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Climate change induced disasters have increased in frequency and intensity threatening economic wellbeing of businesses and communities. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) being integral part of communities makes bulk (90%) of the economic activities around the globe, 96% in Asia and 99% of in Pakistan. In disaster context, survival, recovery and resilience of MSMEs are central to realization of community's survival, recovery and wellbeing. Small businesses are marred by liability of smallness characterized by limited resources, informal structure and unity of its ownership and management. SMEs are mostly dependent on entrepreneur's capabilities and resources for management, survival and growth. Some scholar suggest that in MSME context, among other factors entrepreneur's competencies, psychological and social capitals play a pivotal role in enabling organizational resilience and their disaster performance. Recently few studies have emerged focusing on investigating the impact of various entrepreneurial specific capabilities, resources and mechanisms either on firm resilience or firm performance separately in natural disaster and pandemic context. However, investigating the impact of these on MSME disaster recovery performance in an integrated model seems to be still missing. To address the gap, a study was designed to examine the relationship between entrepreneur's psychological capital, organizational resilience and MSME disaster recovery performance (MSME-DRP). An empirical quantitative study, grounded in multi-theory perspective, the propositions were explored by collecting data through questionnaire survey from 225 valid responses from flood effected District of Nowshera, Pakistan. Findings revealed that PsyCap significantly and positively impact MSME's disaster recovery performance. Results further highlighted significant partial mediation by organizational resilience, while it having significantly positive effect on recovery as direct mechanism as well. The paper contributes to the existing streamof research on organizational resilience and organizational disaster performance in broader strategicmanagement literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited real-life evidence with brodalumab in patients with plaque psoriasis in Canada. Objectives: To examine real-world effectiveness of brodalumab in Canadian routine care with a focus on clinician and patient-reported outcomes, as well as measuring continuation rates and persistency. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on data collected through the brodalumab patient support program (PSP) in Canada for patients initiating brodalumab between June 2018 (PSP launch)- June 2020 with a minimum of 16 weeks follow-up from first dose. Effectiveness was assessed by improvements in PASI, BSA and DLQI; continuation rates and persistency on therapy were reported. Results: Overall, 864 patients (male, 59%; median age, 52 years) were included in the analysis. In a subset of patients with both baseline and follow-up scores, statistically significant improvements were observed: PASI improved from 13.9 to 1.8, BSA improved from 16.6% to 2.5% and DLQI improved from 16.2 to 2.9. Brodalumab demonstrated high continuation rates (89.9%), with similar rates in biologic-naïve and biologic-experienced patients (92.1% and 88.6%, respectively) and in patients who received secukinumab or ixekizumab as their most recent biologic therapy (89.0% and 86.2%, respectively). Persistence at 6, 12, and 18 months was 82.0%, 69.9%, and 63.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The effectiveness of brodalumab was demonstrated in this Canadian routine care study, with significant improvements in disease severity and patient-reported outcomes. High continuation rates were achieved; including in patients previously treated with IL-17A inhibitors. Future studies will provide further evidence of brodalumab's benefits for the management of plaque psoriasis in the real-world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The most frequently used surgical methods for treating cholesteatoma include canal wall up and canal wall down procedures. The objective of the study was to compare the hearing improvement among children with cholesteatoma who underwent canal wall up and canal wall down surgical management. Methods: The cross-sectional analytical study design was used. The study was conducted at the ENT Department of Nishtar Medical University & Hospital Multan from 15th June to 15th Nov 2020. Forty six patients with cholesteatoma were enrolled in the study after taking informed consent. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed. The participants were categorized into two groups. Group-A was treated with canal wall-up surgery while Group-B was treated with canal wall down Mastoidectomy. A 12-month postoperative follow-up and the audiometry assessment were compared with pre-surgical values. Additionally, a COMOT-15 survey was administered to analyze self-perceived hearing functions. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis of the surgical outcome and hearing improvement among the two groups. P-value (p value<0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: Forty six patients were included in the study with 23 participants in each group. Among 46, 26 were male and 20 were female. The pre and post-operative mean Pure-tone average values were significantly different in (Group-A) who underwent canal wall up Mastoidectomy (p<0.05) than in Group-B, who underwent canal wall down Mastoidectomy. Similarly, hearing sub-section responses of the COMOT-15 survey favored the Canal wall technique. However, the survey showed no significant differences in the mental health status of the two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our data collected after a one-year follow-up of patients suggests canal wall up as a preferred technique for hearing improvement than canal wall down technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the real-world experience of Canadians diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is limited. This study was conducted to report treatment patterns and outcomes of CLL using Ontario administrative data. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients diagnosed with CLL between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 identified in the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR). Data were accessed using the Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), which collects various population-level health information. In the Ontario Cancer Registry, 2887 CLL patients receiving treatment and diagnosed between 2010-2017 were identified. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) chemoimmunotherapy was most frequently used as a first line, but use declined since ibrutinib and obinutuzumab combinations were funded in 2015. In patients treated with frontline FCR, survival at year one was 89% pre-2015 and 96% post-2015; at year four, survival was 73% and 87%, respectively. Survival in patients treated with frontline chlorambucil was 76% pre-2015 and 75% post-2015 in year 1, and 45% and 56% in year 3. Our analysis shows that, as the treatment landscape for CLL has shifted, use of newer and novel agents as a first line or earlier in the relapsed/refractory setting has resulted in improved survival outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study aims to investigate the level of mindfulness among millennial students as they are the ones leading the professional landscape in the coming future. This study was carried out in the education sector of two countries (i.e. Pakistan & USA). Five Fact Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) scale is used to measuring level of mindfulness among millennial business graduates. Chi-square test is used for analyzing and comparing the mindfulness levels among students from two countries. Results of the test shows American students with higher degree of mindfulness compared to Pakistan students. Findings indicate that American students shows higher and lower degree of mindfulness in acting with awareness and non - reactivity to internal experience respectively. Where Pakistani students shows higher degree of mindfulness in Non - Judgemental to inner experience and lower degree of mindfulness to observing and non - reactivity to internal experience. Results of the study affirms that western and eastern countries observe individualist and collectivist cultures respectively. In collectivist culture children's decisions are influenced by their parents' will. Similarly, approval and disapproval from society has a significant impact on individual's choices and decisions making. Such social and parental influencers prevent individuals from becoming mindful and paying close attention to what is happening around them. In contrast to western cultures which are dominated by individualism, prospects are independent in their lives, making choices and taking decisions by themselves. Therefore, observing things with their own sight and without the lens of societal clichés helps the, achieve and maintain high levels of mindfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to understand and analyse the significance of sustainability and resilience in the recent development of Pakistan's Energy Sector. In addition to this, the paper aims to analyze what role the energy sector is playing in the economic development of the country. In contrast to quantitative research approach which mainly focuses on numbers and facts, this paper applies a qualitative research design on the said matter. Based on a proposed conceptual thematic framework, underlying the concept of climate change and adaptability (resilience), the contributions of the energy sector is explored. This included understanding the perception of some key stakeholders and how they expect global and national developments to the sector. More than fifteen stakeholders belonging to private investors, Government and Public were interviewed in the context of this study. Each of them represented senior management opinion and perspective on the issues faced by the sector and the future plans for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Limited evidence for optimal sequencing of systemic therapies in prostate cancer. • In Ontario (between 2010-2018), ARATs were the most common treatment for mCRPC. • After ARAT failure, sequential ARAT or taxane use provide similar survival outcomes. • Data may inform optimal oral and IV therapy sequencing, useful for COVID pandemic. We sought to quantify mCRPC patient treatment patterns and survival across multiple lines of therapy after prior androgen-receptor-axis-targeted therapy (ARAT) failure. Individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2010 and 2018 were identified in the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR). An algorithm was created to identify patients with mCRPC that was aligned to Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3 criteria (PCWG3) and validated with Canadian clinical experts. In the mCRPC setting, treatment patterns were assessed by line of therapy, and survival was calculated from treatment initiation until death or lost to follow-up. 64,484 men were diagnosed withprostate cancer in Ontario between 2010 and 2018with 5,588 men assessed to have mCRPC and 2,970 (53%) of those received first-line systemic treatment. Across the first-, second- and third-line of therapy, ARATs (abiraterone and enzalutamide) were the most used therapies. Survival for mCRPC patients treated with ARATs in first-, second- and third-line were 13.0 (95% CI, 11.6 – 14.5), 11.5 (95% CI, 10.1 – 13.4) and 8.9 (95% CI, 7.4 – 10.2) months, respectively. Survival for mCRPC patients treated with taxanes in first, second- and third-line were 16.7 (95% CI, 14.8 – 18.0), 11.3 (95% CI, 10.1 – 12.5) and 7.8 (95% CI, 6.5 – 10.6) months, respectively. No statistical difference in overall survival was found between taxanes and ARATs. In this analysis of a large retrospective cohort of Canadian men with mCRPC, we found that survival in patients treated with ARATs and taxanes was fairly similar across all lines of therapy. Importantly, this trend was maintained in ARAT-exposed patients, where sequential ARAT and taxanes offered similar survival. These data may help inform optimal sequencing of therapies in mCRPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present paper examined the effect of Conscientiousness Trait on Job Performance as sufficient evidence from literature proved that out of Big Five Personality Traits; Conscientiousness is a valid predictor of Job Performance across occupations and cultures. Therefore, present paper aimed to investigate relationship between Conscientiousness trait and Job Performance in Pakistani context. In the study, questionnaires were administered on 612microfinance staff from various parts of Pakistan. The original version of International Personality Item Pool inventory was modified and used to measure the Conscientiousness trait and for Job Performance measurement; researchers developed the instrument. The hypotheses were tested & checked by regression analysis. The study results endorsed that Conscientiousness has strong association with and also a valid predictor of employee Job Performance. The study findings also recognized that there is stronger link between Conscientiousness and Contextual Performance with then with Conscientiousness to Task Performance. Overall Job Performance was strongly linked to Conscientiousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The NCIC CTG LY.12 study showed that gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) were noninferior to dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive histology lymphoma prior to autologous stem cell transplantation. We conducted an economic evaluation from the perspective of the Canadian public healthcare system based on trial data. Methods: The primary outcome was an incremental cost utility analysis comparing costs and benefits associated with GDP vs DHAP. Resource utilization data were collected from 519 Canadian patients in the trial. Costs were presented in 2012 Canadian dollars and disaggregated to highlight the major cost drivers of care. Benefit was measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) based on utilities translated from prospectively collected quality-of-life data. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The mean overall costs of treatment per patient in the GDP and DHAP arms were $19 961 (95% confidence interval (CI) = $17 286 to $24 565) and $34 425 (95% CI = $31 901 to $39 520), respectively, with an incremental difference in direct medical costs of $14 464 per patient in favor of GDP (P < .001). The predominant cost driver for both treatment arms was related to hospitalizations. The mean discounted quality-adjusted overall survival with GDP was 0.161 QALYs and 0.152 QALYs for DHAP (difference = 0.01 QALYs, P = .146). In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, GDP was associated with both cost savings and improved quality-adjusted outcomes compared with DHAP in 92.6% of cost-pair simulations. Conclusions: GDP was associated with both lower costs and similar quality-adjusted outcomes compared with DHAP in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Considering both costs and outcomes, GDP was the dominant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rituximab (RTX) is increasingly used for the treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid disorders. The high cost of RTX frequently limits its use and access. Objective: To determine the health system resources and costs associated with RTX treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid. Methods: Health system resources and costs attributed to a convenience sample of 89 patients with either pemphigus or pemphigoid were identified, quantified, and valued 6 months prior to and following RTX initiation between May 2006 and August 2012. Overall cohort costs and costs per patient were calculated (2013 Can$). Results: The overall cohort cost for 6 months pre-RTX was $3.8 million and for 6 months post-RTX was $2.6 million. The average cost per patient decreased from $42,231 to $29,423 (30.3% decrease). The main cost driver was intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that RTX is effective in reducing health system resources and the costs associated with the treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Effect of a video-assisted teaching program about ECT on knowledge and attitude of caregivers of patients with major mental illness" has addressed an important issue acting as a barrier against the delivery of a highly effective therapeutic intervention for patients with major mental illness.1 I appreciate the authors for this study and for emphasizing the importance of education among caregivers of patients with mental illness. Subjects were recruited from caregivers of patients already undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). [Extracted from the article]

This study investigated the effectiveness of CBT and psychotropic medicines for depression and psychological wellbeing in patients with depression. It also examined the difference in the treatment outcomes of psychotropic medicine alone as compared to CBT in combination with psychotropic medicines. The sample comprised of 50 male and female patients with depressive disorders out of which 25 patients received psychotropic medicines and 25 patients received CBT in combination with psychotropic medicines. The age of the sample ranged between 20-50 years recruited through purposive sampling. The quasi-experimental (Pretest-Posttest) design was employed. The results indicated that there was significant effect of both treatments on the patients of depression but combine treatment of CBT with psychotropic medication has more significant effect than the psychotropic medication alone. The study have implications and pave path for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2020, approximately 3100 Canadian women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer (OC), with 1950 women dying of this disease. Prognosis for OC remains poor, with 70% to 75% of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage and an overall 5-year survival of 46%. Current standard of care in Canada involves a combination of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Objective: There are few studies reporting current OC costs. This study sought to determine patient characteristics and costs to the health system for OC in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Women diagnosed with OC in Ontario between 2010 and 2017 were identified. The cohort was linked to provincial administrative databases to capture treatment patterns, survival, and costs. Overall total and mean cost per patient (unadjusted) were reported in 2017 Canadian dollars, using a macro-based costing methodology called GETCOST. It is programmed to determine the costs of short-term and long-term episodes of health-care resources utilized. Results: Of the 2539 OC patients included in the study, the mean age at diagnosis was 60.4±11.35 years. The majority were diagnosed with stage III disease (n=1247). The only treatment required for 74% of stage I patients and 54% of stage II patients was first-line (1L) platinum chemotherapy; in advanced stages (III/IV) 24% and 20%, respectively, did not receive further treatment after 1L therapy. The median overall survival (mOS) for the whole cohort was 5.13 years. Survival was highest in earlier stage disease (mOS not reached in stage I/II), and dropped significantly in advanced stage patients (stage III: mOS=4.09 years; stage IV: mOS=3.47 years). Overall mean costs in patients stage I were CAD $58 099 compared to CAD $124 202 in stage IV. Discussion: The majority of OC patients continue to be diagnosed with advanced disease, which is associated with poor survival and increased treatment costs. Increased awareness and screening could facilitate diagnosis of earlier stage disease and reduce high downstream costs for advanced disease. Conclusion: Advanced OC is associated with poor survival and increased costs, mainly driven by hospitalizations or cancer clinic visits. The introduction of new targeted therapies such as olaparib could impact health system costs, by offsetting higher downstream costs while also improving survival., Competing Interests: SJS, MH, RNW, and AE are all employees of AstraZeneca; SH and SJS received an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca Canada Inc. to conduct this study; JDM reported personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study, and personal fees from AstraZeneca and Merck outside the submitted work.

Information on the real-world experience of Canadians diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is limited. This study was conducted to report treatment patterns and outcomes of CLL using Ontario administrative data. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients diagnosed with CLL between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 identified in the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR). Data were accessed using the Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), which collects various population-level health information. In the Ontario Cancer Registry, 2887 CLL patients receiving treatment and diagnosed between 2010-2017 were identified. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) chemoimmunotherapy was most frequently used as a first line, but use declined since ibrutinib and obinutuzumab combinations were funded in 2015. In patients treated with frontline FCR, survival at year one was 89% pre-2015 and 96% post-2015; at year four, survival was 73% and 87%, respectively. Survival in patients treated with frontline chlorambucil was 76% pre-2015 and 75% post-2015 in year 1, and 45% and 56% in year 3. Our analysis shows that, as the treatment landscape for CLL has shifted, use of newer and novel agents as a first line or earlier in the relapsed/refractory setting has resulted in improved survival outcomes.

Background: The NCIC CTG LY.12 study showed that gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) were noninferior to dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive histology lymphoma prior to autologous stem cell transplantation. We conducted an economic evaluation from the perspective of the Canadian public healthcare system based on trial data., Methods: The primary outcome was an incremental cost utility analysis comparing costs and benefits associated with GDP vs DHAP. Resource utilization data were collected from 519 Canadian patients in the trial. Costs were presented in 2012 Canadian dollars and disaggregated to highlight the major cost drivers of care. Benefit was measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) based on utilities translated from prospectively collected quality-of-life data. All statistical tests were two-sided., Results: The mean overall costs of treatment per patient in the GDP and DHAP arms were $19 961 (95% confidence interval (CI) = $17 286 to $24 565) and $34 425 (95% CI = $31 901 to $39 520), respectively, with an incremental difference in direct medical costs of $14 464 per patient in favor of GDP (P < .001). The predominant cost driver for both treatment arms was related to hospitalizations. The mean discounted quality-adjusted overall survival with GDP was 0.161 QALYs and 0.152 QALYs for DHAP (difference = 0.01 QALYs, P = .146). In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, GDP was associated with both cost savings and improved quality-adjusted outcomes compared with DHAP in 92.6% of cost-pair simulations., Conclusions: GDP was associated with both lower costs and similar quality-adjusted outcomes compared with DHAP in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Considering both costs and outcomes, GDP was the dominant therapy., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)