Search

Pakistani society is a patriarchal society in which culture, norms, traditions, and social sectors are powerfully and intensely entrenched in the society. Pakistani Television Dramas talk about sensitive social wrongs of the society. This study takes a critical discourse analysis approach aimed to find the sociolinguistic landscape in selected Pakistani drama 'Baghi' and the dominant influence with the use of language. The purpose of this study was to critically analyze the use of language and the representation of ideologies. A laborious methodological method has been opted to carry out critical discourse analysis of the drama for the research. The researcher has used qualitative method, because its purpose is to do a detailed and rich textual analysis of Pakistani TV drama based on reality. The data was collected based on the utterances taken from the episodes of drama which specifically signify skillful use of language. The analysis was based on the Fairclough's three-dimensional model (1992) and linguistic modalities (Fairclough, 2003). The study and the findings of the research showed that how language is used by the social actors of the drama to address different dimensions. The study revealed that representation of honor, shame and patriarchy is a dominant and prevailing aspect of Pakistani culture and norms. Justification of human rights in general and particularly of women is neglected in a typical Pakistani stereotypical society as; powerful people know how to use power with the use of language. It has also concluded t at the drama Baghi throws the light on the power relations which exists between man and h woman. In the drama, man has been portrayed as a symbol of power and authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus canker (CC), caused by one of the most destructive subfamilies of the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri (Xcc), poses a serious threat to the significantly important citrus fruit crop grown worldwide. This has been the subject of ongoing epidemiological and disease management research. Currently, five different forms have been identified of CC, in which Canker A (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) being the most harmful and infecting the majority of citrus cultivars. Severe infection symptoms include leaf loss, premature fruit drop, dieback, severe fruit blemishing or discoloration, and a decrease in fruit quality. The infection spreads rapidly through wind, rain splash, and warm and humid climates. The study of the chromosomal and plasmid DNA of bacterium has revealed the evolutionary pattern among the pathovars, and research on the Xcc genome has advanced our understanding of how the bacteria specifically recognize and infect plants, spread within the host, and propagates itself. Quarantine or exclusion programs, which prohibit the introduction of infected citrus plant material into existing stock, are still in use. Other measures include eliminating sources of inoculum, using resistant hosts, applying copper spray for protection, and implementing windbreak systems. The main focus of this study is to highlight the most recent developments in the fields of Xcc pathogenesis, epidemiology, symptoms, detection and identification, host range, spread, susceptibility, and management. Additionally, it presents an analysis of the economic impact of this disease on the citrus industry and suggests strategies to reduce its spread, including the need for international collaboration and research to reduce the impact of this disease on the global citrus industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper numerically investigates both the inline and staggered arrays of circular multiple swirling air jets that impinge perpendicularly onto a smooth flat surface. The simulations were conducted for various flow and geometric parameters, such as Reynolds number (Re = 11,600, 24,600, and 35,000), jet‐to‐surface distance (H/D = 1, 2, 3, and 4), jet‐to‐jet separation distance (Z/D = 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5) and swirl numbers (S = 0, 0.3, and 0.75), where D is the nozzle diameter. For S = 0.75, a strong recirculation develops due to the vortex breakdown, depends on Z/D, around the axis and near the wall. The extent of the recirculation is larger for the staggered array. Intense heat transfer is anticipated at strong swirl and close impingement cases with the expense of uniformity; whereas a relatively even heat transfer is observed for larger impingements. The increase in jet‐to‐jet separation enhances the overall cooling effect and the staggered configuration of nozzles gives better performance. It appears that both the crossflow and turbulence around the periphery of each jet predominantly govern the heat transfer characteristics. The enhancement of heat transfer occurs for increasing Re, and the overall Nusselt number (Nu) prediction is scaled by Ren, with n dependent on S. Finally a correlation is developed for the average Nusselt number to relate different control parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth in computational capacity combined with a decrease in the size of digital devices has led to increasing demand for more active and efficient cooling of electronics. In this study, an experimental investigation into two different sizes of central orifice Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) is conducted to evaluate their heat transfer as well as noise generation characteristics. Two SJAs (40 mm and 20 mm) are examined, covering a distinct span of frequencies ranging from low to medium (<5500 Hz) in regards to the effect of SJA size over performance. The SJAs' disk deflection, structural frequency, and jet exit velocity were measured to fully characterize the jet performance. The maximum Nusselt number for the largest SJA was 3 times more than the smallest SJA, where the evaluation of stroke length suggests no effective synthetic jet formation for the smallest SJA. The noise from the SJAs was measured in an anechoic chamber using three microphones, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the sound pressure levels provide contributions to different tones in the resulting noise. 1/3 Octave Constant Percentage Bandwidth (CPB) analysis was performed to identify the frequency bands making the largest contribution to the noise. The largest SJA showed the highest heat transfer at acceptable noise levels during the operation below resonance frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiment was conducted to assess genetic diversity among different date palm varieties grown under climatic condition of southern Punjab during 2016-2019. Nine varieties of date palm were analyzed for their morphological and physiochemical characteristics under arid to semi-arid conditions of southern Punjab. To analyze data, principal components analysis and un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis were used. Results exhibited high variability among all studied varieties of date palm. PCA placed all forty seven qualitative traits into six components which contributed almost 87.54% of the total variability. While twenty six quantitative traits were also placed into six components, which contributed almost 92.53% of the total variability. Correlation analysis of quantitative characters showed that spathe length without sheet and spathe width possess strongest positive correlation (0.995). While strong negative correlation was detected between number of inflorescence per frond and stone volume percentage of fruit volume (-0.805). Then cluster analysis was applied to these nine date palm varieties, which divided these varieties into 4 clusters i.e. Khurma in clusters 1, Shakri, Shamran, Kupra and Haleeni in clusters 2, Zahidi, Aseel and Hilawi in clusters 3 and Khadrawi in clusters 4. This classification was based on quantitative as well as qualitative traits, which also provides base line for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROPER nutrient management in crop production not only improves and stabilizes the yield, but also improve the environmental health. The productivity of berseem affected by nutrient imbalances and Poor soil fertility. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on the forage and seed yield of berseem. The experiment was laidout in 3 X 4 factorial arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The P levels used were 40, 60 and 80kg ha-1 and K levels were 0, 15, 30 and 45kg ha-1. The statistical analysis data showed a significant (P< 0.05) effect on growth parameters like Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Lead Area Index (LAI) and Leaf Area Duration (LAD) of berseem in optimized fertilizer practices compared to traditional farming practice. Results recorded revealed that highest crop growth rate (5.20g m-2 day-1), Leaf Area Index (2.17) and Leaf Area Duration (125.10 days) were estimated in T8 where PK were applied @ 60:30kg ha-1 compared to all other fertilizer doses. Similar results were recorded in yield and yield attributes. The results of the study showed that maximum plant height (76cm), No. of seed per capsule (46), 1000 seed weight (1.77g), fodder yield (82tons ha-1) and seed yield (617kg ha-1) was obtained in T8. The combination of fertilizer gave maximum potential seed yield and other parameters rather than fertilizers alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur, Pakistan to evaluate eight Ber varieties viz Pak-White, Umran, Anokhi, Sufan, Bahawal-Seedless, Yazman, Aakash and Moon under Cholistan climatic conditions during 2017-19. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications (2 plants of each variety planted at plant to plant and row to distance of 25 feet in square system during 2010 and nourished with same cultural practices). Data were recorded on tree height, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, stone weight, pulp ratio, total soluble solids, vitamin-C and yield per plant. From averages of 3 years, maximum tree height (7.8m), stem girth (1.9m), stone weight (2.3g), Vitamin-C (121mg/100g pulp) and yield were obtained by Pak White variety. Maximum leaf length (9 cm) and fruit diameter (3.7cm) was attained by Yazman variety. Maximum leaf width (6.1cm), pulp ratio (99%) alongwith minimum stone weight (0.1g), total soluble solids (12oBrix), Vitamin-C (98mg/100g pulp) and maximum yield (108kg/plant) were recorded by Bahawal Seedless. Umran had maximum fruit length (5.2cm) and Anokhi led in TSS (19oBrix). All varieties performed well under Cholistan condition and showed potential to be grown on marginal land for better economic return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective removal of excess heat from electronics equipment is the key to its intended functionality. A Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) hard problem is proposed in microtechnologies for the air-cooled heat exchangers (MACE) program that posed challenges to reduce the heat sink size fourfold while using only 50% of the current power budget. While numerous heat removal techniques have been proposed over the last several decades, synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is one of the leading candidates to create a game-changing cooling performance. This is due to its inherent advantages, such as size, low power consumption, ease of use, and affordability. This review article looks at different actuation methods (electromagnetic, piston cylinder, piezoelectric, and so on) to generate synthetic jet cooling. The performances of these approaches vary and need a procedure to unify the predictive capability. The performances are evaluated based on actuation (stroke length, operating frequency, and jet-to-heater spacing) and geometric parameters (shape and size of the cavity and the orifice). The flow characteristics and jet formation criterion are also discussed methods, and a critical commentary is added to normalize previous findings. Available correlations for predicting Nu numbers are evaluated and summarized through data sets for a possible unification. Finally, an empirical correlation is proposed based on available data using nonlinear regression via computational tools. To conclude, the challenges and research gaps are enumerated covering the fundamental and applied aspects of those jets for the implementation in electronics thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have previously looked at the transport processes in convection but there is a lack of detail on methods to characterize transient heat transfer behavior. An infrared methodology to spatially and temporally resolve transient heat transfer is presented and tested on turbulent impinging (cooling) jets (non-swirling, swirling, Re = 11,600 to 35,000, S = 0 to 1.05). The intricacies of data filtration and spatial discretization, as well as the structure of the image processing code are reported and a parametric study of factors influencing the time to reach steady-state is done. Results show that variations in jet behavior are manifest in the time to reach steady-state and can be resolved even in the first few seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sofosbuvir is on the world organization's list of essential medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in health system. It plays a special role in treatment of chronic hepatitis C and offers many advantages due to its high potency, low side effects, oral administration, and high barrier to resistance. Objectives: To compare the treatment response in treatment naive and treatment experienced chronic hepatitis C patients treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin to determine the efficacy of this drug combination. Methods: In this experimental study 104 chronic hepatitis C patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and high alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were included. Out of them 66 (63.5%) were treatment naive (received treatment for the first time) and 38 (36.5%) were treatment experienced. Sofosbuvir 400mg once a day in combination with ribavirin was given for 6 months and treatment responses were noted at 4, 12 and 24 weeks. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data. Results: The end treatment response in 104 chronic hepatitis C patients was calculated in which 99 (95.2%) patients responded to the therapy. 63 (95.5%) treatment naive patients and 36 (94.7%) treatment experienced responded to the therapy. End treatment response (ETR) in chronic hepatitis C patients to sofosbuvir and ribavirin was irrespective to their gender and genotypes and test of significance came out as insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Sofosbuvir is effective for both treatment naive and treatment experienced chronic hepatitis C patients. This regimen is equally effective for both genders and all genotypes of hepatitis C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As electronic devices are becoming more compact each day, the more effective and efficient active cooling technologies are needed. Microfluidic devices, such as synthetic jets, serve as a potential candidate to fulfill the thermal management needs of the next generation electronics. An experimental and computational study has been performed for circular central-orifice synthetic jets. First, a series of experiments was performed to quantify the actuator deflection, air velocity, heat transfer augmentation, and power consumption for central-orifice synthetic jets. Later, a computational study was performed utilizing the same boundary conditions in order to predict the deflection of the diaphragm. The experiments were conducted on three different types of synthetic jets, namely, low-, medium-, and high-frequency synthetic jets. Although a number of correlations were proposed for the prediction of Nu number for slot synthetic jets, no correlation was found to predict the average Nu number for a synthetic jet with a round orifice. Therefore, two correlations were developed, one for low- and medium-frequency synthetic jets and the other for high-frequency synthetic jets to predict the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the geometry, position, and operating condition for impinging flows. The proposed correlations are able to predict the impingement heat transfer of a synthetic jet with an accuracy of ±25% for a wide range of operating conditions and geometrical variables. Normalized frequency had the minimum impact on the average Nu number of a high-frequency synthetic jet compared with dimensionless distance, both have moderate impact on low- and medium-frequency jets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drilling is an important machining process in various manufacturing industries. High-quality holes are possible with the proper selection of tools and cutting parameters. This study investigates the effect of spindle speed, feed rate, and drill diameter on the generated thrust force, the formation of chips, post-machining tool condition, and hole quality. The hole surface defects and the top and bottom edge conditions were also investigated using scan electron microscopy. The drilling tests were carried out on AA2024-T3 alloy under a dry drilling environment using 6 and 10 mm uncoated carbide tools. Analysis of Variance was employed to further evaluate the influence of the input parameters on the analysed outputs. The results show that the thrust force was highly influenced by feed rate and drill size. The high spindle speed resulted in higher surface roughness, while the increase in the feed rate produced more burrs around the edges of the holes. Additionally, the burrs formed at the exit side of holes were larger than those formed at the entry side. The high drill size resulted in greater chip thickness and an increased built-up edge on the cutting tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Infrared thermography to resolve transient jet behaviour. • Impinging heat transfer analysis. • Non-swirling (S = 0) and highly swirling jets (S = 1.05). • Correlations presented. A multitude of research has already been undertaken to examine the effects of imparting swirl (S), Reynolds number (Re), and nozzle-to-plate distance (H/D) on the steady-state heat transfer characteristics of turbulent impinging jets. However, no studies to date have compared the transient development of such jets in both swirling and non-swirling conditions. The current paper addresses this gap by using highly resolved (time series) imaged (infrared) data in conditions spanning Re = 11,600, 24,600, and 35,000. The experiments are based on an electrically heated foil (0.025 mm) with jets over S = 0–1.05 and nozzle-to-plate-distances of H/D = 2, 4, and 6. For non-swirling impinging jets, at greater Reynolds numbers, the location of the highest Nusselt number remains fixed for all the time steps in contrast to jets with low Reynolds number. The transient characteristics for H/D = 4 are distinct compared to H/D = 2 and 6, with impingement heat transfer taking more time to reach steady-state for H/D = 4. It is also seen that heat transfer distribution over the impingement plate changes significantly over the small interval of time. For swirling jets, the impingement plate heat transfer characteristics develop simultaneously for the stagnation and wall jet region. The peak Nusselt number shifts to the wall jet region as the intensity of swirl increases. Two correlations (first for non-swirl and low-swirl, later for moderate to high swirl) are proposed to predict the time needed to reach steady-state for Re = 35,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]