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Evidence is provided to refute the suggestion, made by Macnamara et al. (1976), that four-year-old children perform logical operations corresponding to formal logic upon the sentential components of implicative verbs to produce indirect implications. It is argued that children use past knowledge plus additional premises to derive indirect implications. (Author/AM)

Crisis planning in institutions of higher learning has focused largely on emergency management, physical safety and technology recovery. While these are clearly important, many aspects of planning for continuity have largely been ignored, including planning for the post-secondary education sector's core business, that is, the delivery of graduate and undergraduate academic programmes. Use of the term 'academic continuity' as a component of institutional planning is relatively new in higher education. Discussions on academic continuity have often centred on the use of technology-enhanced education and online teaching in the event of crisis or disaster affecting campuses. However, online approaches are only one aspect of academic continuity planning. Using examples of two different crisis situations encountered at a large urban university spanning three campuses, this paper presents an approach to academic continuity planning that can potentially serve as a model for other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the qualitative and quantitative level in oral and written production of students. Development of the writing process; Evaluation on the progress of a child; Strategy of the teachers in teaching the students.

Examines the production of inferences from oral texts among grade school children. Types of inferences; Capacity of young children to derive formally structured inferences; Comparative ability of grade one and grade five children.

Focuses on the comprehension of oral and written discourse among the children through memory and inference. Distinction between pragmatic and propositional inferences; Academic ability of the children; Development of literacy.