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Hisaka Igarashi,1 Mamoru Shibata,2 Akichika Ozeki,3 Kathleen Ann Day,4 Taka Matsumura3 1Department of Internal Medicine, Fujitsu Clinic, Kawasaki, Japan; 2Department of Neurology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan; 3Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Japan; 4Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USACorrespondence: Taka MatsumuraMedical Science, Medicines Development Unit Japan, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., 4-15-1 Akasaka, Akasaka Garden City 13F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, JapanTel +81 3 5574 9169Fax +81 3 5574 9979Email matsumura_taka@lilly.comPurpose: This study aimed to extensively evaluate the onset and maintenance effect of galcanezumab compared with placebo for the prevention of episodic migraine in Japanese patients.Patients and Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis of a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted between December 2016 and January 2019 (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02959177). Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with episodic migraine were randomized to receive a monthly injection of galcanezumab (120 mg: N = 115, 240 mg: N = 114) or placebo (N = 230) for 6 months. Outcome measures included onset of effect at weekly and daily intervals—assessed by change from baseline in the number of migraine headache days and the proportion of patients with migraine headache—with galcanezumab versus placebo. To further confirm the onset and maintenance effect, the 50% response rate was also evaluated.Results: The mean change from baseline in weekly migraine headache days was significantly reduced with galcanezumab (– 0.97 days) compared with placebo (– 0.10 days) at week 1 (p ≤ 0.0001), which was maintained at all subsequent weeks up to week 4 (all p ≤ 0.0001 vs placebo). A significantly smaller proportion of galcanezumab-treated patients had migraine headache compared with placebo-treated patients at day 1 after the first injection (13.6% vs 31.4%, respectively; p ≤ 0.0001), which was also maintained at all subsequent days during the first week after the first injection. Furthermore, the 50% response rate was significantly higher with galcanezumab compared with placebo from week 1 through month 6.Conclusion: The onset of the migraine preventive effect of galcanezumab was rapid compared with placebo, starting from day 1 after the first injection in Japanese patients with episodic migraine. The effect was maintained during the first week and first month, and throughout 6 months of monthly injections of galcanezumab. Galcanezumab is a promising preventive treatment in Japanese patients with episodic migraine.Keywords: calcitonin gene-related peptide, galcanezumab, Japan, migraine disorders, onset of effect, maintenance effect

Hiroshi Igarashi, Naoki Nago, Hiromichi Kiyokawa, Motoharu Fukushi Musashi Kokubunji Park Clinic, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan Objectives: This study was designed to assess the accuracy of gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, in the diagnosis of Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in children and to determine differences in diagnostic accuracy in boys versus girls.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 5,755 consecutive patients aged

This paper describes topology optimization of electromagnetic systems using the multigrid method. The topology optimization employs uniform rectangular finite elements, in which the multigrid method works effectively as a fast linear solver. Moreover, the present method uses a new optimization algorithm, based on the artificial immune systems paradigm, in which the multilevel search is carried out. Index Terms--Finite-element method (FEM), immune algorithm, multigrid method, topology optimization.

This paper discusses the comparison between the geometric multigrid (GMG) method and the algebraic multigrid (AMG) method in edge-based finite-element (FE) analysis. The GMG method requires the hierarchical meshes. On the other hand, the AMG method requires the only a single mesh information. The system matrices of the coarse grids are generated using algebraic operation in AMG. The numerical results show that both multigrid methods are faster than the conventional solvers in large-scale analysis. Although multigrid methods require the setup procedures, the calculation time of these procedures is comparatively short and increase linearly with the number of unknowns. Index Terms--Algebraic multigrid (AMG), edge element, finite-element method (FEM), geometric multigrid (GMG).

This paper describes a finite-element analysis of surface microwaves coupled to a cold nonmagnetized plasma for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The microwave-plasma coupling is taken into account by introducing the frequency-dependent permittivity. The computed resonant modes of the surface wave on the interface between the dielectric and plasma in a cylindrical vessel are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical ones. Moreover, the computed field distribution for a waveguide loaded cylindrical vessel agrees well with that computed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Index Terms--Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite-element method (FEM), plasma, surface wave.

In this paper the time-dependent Schrodinger equation governing dynamics of single electron in magnetic fields is solved by the finite difference method (FDM) with the explicit central difference scheme and Trotter-Suzuki method (TSM). Motion of a wave packet in rectangular and stadium-shaped domains immersed in uniform magnetic field is analyzed. The performance of the two numerical methods is compared. It is shown that FDM is superior over TSM for accuracy and computing efficiency while TSM is superior for numerical stability. Moreover the probability density of an electron in the stadium is shown to form complex spatial patterns which, suggest quantum chaos. Index terms - Finite difference method, Numerical stability, Quantum well devices, Chaos

This paper describes a method for the three dimensional analysis of quasi-static magnetic fields around a thin magnetic conductive layer. The impedance boundary conditions (IBCs) for the vector potential are introduced on both sides of the layer surface. The magnetic field around the layer is numerically determined under the IBCs. The present method does not require numerical analysis of the electromagnetic field inside the layer which is formidable due to its extreme spatial structure. The present method gives reasonable solutions to numerical examples. Index terms - Eddy currents, Electromagnetic compatibility, Shielding, Impedance boundary condition, Boundary element methods

We report the analysis of plasma sheaths which occur between plasma and the wall. The plasma equation which governs sheaths[1] has been already solved by Bissell et al[2], but the serious numerical errors occur in their results because the singularity exists in the equation. We consider the singularity and develop the method which regularizes the singularity, so that we confirm the errors are improved. We think this method is available for another calculation of the equation which includes the singularity.

Using technetium-99m-labeled hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime [( 99mTc]HM-PAO) and single-photon emission computed tomography, we measured changes in regional cerebral blood flow in a 58-year-old man during an attack of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Angiography demonstrated compression of the left vertebral artery by the osteophytes of cervical spondylosis when the patient turned his head to the left. Measured in the orthostatic position while turning his head to the left during a typical attack of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, regional cerebral blood flow was significantly reduced in the left cerebellum and the right occipital region. Our study illustrates the capability of [99mTc]HM-PAO single-photon emission computed tomography to measure transient reductions in regional cerebral blood flow and to relate these changes to the pathophysiology of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.