) cases, respectively. The eight ST23/KL1 isolates belonged to the predominant CG23-I clade, which typically possessed the virulence determinants profile of rmpA / rmpA2-iro-iuc-ybt-irp-clb . The five ST86/KL2 isolates were assigned to the global clusters ST86/KL2-1 (n=2), ST86/KL2-2 (n=2), ST86/KL2-3 (n=1), all lack of the clb gene. Shanghai ST23/KL1 and ST86/KL2 isolates were closely related to the global isolates from liver abscesses, blood, and urine., Conclusion: Hm-hvKp is carried by the community population of Shanghai, with ST23/KL1 and ST86/KL2 isolates predominant. Hm-hvKp isolates of different continents, different sources, and different virulence levels were closely related. Ongoing surveillance of hm-hvKp isolates in the community population is warranted., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Wang et al.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) taken to combat COVID-19 on the prevalence of respiratory viruses (RVs) of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Shanghai., Methods: Samples from ARI patients were collected and screened for 17 respiratory viral pathogens using TagMan low density microfluidic chip technology in Shanghai from January 2019 to December 2020. Pathogen data were analyzed to assess changes in acute respiratory infections between 2019 and 2020., Results: A total of 2,744 patients were enrolled, including 1,710 and 1,034 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The total detection rate of RVs decreased by 149.74% in 2020. However, detection rates for human respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV229E), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoVNL63), and human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) increased by 91.89, 58.33, 44.68 and 24.29%, in 2020. The increased positive rates of RSVB, HPIV3, resulted in more outpatients in 2020 than in 2019. IFV detection rates declined dramatically across gender, age groups, and seasons in 2020., Conclusion: NPIs taken to eliminate COVID-19 had an impact on the prevalence of respiratory viral pathogens, especially the IFVs in the early phases of the pandemic. Partial respiratory viruses resurged with the lifting of NPIs, leading to an increase in ARIs infection., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Pan, Yuan, Cui, Zhang, Huo, Liu, Zou, Zhao and Hao.)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a lasting threat to public health. To minimize the viral spread, it is essential to develop more reliable approaches for early diagnosis of the infection and immediate suppression of the viral replication. Herein, through computational prediction of SARS-CoV-2 genome and screening analysis of specimens from covid-19 patients, we predicted 15 precursors for SARS-CoV-2-encoded miRNAs (CvmiRNAs) containing 20 mature CvmiRNAs, in which CvmiR-2 was successfully detected by quantitative analysis in both serum and nasal swab samples of patients. CvmiR-2 showed high specificity in distinguishing covid-19 patients from normal controls, and high conservation between SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants. A positive correlation was observed between the CvmiR-2 expression level and the severity of patients. The biogenesis and expression of CvmiR-2 were validated in the pre-CvmiR-2-transfected A549 cells, showing a dose-dependent pattern. The sequence of CvmiR-2 was validated by sequencing analysis of human cells infected by either SARS-CoV-2 or pre-CvmiR-2. Target gene prediction analysis suggested CvmiR-2 may be involved in the regulation of the immune response, muscle pain and/or neurological disorders in covid-19 patients. In conclusion, the current study identified a novel v-miRNA encoded by SARS-CoV-2 upon infection of human cells, which holds the potential to serve as a diagnostic biomarker or a therapeutic target in clinic., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Lü, Zhao, Guo, Wang, Yu, Hao, Zhu and Yu.)

The vaccination rate for seasonal influenza remains low in most regions of China. It is essential to understand the factors that associated with the low influenza vaccination rate in various populations after the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with residents in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. Respondents' vaccination condition during the 2021-2022 flu season and the reasons for receiving or not receiving influenza vaccine were investigated. Binary logistic regression was conducted to explore potential factors influencing vaccination uptake. 2,476 of 14,001 respondents received an influenza vaccine, with a total coverage of 17.68% (95% CI: 17.05%, 18.32%). Children had the highest vaccination coverage (35.68%; 95% CI: 34.02, 37.33), followed by adults (12.75%; 95% CI: 11.91%, 13.58%) and elderly individuals (11.70%, 95% CI: 10.78%, 12.62%). For children, lower household income was an significant promoting factor. For adults, factors significantly associated with vaccination were household income, sex, and education level. For elderly, factors significantly associated with vaccination were household income, education level, living state, and having underlying diseases. ( P  < .05)The main reason for vaccine hesitancy among children was worried about side effects (21.49%), for adults and elderly was self-rated good health (adults: 37.14%, elderly people: 30.66%). The overall influenza vaccination coverage rate in Shanghai, especially among elderly individuals, is lower than many developed countries. Appropriate strategies and programs targeting different populations need to be implemented to enhance influenza vaccine coverage.

Objective: To investigate the infection status and virulent genes of Aeromonas in patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong New Area, Shanghai., Methods: In 2012, stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients in 12 sentinel hospitals in Pudong for the detections of 13 pathogens causing diarrhea, and the detections of 5 diarrhea related virulent genes were conducted for Aeromonas isolates., Results: A total of 101 patients were infected with Aeromonas in 2533 patients (4.0%). A total of 101 Aeromonas strains were isolated, including 17 Aeromonas hydrophila strains (18.8%), 44 Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains (52.5%) and 12 Aeromonas caviae strains (29.7%). And 44 coinfections with other pathogens were detected. Aeromonas infection mainly occurred in summer and in people aged ≥20 years. Among the patients infected with Aeromonas, 71 (70.3%) had watery diarrhea, 20 (19.8%) had vomiting and 11 (10.9%) had fever. Virulent genes detection showed that 95.0% of the Aeromonas. strains carried virulent genes, and the detection rates of hlyA, aerA, act, alt, and ast genes were 5.9%, 6.9%, 67.3%, 42.6% and 13.9%, respectively., Conclusions: High incidence of Aeromonas infection was found in the patients with acute diarrhea in Pudong, and a high proportion of coinfections with other pathogens was detected too. Most Aeromonas strains carried virulent genes, and the distribution varied.