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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Until now, Indonesia still faces Covid-19 and is still in the process of economic recovery. However, the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) was able to achieve the target of 100% tax revenue according to the target mandated in the 2021 State Budget even before the close of the year. At the end of 2021 tax incentives that have been utilized in the framework of the National Economic Recovery Program have reached IDR 63.16 trillion (100.5%) from the ceiling of IDR 62.83 trillion. This achievement is thanks to the contributions of all Taxpayers who continue to be committed to paying taxes. On this achievement, the government continues to show improvement efforts that must be maintained momentum, in order to continue to the 2022 state budget. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the evaluation of the utilization of tax incentive policies during the covid-19 pandemic in the framework of national economic recovery. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods through literature studies. In the evaluation of the utilization of tax incentive policies during the Covid-19 pandemic, it was explained that this tax revenue is one of the many state revenues that participate in supporting the nation and the country.

Swarm robotic is well known for its flexibility, scalability and robustness that make it suitable for solving many real-world problems. Source searching which is characterized by complex operation due to the spatial characteristic of the source intensity distribution, uncertain searching environments and rigid searching constraints is an example of application where swarm robotics can be applied. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is one of the famous algorithms have been used for source searching where its effectiveness depends on several factors. Improper parameter selection may lead to a premature convergence and thus robots will fail (i.e., low success rate) to locate the source within the given searching constraints. Additionally, target overshooting and improper initialization strategies may lead to a nonoptimal (i.e., take longer time to converge) target searching. In this study, a modified PSO and three different initializations strategies (i.e., random, equidistant and centralized) were proposed. The findings shown that the proposed PSO model successfully reduce the target overshooting by choosing optimal PSO parameters and has better convergence rate and success rate compared to the benchmark algorithms. Additionally, the findings also indicate that the random initialization give better searching success compared to equidistant and centralize initialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic breakthrough that has a huge impact on today's world and has the potential to simplify human life. The potential application of IoT is limitless, and it has been implemented in various industries, including medicine, engineering, computer science, space and technology, automotive, and more. This paper aims to develop a smart classroom electrical control system using IoT technology to regulate the classroom's electrical system and monitor student occupancy. This study chose to use the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method to develop the proposed system for reducing the waste of electricity resources in a classroom. The objectives of this research include identifying the main problems related to the waste of electricity in the classroom, developing an electronic project using IoT, and testing the functionality of the electronic project. The development of the proposed electrical control system uses Arduino and Infrared (IR) sensors. The IR sensors are used to detect the presence of students either entering or leaving the classroom. When human presence in the classroom is detected, lights and fans will automatically turn on. The approach benefits users by enabling a comprehensive understanding of the system through interactive evaluation, bringing it closer to meeting the requirements intended for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sudha Sharma. 2016. The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. pp. 270. ISBN 978-93-515-0566-2.

Anguita, Julio, Corazón rojo. La vida después de un infarto. Madrid, La esfera de los libros, 2005, 251 pp.Páginas 169-171Diego Iturriaga BarcoAttinà, Fulvio; Rossi, Rosa (ed.), European Neighbourhood Policy: Political, Economic and Social Issues. Catania, The Jean Monnet Centre "Euro-Med", 166 pp.Páginas 171-172Alejandro Román AntequeraCastells, Manuel; Serra, Narcís (eds.), Guerra y Paz en el Siglo XXI. Una Perspectiva Europea. Barcelona, Tusquets Editores, 2003, 208 pp.Páginas 172-175Jesús Fernández GarcíaChomsky, Noam, Hegemonía o Supervivencia. La estrategia imperialista de Estados Unidos. Barcelona, Ediciones B, 2004, 401 pp.Páginas 175-177Jesús Fernández GarcíaClarke, Richard C., Contra todos los enemigos. Madrid, Taurus, 2004, 381 pp.Páginas 177-179Inmaculada Ramírez PérezDunn, Ross E., The New World History: A Teacher's Companion. New York, Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 596 pp.Páginas 179-183Andre Gunder FrankFausto, Boris; Devoto, Fernando J., Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850-2002). São Paulo, Editora 34, 2004, 574 pp.Páginas 183-184Paulo Roberto de AlmeidaFûret, François, El pasado de una ilusión. Ensayo sobre la idea comunista en el siglo XX. Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1995, 583 pp.Páginas 184-185Alfonso Galindo LucasGill, Stephen; Mittelman, James, Innovation and transformation in International Studies. Cambridge & New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 294 pp.Páginas 185-189Andre Gunder FrankMussolini, Romano, Il duce mio padre. Milano, Rizzoli, 2004, 170 pp.Páginas 189-195Jan NelisNavajas Zubeldia, Carlos (ed.), Actas del IV Simposio de Historia Actual. 2 Vols., Logroño, 2004, 1.090 pp.Páginas 195-197Alejandro Román AntequeraRichardson, Philip, Economic Change in China, c.1800-1950. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 137 pp.Páginas 197-198Andre Gunder FrankSartori, Giovanni; Mazzoleni, Gianni, La tierra explota. Superpoblación y desarrollo. Madrid, Taurus, 2003, 241 pp.Páginas 198-200Alejandro Román AntequeraUceda, Ricardo, Muerte en el Pentagonito. Los cementerios secretos del Ejército Peruano. Bogotá, Planeta Colombiana, 2004, 477 pp.Páginas 200-202Magdalena ChocanoVeiga, Francisco, Slobo. Una biografía no autorizada de Milosevic. Madrid, Debate, 2004, 579 pp.Páginas 202-204Joseba Louzao VillarZebiri, Kate, Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism. Oxford, Clarebdon Press, 1993, 200 pp.Páginas 204-206Ibrahim Abu Bakar

Malasia que consistía en Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak y Singapur ganó su independencia de los Británicos el 16 de septiembre de 1963. Malaya ganó su independencia de los británicos el 31 de agosto de 1957. En 1965 Singapur era independiente de Malasia. Malasia es una democracia parlamentaria y capitalista. Por otra parte, es una nación multi-religiosa y multirracial. Malasia ha sido poblada por los Malays, los Chinos, los Indios y otros. Los Malays son musulmanes y el Islam es la religión de la federación de Malasia. La nación tiene una larga historia con China pero esa nunca colonizó ningún área en Malasia. Los estados occidentales, fundamentalmente Portugueses y Olandeses colonizaron ciertas áreas en Malasia y luego los Británicos colonizaron la entera región. La percepción malasiana de China está influenciada por muchos factores internos y externos tales como el factor ideologico-político, el desarrollo económico así como las relaciones y la diplomacia nacionales, regionales e internacionales. Este breve artículo presenta la percepción malasiana de China desde un punto de vista cultural, político y económico._____________ABSTRACT:Malaysia consisting of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore gained her independence from the British on 16 September 1963. Malaya gained her independence from the British on 31 August 1957. In 1965 Singapore was independent from Malaysia. Malaysia is a parliamentary democratic and capitalistic nation. Moreover, Malaysia is a multi-religious and multiracial nation. Malaysia has been populated by the Malays, Chinese, Indians and others. The Malays are Muslims and Islam is the religion of the Federation of Malaysia. Malaysia has a very long history with China but China never colonized any area in Malaysia. The Western nations namely the Portuguese and the Dutch colonized certain areas in Malaysia and then the British colonized the whole Malaysia. Malaysian perceptions of China are influenced by many internal and external factors such as the politico-ideologies, economic development as well as the national, regional and international relations and diplomacies. This short article presents Malaysian perceptions of China from the cultural, political and economic perspectives.

Water quality monitoring plays a significant part in the transition towards intelligent and smart agriculture and provides an easy transition to automated monitoring of crucial components of human daily needs as new technologies are continuously developed and adopted in agricultural and human daily life (water). For the monitoring and management of water quality, this effort, however, requires reliable models with accurate and thorough datasets. Analyzing water quality monitoring models by utilizing sensors that gather water properties during live experiments is possible due to the necessity for precision in modeling. To convey numerous conclusions regarding the concerns, issues, difficulties, and research gaps that have existed throughout the past five years (2018–2022), this review article thoroughly examines the water quality literature. To find trustworthy peer-reviewed publications, several digital databases were searched and examined, including IEEE Xplore®, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only 50 articles out of the 946 papers obtained, were used in the study of the water quality monitoring research area. There are more rules for article inclusion in the second stage of the filtration process. Utilizing a real-time data acquisition system, the criteria for inclusion for the second phase of filtration looked at the implementation of water quality monitoring and characterization procedures. Reviews and experimental studies comprised most of the articles, which were divided into three categories. To organize the literature into articles with similar types of experimental conditions, a taxonomy of the three literature was created. Topics for recommendations are also provided to facilitate and speed up the pace of advancement in this field of study. By conducting a thorough analysis of the earlier suggested methodologies, research gaps are made clear. The investigation largely pointed out the problems in the accuracy of the models, the development of data-gathering systems, and the types of data used in the proposed frameworks. Finally, by examining critical topics required for the development of this research area, research directions toward smart water quality are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit is exceptionally imperative as it promotes and initializes general execution performance and quality of the mobile communication system. LNA's design in radio frequency (R.F.) circuit requires the trade-off numerous imperative features' including gain, noise figure (N.F.), bandwidth, stability, sensitivity, power consumption, and complexity. Improvements to the LNA's overall performance should be made to fulfil the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) specifications' prerequisites. The development of front-end receiver, particularly the LNA, is genuinely pivotal for long-distance communications up to 50 km for a particular system with particular requirements. The LNA architecture has recently been designed to concentrate on a single transistor, cascode, or cascade constrained in gain, bandwidth, and noise figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, the data communication system become the main type of communication in the world. The FSK modulator or demodulator is one of the part that becomes the most important part and extremely advanced with the involvement of microwave active and passive circuits. This paper presents the data transmission analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz frequency. This experiment use the microwave communication module MW- 5000 that is available in electronic laboratory. From this experiment the duration taken for the transmission of data is depend on the length of sentence and the value of baud rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in the wireless industry, internet access without borders and increasing demand for high data rate wireless digital communication moving us toward the optimal development of communication technology. Wireless communication is a technology that plays an important role in current technology transformation. Broadband communication is a method of telecommunication that are available for transmitting large amounts of data, voice and video over long distance using different frequencies. Specifically, Low Noise Amplifier which is located at the first block of receiver system, makes it one of the important element in improving signal transmition. This study was aimed to design a microwave Low Noise Amplifier for wireless application that will work at 5.8 GHz using high-performance low noise superHEMT transistor FHX76LP manufactured by Eudyna Technologies. The low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 16.8 dB and noise figure (NF) of 1.20 dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are - 10.5 dB and -13.3 dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier recorded is 1.2 GHz. The input sensitivity is compliant with the IEEE 802.16 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"One size its all"; a statement that precisely describes the Malaysian current education system where the school system and the curriculum are centralized under the Ministry of Education (MoE). Hence, teachers are prescribed by the ministry with the curriculum, syllabi, textbooks and materials for them to use in class. In other words, it can be safely concluded that the current education system is purely centralized as teachers act as implementors of the curriculum provided by the MoE. Without devaluing the importance, benefits and success of the centralized system of education, there is however undeniably a need to review the role of teachers in curriculum development to ensure that the curriculum is able to produce competent students and that are able to compete in the global world too. In order to achieve this, a change in the teacher's role is required and one of the ways that can be done is by providing more autonomy to teachers in curriculum development. Unlike the current system, teachers should be given more autonomy to decide among others, the content of curriculum, materials to be brought into class and methods of evaluating and assessing students. Nevertheless, it must be noted that transforming a 52-year-old tradition is no easy feat. Many factors must be addressed namely teachers, parents, students, curriculum decision makers and the MoE. Hence, the purpose of this study is to propose a framework that can be used as a guideline to transform the current practice of a centralized curriculum to a decentralized one by involving teachers in the process of curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]