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The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health is a biopsychosocial framework of health-related functioning designed to provide a unifying system for health care, social services, education, and policy sectors. Since its publication in 2001, the International Classification of Functioning has been used to guide clinical practice and research in autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. More recently, to promote its practical application, shorter versions of the International Classification of Functioning, known as Core Sets, have been developed for autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This scoping review explored the application of the International Classification of Functioning and the International Classification of Functioning Core Sets in autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Electronic database searches were conducted, resulting in 78 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The results demonstrate a wide-ranging application of the International Classification of Functioning using different methods across various contexts. However, the majority of the research conducted focused on autism and primarily involved children. The review highlights that although the research implemented the International Classification of Functioning, it did not necessarily align with the underlying philosophy of the International Classification of Functioning framework, as the impact of the medical perspective still seems to influence research methodologies and interpretation. Nonetheless, the International Classification of Functioning presents opportunities to facilitate a shift from a strictly medical viewpoint on neurodevelopmental conditions to more comprehensive approaches. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a framework designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help different sectors, such as healthcare, social services, education, and policy, understand how people with health-related issues function (do the things they want to and need to do) in their daily lives. This framework has also been used to guide clinical practice and research in autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To make it more practical, shorter versions of the ICF called Core Sets have been developed. We wanted to explore how the ICF and the ICF Core Sets have been used in research relating to autism and ADHD. We looked at the research that had been previously published on this topic by conducting a systematic search and review. Seventy-eight studies meeting our criteria were included in our review. Results show that the ICF has been applied in many ways across various contexts. However, most of the research has focused on autism, mainly involving children. The review highlights that although the ICF was used in some studies, the underlying philosophies of the framework were not always followed. The medical perspective still influenced the way research was done and interpreted. Nevertheless, using the ICF in the right way can help shift research on neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and ADHD toward a more holistic approach, moving away from solely focusing on medical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We conducted a twenty-year bibliometric analysis of scientific literature, focusing on the trends of The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) use in health research. Methods: We retrieved 3'467 documents published between 2002 and 2022, sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection database. We used the Bibliometrix and VoSviewer tools for descriptive analyses and data visualization. Results: Our findings indicate a significant increase in ICF application since 2011, with an average annual growth rate of 13.19%. Prominent contributions were observed globally, with notable outputs from the U.S., Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Swiss Paraplegic Research, and McMaster University authored a quarter of the documents (24.6%). Collaboration networks of countries and institutions revealed robust partnerships, particularly between Germany and Switzerland. "Rehabilitation" was the most frequently occurring keyword, although a thematic shift towards epidemiology, aging, and health-related quality of life was observed post-2020. While rehabilitation remained the primary thematic focus, literature post-2020 highlighted epidemiology as a growing area of interest. Conclusions: A steady increase in ICF-based research mirrors the rising interest in a biopsychosocial and person-centered approach to healthcare. However, the literature is primarily produced by high-resource countries, with underrepresentation from low and middle-resource countries, suggesting an area of future research to address this discrepancy. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) serves as a universal framework for describing functioning and disability. The increasing application of the ICF in rehabilitation research underscores its value in developing comprehensive, person-centered care plans. By integrating the ICF, rehabilitation programs can better address the multifaceted needs of patients, facilitating improved outcomes in participation and quality of life. The observed thematic shift towards aging and health-related quality of life post-2020 indicates the growing relevance of the ICF in managing the complex health challenges of an aging population. The study also suggests that expanding the ICF implementation in low- and middle-income countries could bridge existing disparities in rehabilitation services, promoting global health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Depressive symptoms are common in patients with diffuse glioma, potentially reducing their quality of life. Understanding baseline factors associated with the development of depressive symptoms is important for psychoeducation and early intervention. This study investigates the associations of baseline patient- and tumor-related characteristics and depressive symptoms 1 year after surgery. Methods We combined retrospective longitudinal datasets from Amsterdam UMC and Rigshospitalet Copenhagen. Several characteristics of patients and tumors were retrieved, in particular items of their mood and functioning status. Depression instruments were harmonized to the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression scale through previously developed item response theory. Functioning items were harmonized to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) domains using linking methods published previously. We analyzed the associations of 25 baseline factors with depressive symptoms one year after surgery by multivariable stepwise backward linear regression models and verified model robustness using best subset selection. Results We included 118 patients with diffuse glioma with a mean age of 48 years and a glioblastoma in 29%. Baseline depressive symptoms, lower ICF energy, and impaired ICF language functioning were associated with more depressive symptoms at follow-up in the multivariable model (R-squared: 0.379). Conclusions We identified 3 key baseline factors associated with depressive symptoms one year after surgery. Clinically, our findings contribute to the comprehension of predictive factors for depressive symptoms, aiding healthcare providers and patients in understanding and possibly allowing for early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Training programs grounded in educational theory offer a systematic framework to facilitate learning and outcomes. This scoping review aims to map the educational approaches documented for manual wheelchair training and to record intended learning outcomes and any relationships between learning theories, instructional design and outcomes. Methods: Eight databases; Cochrane's Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, EmCare, Medline, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Database and grey literature were searched in September 2023, with citation chaining for relevant papers. Included papers related to manual wheelchair training programs/protocols describing intended wheelchair training outcomes for adults and/or caregivers. Data extracted included study characteristics, type of intervention, explicit learning theories, instructional design principles and intended learning outcomes. The International Classification of Functioning and Kirkpatrick's evaluation framework were used to organise intended outcomes. Results: Of the forty-four articles included in this review, only fourteen explicitly used a learning theory in the instructional design of training. Training outcomes most commonly related to changes in knowledge/skills of manual wheelchair users (Level 2b of Kirkpatrick's evaluation (n = 43), with less emphasis on participatory outcomes. Training designs incorporating Social Cognitive Theory (n = 8) were more likely to explore long term training outcomes, compared with other training designs. Conclusion: Wheelchair training programs that are designed using learning theory are more likely to produce learning outcomes that are retained and meaningfully applied. Such longer terms outcomes could have systemic cost and efficiency implications, such as reduction in wheelchair falls and readmissions to hospital. Deliberate integration of learning theory into manual wheelchair training design is recommended to support broad outcomes and long-term learning. This design could synergise different learning theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke rehabilitation is undergoing a significant global transformation, shifting from a traditional biomedical approach to a more holistic approach. This evolution prioritizes enhancing function, participation, and quality of life. Most of the research that informs these global guidelines originates from Western contexts, leaving a gap in understanding Indian practices. This scoping review which explores the nature and focus of Indian stroke rehabilitation research, aims to classify the research focus of outcomes measured post-intervention within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) domains at the level of body structure and functions (BSF), activities, and participation. We systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PEDro using keywords related to stroke, rehabilitation, and India. The inclusion criteria included studies conducted in the Indian population and setting, focusing on the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation interventions to enhance body functions, activities, or participation in patients with stroke. We included 63 studies describing physical rehabilitative management, of which 30 explored interventions targeting the upper extremity (47.62%), 22 addressed lower extremity and/or gait interventions (34.92%), ten focused on balance or trunk-related interventions (15.87%), and a few singular studies investigated other types of interventions such as for unilateral neglect, fatigue, etc. Predominantly, the studies utilized outcome measures in the BSF domain (93.6%), while the activity domain was the second most commonly emphasized domain (73%). Only three studies evaluated the participation domain. This review shows that Indian researchers focused more on BSF and activity domains of the ICF; minimal emphasis was given to participation and contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SATISPART-Stroke (SATIS-Stroke) is the most complete instrument for the assessment of activity and participation following a stroke. However, its use in a developing country has only been tested through in-person interviews. Objective: To determine the validity, reproducibility and viability of the SATIS-Stroke scale administered in two tele-assessment modalities: self-assessment of an electronic form versus videoconference. Methods: Methodological study with Brazilian chronic stroke survivors was conducted. Stage I comprised an in-person interview to apply the SATIS-Stroke and a self-assessment by completing an electronic form to respond to the SATIS-Stroke items. Step II occurred 6 to 8 months after Step I, during which SATIS-Stroke was administered again in-person and via videoconference. The order was randomized. Results: Ninety-five stroke survivors were recruited, but only 50 answered the electronic form (adherence: 52.6%). Mean scores were higher in the self-administration of electronic form compared to the in-person interview (mean difference = −0.36 ± 0.93; P = 0.009). Adequate reliability was found in the comparison of the in-person and self-assessment of electronic form (ICC2,1 = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.40–0.81). Fifty stroke survivors participated in Step II, during which adequate reliability was found in the comparison of the in-person administration and videoconference (ICC2,1 = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.21–0.74) and a moderate correlation was found between the assessment methods (r = 0.43; P = 0.02). Discussion: Adequate validity and reliability were found in the tele-assessment. Thus, this method is appropriate and viable for use in developing countries. Although reliable, the self-assessment did not have good adherence in the Brazilian population due to internet access problems, lack of familiarity with the digital form and lack of autonomy to answer the questions alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this paper was to determine whether the medicolegal assessment of injured and disabled persons is based on the biopsychosocial model of disability proposed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Methods: We searched for the word disability and other keywords, occurring alone or in combination as well as the meaning given to the word "disability" in two Belgian legal databases (JURA and STRADALEX) for the period from 1960 to 2020. Results: The use of the term disability has increased over time, more so from 2001 to 2010, in areas of public health law, labor relations, and personal injury law. Cross-referencing keywords revealed that incapacity (personal, domestic, or professional) reflecting the victim's disability from a legal perspective appears to be dominated by the impairment criterion. Conclusions: Although the biopsychosocial model of disability appears to be widely accepted by courts, medical experts have made few changes to their methodology of assessing personal injuries. We identify four potential factors that could explain the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the reliability and validity of the WHODAS 2.0 instrument for women with urinary incontinence (UI). Methods: This is a methodological study with Brazilian women with complaints of urge, stress or mixed UI, over 18 years old, without cognitive disorders. The WHODAS 2.0 (36-item version) and the auxiliary instruments were applied through face-to-face and telephone interviews after 7–14 d. The psychometric properties evaluated were: Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-rater test-retest, Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) for construct validity of WHODAS 2.0 with auxiliary instruments; and ANOVA for discriminative validity with UI severity. Results: 101 women with UI with a mean age of 50.71 ± 10.39 were included. WHODAS 2.0 showed good reliability in all domains and excellent reliability in the total score (>0.80). The intra-evaluator test-retest showed ICC values between 0.59 and 0.87 (p < 0.001). We observed a positive correlation between the WHODAS 2.0 domains and the instruments recommended by International Continence Society (ICS), with greater emphasis on moderate correlation with the Urinary Impact Questionnaire (IUQ-7) subscale (rho = 0.730 p < 0.001). Conclusion: The WHODAS 2.0 instrument is a reliable and valid questionnaire for investigating the functioning and disability of women with UI. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The WHODAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable tool for future functioning research with women with urinary incontinence. The WHODAS 2.0 can be used in clinical practice to assess disabilities in women with urinary incontinence. The validation of WHODAS 2.0 reinforces the need for rehabilitation based on the functioning needs of each patient with urinary incontinence. The WHODAS 2.0 assesses functioning based on the biopsychosocial model, supported by the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a widely used framework in rehabilitation that provides standardized measures to describe health and health-related states of people. The strength of the ICF lies in its provision of a common language for describing rehabilitation progress. However, personal factors are not classified within the ICF due to their significant variability across cultures, which may render it not adequately capturing the subjective and social dimensions of disability. Our objective in this research was to propose theoretical frameworks that could help identify relevant personal factors for inclusion in the ICF. We discuss the Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) Theory to identify personal variability in goal pursuit, highlighting the importance of emotions like negative and positive affect in handling adverse situations and managing habitual behaviors. Additionally, the theory helps to determine personality factors relevant to patients, facilitating the resolution of potential issues that may emerge during the goal achievement process. We also emphasize the role of goal setting in rehabilitation and suggest the Goal-Oriented Action Linking (GOAL) model as a useful tool for understanding how motivational values change over time, distance, and progress. Following from this, we discuss the importance of self-efficacy and its relationship to effort and goal achievement, while noting potential issues in its assessment. Finally, we propose viable assessment methods for measuring the potential components to be incorporated as personal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon where there is progressive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical change not only confined to the genital organs but also to all the systems of the body. There is a lack of knowledge in the field of functioning and disability among women with low-risk pregnancy without severe complications, and the condition that can lead to limitation in activity and restriction of participation. Considering the lack of research and the fact that the physiological changes of pregnancy can impact negatively on women's functioning, the purpose of this study was to evaluate disability and functioning of low-risk pregnancy and its associated factors using a specified diagnosed tool developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate disability and functioning of low risk pregnancy using the WHO disability assessment schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Materials and Methods: This is an observational hospital-based prospective study, 140 women aged 18-35 year with low-risk pregnancy were interviewed first in 2nd trimester using WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire which was followed by 2nd interview in 3rd trimester with a minimum gap of 8 weeks and comparison was done between both trimester. Results: Higher level of disability observed in cognition in 2nd trimester (P=0.009) while mobility and life activities domain were high in 3rd trimester (P=0.01 and P=0.027). Self-care domain had P=0.008 which was statistically significant with increasing level of difficulty in self-care as pregnancy advances. Getting along (P=0.005), participation (0.042) indicating greater difficulty as pregnancy progresses. Conclusion: The findings showed that even in a low risk pregnancy, functioning can be affected in different domains. The identification of impairments to functioning could enable improvement in care. Longitudinal studies involving the first trimester and postpartum are necessary to gain insight into women's disability and functioning during the pregnancy puerperal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI)-affected adults' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) experiences informed by the theoretical framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Methods: This study applied a qualitative collective case study design. Twelve participants who participated in a prior survey study were recruited using maximum variation sampling. One-on-one semi-structured interviews focused on gaining in-depth understanding of participants' experiences with HRQoL. Interviews were recorded verbatim and thematically analysed. Results: We identified two themes. First, the theme biopsychosocial dimensions of the experience comprised the ways BPBI affects physical and emotional health and how BPBI is intertwined with affected individuals' identities, activities/participation, and social environments. Second, the theme lifelong and variable experience encompassed how BPBI is a chronic condition that changes over time and varies among affected individuals. The cross-case analysis derived a conceptual model of BPBI HRQoL to describe the BPBI experience through the lifespan. In this model, multiple dimensions of BPBI HRQoL expand through the lifespan while BPBI-specific health resources' availability contract. Conclusions: By providing insight into the many ways that BPBI affects and is affected by an individual's functioning and personal, social, and healthcare environmental factors, these findings underscore lifelong individualized care for BPBI-affected persons is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over one billion people worldwide suffer from neurological conditions that cause mobility impairments, often persisting despite rehabilitation. Chronic neurological disease (CND) patients who lack access to continuous rehabilitation face gradual functional decline. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a comprehensive framework for assessing these patients. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of a non-hospitalized neuromotor rehabilitation project for CND patients in Italy using the Barthel Index (BI) as the primary outcome measure. The rehabilitation was administered through an Individual Rehabilitation Plan (IRP), tailored by a multidisciplinary team and coordinated by a physiatrist. The IRP involved an initial comprehensive assessment, individualized therapy administered five days a week, and continuous adjustments based on patient progress. The secondary objectives include assessing mental status and sensory and communication functions, and identifying predictive factors for BI improvement using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods: A retrospective observational study of 128 CND patients undergoing a rehabilitation program between 2018 and 2023 was conducted. Variables included demographic data, clinical assessments (BI, SPMSQ, and SVaMAsc), and ICF codes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regressions, and ANN to identify predictors of BI improvement. Results: Significant improvements in the mean BI score were observed from admission (40.28 ± 29.08) to discharge (42.53 ± 30.02, p < 0.001). Patients with severe mobility issues showed the most difficulty in transfers and walking, as indicated by the ICF E codes. Females, especially older women, experienced more cognitive decline, affecting rehabilitation outcomes. ANN achieved 86.4% accuracy in predicting BI improvement, with key factors including ICF mobility codes and the number of past rehabilitation projects. Conclusions: The ICF mobility codes are strong predictors of BI improvement in CND patients. More rehabilitation sessions and targeted support, especially for elderly women and patients with lower initial BI scores, can enhance outcomes and reduce complications. Continuous rehabilitation is essential for maintaining progress in CND patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The objective of this paper was to determine whether the medicolegal assessment of injured and disabled persons is based on the biopsychosocial model of disability proposed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Methods We searched for the word disability and other keywords, occurring alone or in combination as well as the meaning given to the word "disability” in two Belgian legal databases (JURA and STRADALEX) for the period from 1960 to 2020. Results The use of the term disability has increased over time, more so from 2001 to 2010, in areas of public health law, labor relations, and personal injury law. Cross-referencing keywords revealed that incapacity (personal, domestic, or professional) reflecting the victim's disability from a legal perspective appears to be dominated by the impairment criterion. Conclusions Although the biopsychosocial model of disability appears to be widely accepted by courts, medical experts have made few changes to their methodology of assessing personal injuries. We identify four potential factors that could explain the status quo.

Introduction. Myelodysplasia (MD) in children is accompanied by disorders of the musculoskeletal system and pelvic functions, causing a decrease in activity and restriction of participation in society, leading to disability and contributing to social isolation. The rehabilitation potential, determined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), is realized when the child is active and participates in the processes of life. The improvement of methods and technologies for the rehabilitation of children with MD remains relevant. Aim. To study the effect of medical rehabilitation in children with MD on the development of motor skills in all children and self-care in children over the age of 1 year. Materials and methods. The study included 117 children diagnosed with male and female MD between the ages of 6 months and 13 years, 11 months and 30 days (average age 6 years and 9 ± 6 months). The diagnosis of the functioning of the body was performed in the categorical profile of the ICF using a ranking system for the degree of disorders / limitations of functioning. The subjects are divided into three groups. Patients of group I received physical rehabilitation, ergotherapy, magnetic stimulation of the spinal cord (MS) and electromyostimulation (EMS); group II — physical rehabilitation, ergotherapy and MS; group III — standard physical therapy techniques, massage, ergotherapy, therapy with sinusoidal modulated currents (SMT-therapy) on the muscles of the lower extremities. Results and discussion. The effectiveness of consistent use of MS, EMS during physical exercises for the development of motor skills, classes with an occupational therapist on self-service skills has been demonstrated in children with MD, which is confirmed by positive dynamics in mobility and self-service skills assessed using functional scales and questionnaires. Medical rehabilitation increases muscle strength in children with MMD, and the combined use of MS with EMS during targeted exercises contributes to the effective development of motor functions. The development of motor skills and classes with an occupational therapist increase the level of independence in children with MD. Conclusion. Medical rehabilitation with the inclusion of MS and EMS during the performance of targeted exercises contributes to the better development of motor skills and improves self-care in children with MD.

Abstract The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is the framework for describing disability. The aim of the study was to compare differences in health status between the populations of the Podkarpackie region of Poland and the Castilla y León region of Spain, using the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions. A total of 840 people were included in the study. The brief version of ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions was used in the study. Information obtained from semi-structured interviews and a physiotherapy assessment was recoded into ICF qualifiers to obtain comparable data. Significant differences in functioning were found between the two samples, with a higher prevalence in all the ICF entities for the Spanish sample. Similarities were found in the ICF components ‘Body Functions’ and ‘Environmental Factors’, with the most prevalent ICF entities being ‘b280 Sensation of pain’ and ‘e225 Climate’ respectively. For ‘Activities and Participation’, differences were observed, with ‘d430 Lifting and carrying objects’ being the most common for the Spanish sample and ‘d450 Walking’ for the Polish sample. Significant differences were found between the two samples, indicating better musculoskeletal health in the Polish sample. Future research using the ICF Core Sets in practice should be expanded and carried out in other countries to improve the ability to make comparisons between populations and to develop policies for territorial equity in health. Trial registration : NCT06283407.

Background: Cerebral palsy is one of the most prevalent physical disabilities in childhood. Children afflicted with this condition face a myriad of challenges and potential disabilities, which complicate treatment efforts. Integrating scales with other diagnostic instruments is increasingly crucial for accurately assessing these children and devising effective treatment strategies. This study primarily aims to review functional classification systems based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) for children with cerebral palsy and explore the relationships among these systems.methods: This study was designed to review the ICF-based functional classification systems. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ERIC, OVID, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and OTseeker. Search terms related to cerebral palsy and various aspects of body function, activity, and participation were utilized. The search was conducted until September 2022 to gather relevant literature for analysis.Results: The analysis of the reviewed articles revealed the existence of five valid and reliable classification systems. In most studies, the correlation among these systems was moderate. Owing to their simplicity and comprehensiveness, these classification systems have significantly impacted the depiction of the functional status of children with cerebral palsy and the quality of their care. However, additional classification systems remain needed to address other overlooked functions and complete the overall description.Conclusion: The outcomes of this review indicated the development of classification systems for certain functions in children with cerebral palsy. In conjunction with the classifications above, creating additional new systems for overlooked functions could offer a comprehensive and integrated understanding of children with cerebral palsy's crucial functional capacities and performances.

Objectives: This scoping review allows a better understanding of current evidence regarding mirror therapy (MT) among children to help the future development of MT intervention protocol on children. Methods: PubMed, Science-Direct, Web of Science and ProQuest databases were searched from January 2005 to January 2023 for interventions within the scope of MT for children. Google Scholar was also scanned for additional resources. The process of the present study was according to guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews. The main inclusion criteria were articles in English and Persian language and peer-reviewed empirical studies of MT for children. This study charted methodological information from articles according to participant characteristics, design, intervention, and outcome measures. Results: Of 18 studies that were included in this scoping review, 17 studies were conducted in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and only two studies were in other conditions. A total of 16 articles were randomized controlled clinical trials, one case study and one single subject. Meanwhile, 33 outcomes were in the body structures (BS) and functions level, and 10 outcome measures were in the activities and participation levels of the International classification of functioning. Discussion: The review indicates that in future studies, it is necessary to pay more attention to other disorders beyond hemiplegic cerebral palsy; furthermore, levels of activity and participation as the outcome need to be used more.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is the framework for describing disability. The aim of the study was to compare differences in health status between the populations of the Podkarpackie region of Poland and the Castilla y León region of Spain, using the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions. A total of 840 people were included in the study. The brief version of ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions was used in the study. Information obtained from semi-structured interviews and a physiotherapy assessment was recoded into ICF qualifiers to obtain comparable data. Significant differences in functioning were found between the two samples, with a higher prevalence in all the ICF entities for the Spanish sample. Similarities were found in the ICF components 'Body Functions' and 'Environmental Factors', with the most prevalent ICF entities being 'b280 Sensation of pain' and 'e225 Climate' respectively. For 'Activities and Participation', differences were observed, with 'd430 Lifting and carrying objects' being the most common for the Spanish sample and 'd450 Walking' for the Polish sample. Significant differences were found between the two samples, indicating better musculoskeletal health in the Polish sample. Future research using the ICF Core Sets in practice should be expanded and carried out in other countries to improve the ability to make comparisons between populations and to develop policies for territorial equity in health. Trial registration: NCT06283407. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to model the health indicator of functioning for persons with spinal cord injury or disorder living in Switzerland in the long-term context, considering chronological age, time since injury, and age at injury. Design: This is a longitudinal analysis of three waves of a community survey. An interval-scaled functioning metric was constructed using modern test theory. Random effects within-between mixed models were used to investigate trends in functioning over time. Results: Persons with complete injuries have lower levels of functioning than persons with incomplete injuries, and persons with complete tetraplegia have the lowest levels of functioning. The person's age when injured, the level and completeness of the injury, the presence of secondary health conditions, and various combinations of these factors significantly influenced how functioning changed over time. Conclusions: Our study shows that chronological age is not necessarily the best time variable for understanding the aging process of people with spinal cord injury in terms of changes in functioning over time and that modeling functioning over time since injury provides important insights into how functioning of people with complete or incomplete injuries declines with increasing time living with the injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the Québec Audiological Assessment Protocol for Younger and Older Adults (QAAP-YOA) and its accompanying clinical tool efficacy to assess the needs of individuals with hearing loss in a simulated context. This study is the Phase 2 in the development of the QAAP-YOA. Design: Participants completed two needs assessments with simulated clients and wrote audiological reports, while applying the QAAP-YOA with and without the use of its clinical tool. Interviews were filmed, and reports collected. Both were scored by two independent evaluators. A qualitative analysis of reports was also conducted. Study sample: Eleven audiology students and four early-career audiologists (n = 15). Results: The clinical tool did not influence the interview process since both experimental conditions had similar compliance rates to the protocol (p = 0.114). Compliance rates for assessment reports were higher with the clinical tool (p < 0.001). Participants' conclusions after applying the QAAP-YOA were consistent across participants. The information provided in the reports was more comprehensive and coherent with the client's needs when participants used the clinical tool. Conclusions: The QAAP-YOA can lead to a greater standardisation of needs assessments and to more comprehensive reports, which may lead to intervention programs more closely aligned with clients' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a scale to assess functional independence (Functional and Expressive Independence Scale - EIFE) and investigate its validity evidence based on content and internal structure. The construction of the items followed five steps: review of the functional independence scales (n=50 items); creation of new items (n=79); evaluation by six expert judges (57 suggestions); and two pilot studies (10 caregivers and 2 participants with low education). The initial version contained 122 items and was subjected to reliability and exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 241 caregivers. The EIFE now consists of 95 items, divided into eight subscales, with one to four internal dimensions. The analyses showed good fit indices and factor structure replicability. The internal consistency of the subscales ranged from .83 to .94. In conclusion, the EIFE assesses functionality and emotional expression and can be used in the Brazilian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tinnitus is a common phenomenon with an estimated prevalence of 14.4% in the adult population. The experienced severity of tinnitus varies significantly among this population. Psychological factors have been identified as major contributors to this perceived severity, and numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between symptoms of depression and tinnitus severity. However, the assessment of tinnitus severity and depressive symptoms often relies on self-report questionnaires, which show content overlap. This can pose challenges in distinguishing both conditions and interpreting their relationship. To address these challenges, the proposed study aims to examine the overlap between tinnitus and depressive symptom questionnaires by analyzing their content based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Methods and analysis: Six validated, multi-item, self-report questionnaires measuring perceived tinnitus severity (THI, TQ, mTQ, THQ, TRQ, TFI) and seven validated, multi-item, self-report, depressive symptom questionnaires (BDI-II, HADS-D, SDS, PHQ-9, CES-D, SCL-90-R depression subscale, DASS-42 depression subscale) will be included in the content analysis. The content of all items of these questionnaires will be linked to ICF categories and item overlap between the tinnitus and depressive symptom questionnaires will be analyzed. Discussion: By exploring the overlap between depression and tinnitus questionnaires, this study seeks to gain a better understanding of the relationship between tinnitus and depression, by distinguishing between shared content and independent constructs of symptom scores and shedding light on the factors influencing their measured severity. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required for this study, due to the characteristics of the study design. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed open access publication and scientific conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functioning is a construct capturing how an individual's engagement in everyday life emerges from the interaction between the individual and their environment. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a biopsychosocial framework of functioning. Previously, the ICF was adapted for use in autism by developing Core Sets, a selection of ICF codes from the entire classification for specific conditions. Here, we present the first revision of the ICF of the Core sets for autism from a Delphi-like technique, based on evidence from Core Sets validation/linking studies, stakeholder feedback, and the development and piloting of the autism ICF Core Sets platform. Two ICF second-level codes were removed, and 12 were added to the comprehensive autism Core Set. The added codes reflect body functions in various sensory domains, fine hand use, and environmental factors. Changes were extensive for the age-appropriate brief Core Sets where ICF codes from the initial Core Sets were added or removed. The revisions conducted indicate a continued need for regularly updating Core Sets, based on empirical evidence and stakeholder involvement. We recommend the updated Core Sets for future use in autism research and practice in different age groups and contexts. Autistic people experience individual strengths and challenges as well as barriers and facilitators in their environment. All of these factors contribute to how well autistic people can cope in everyday life, fulfill the roles they choose, and meet their needs. The World Health Organization has developed a system aiming to capture the many factors within people (like how someone thinks and feels) and outside of people (things around a person) that influence their daily living, called the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health can be used for different purposes in research and practice to assess people's situations and plan support measures. Previously in 2019, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was adapted to autism by developing so-called Core Sets, which are shorter International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health versions for use in specific conditions. Here, we present the first revisions of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets for autism, based on research, development results, and community feedback. Some factors influencing daily life for autistic people were added to the Core Sets, and other factors deemed less relevant were removed. Changes were also made in Core Sets designed for different age groups (0–5, 6–16, and ⩾17 years). Particularly, contents for sensory processing (like smell, touch, seeing, hearing) were added. We recommend these updated Core Sets for future use in autism research and practice. These changes to the Core Sets after 4 years indicate that there should be ongoing updates based on research and experience from practice and involvement of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This scoping review allows a better understanding of current evidence regarding mirror therapy (MT) among children to help the future development of MT intervention protocol on children. Methods: PubMed, Science-Direct, Web of Science and ProQuest databases were searched from January 2005 to January 2023 for interventions within the scope of MT for children. Google Scholar was also scanned for additional resources. The process of the present study was according to guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses extension for scoping reviews. The main inclusion criteria were articles in English and Persian language and peer-reviewed empirical studies of MT for children. This study charted methodological information from articles according to participant characteristics, design, intervention, and outcome measures. Results: Of 18 studies that were included in this scoping review, 17 studies were conducted in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and only two studies were in other conditions. A total of 16 articles were randomized controlled clinical trials, one case study and one single subject. Meanwhile, 33 outcomes were in the body structures (BS) and functions level, and 10 outcome measures were in the activities and participation levels of the International classification of functioning. Discussion: The review indicates that in future studies, it is necessary to pay more attention to other disorders beyond hemiplegic cerebral palsy; furthermore, levels of activity and participation as the outcome need to be used more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The puerperium begins soon after placental expulsion, with local and systemic changes in the woman’s body. This transition is associated with the woman’s functioning. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) underlie the application of the biopsychosocial model. This study investigated the functioning and disability of postpartum women in the immediate, late, and remote puerperal subperiods. This is a cross-sectional, observational, quantitative study. An anamnesis form was applied with sociodemographic, anthropometric and obstetric data and with questions related to the ICF. The self-administered 36-item WHODAS 2.0 was applied to investigate disability. Qualitative variables were described by frequency and percentage distribution and quantitative variables with descriptive statistics. For group comparison, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests were applied with 5% significance. A total of 82 postpartum women participated in the study. We obtained 32 ICF categories, with structure and function being the most frequent. In WHODAS 2.0, for total sample and for each puerperal subperiod, the (D5) domain – Activities of Life – was more compromised. When comparing domains with puerperal subperiods, immediate puerperium showed less disability, differing from remote puerperium and late puerperium for cognition 10.42 (p=0.0365) and participation 18.75 (p=0.0197). The (D2) domain – Mobility – showed a difference between late puerperium and remote puerperium, with remote puerperium having less disability 17.50 (p=0.0212). Based on the diversity of filled-in items in the ICF, it is concluded that functioning can be affected in the puerperium, and disability may be presented at all times.

IntroductionFew clinical protocols are presently available to guide hearing healthcare professionals who are responsible for conducting comprehensive audiological needs assessments with their clients. The Québec Audiological Assessment Protocol for Younger and Older Adults (QAAP-YOA) was recently developed for this purpose. This pilot study is the third phase in the development of the QAAP-YOA. Its objective was to assess the implementation of the QAAP-YOA in clinical settings.MethodsAudiologists (n = 5) and adults with hearing loss (n = 29) participated in the study. Audiologists were trained to use the QAAP-YOA. Then, they administered the QAAP-YOA to clients. Needs assessment reports and QAAP-YOA clinical tools written by audiologists following these assessments were analyzed. Data related to the audiologists' workflow were collected. Individual semi-structured interviews were also conducted with participants to explore their experience.ResultsAudiologists judged the QAAP-YOA relevant and useful. It allowed them to perform more comprehensive and consistent needs assessments, and to formulate more adequate recommendations. Compliance ratings for assessment reports were higher after training (p < 0.001), particularly when the clinical tool was used. Participants were satisfied with the QAAP-YOA, but longer appointments and additional time for record keeping was required to implement it.ConclusionsAudiologists can benefit from using the QAAP-YOA. Digitalizing the clinical tool may help reduce the time required to administer the procedure, facilitate its use and allow for possibility of adapting the protocol to specific clientele and work settings.

Background Cash Transfer (CT) programmes can improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. However, studies assessing the effectiveness of these programmes on maternal and child health outcomes (MCH), beyond nutritional outcomes and service utilisation, remain inconclusive. Objectives We synthesized current empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these programmes in improving MCH outcomes and suggested a framework for reporting such outcomes. We focused on sub-Saharan Africa because of substantial operational differences between regions, and the need for MCH advancement in this region. Methods This review searched PubMed Central and Google Scholar and supplemented it with a backward citation search for studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa for the period between 2000 and 2021. Only peer-reviewed studies on CT that reported health outcomes beyond nutritional outcomes and service utilisation among women of reproductive age and children below 18 years old were included. Results Twenty-one articles reporting studies conducted in six sub-Saharan African countries were identified. All studies reported health outcome measures, and programmes targeted women of reproductive age and children under 18 years of age. Of the 21 articles, 1 reported measures of mortality, 13 reported measures of functional status; 3 reported subjective measures of well-being, and 4 reported behavioural health outcomes. Across all categories of reported measures, evidence emerges that cash transfer programmes improved some health outcomes (e.g. improved infant and child survival, reduced incidence of illnesses, improved cognitive and motor development, improved general health, delayed sexual debut, lower transactional sex, etc.), while in some of the studies, outcomes such as depression did not show significant improvements. Conclusion Cash Transfer programmes are effective and cost-effective, with a real potential to improve maternal and child health outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries. However, further research is needed to address implementation challenges, which include data collection, and programme management.

Abstract Background Multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent among ageing patients, leading to reduced daily functioning. To address the challenges posed by multimorbidity in older adults, a person- and context-centred approach is needed. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire as a self-assessment tool for older adults focusing on functioning in general practice based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods A mixed-methods approach was employed in the development and validation of the German EFA23 (Erfassung Funktionaler Gesundheit im Alter – 23 Fragen; Assessing Functional Health in Old Age – 23 questions) questionnaire. Based on an ICF subset developed in a preparatory phase and consensus study, questionnaire items were formulated and tested in a qualitative pretest, followed by a validation study. A workshop with general practitioners (GPs) was held to develop a supplementary manual for GPs on how to interpret the questionnaire results and discuss them with the patients. Results A total of 69 items were developed and tested in the qualitative pretest with 15 respondents, resulting in 37 items for the validation study. The validation study, involving 237 older adults, showed the presence of one significant principal component. It demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.967) and construct validity, showing positive correlations with established assessment tools. Descriptive statistics showed differences between the means of self-assessment by patients and an external GP assessment. The final EFA23 questionnaire consists of 23 items assessing limitations in functioning. Conclusions The EFA23 questionnaire can be used as a valid self-assessment instrument to measure functioning in older adults, supporting a person- and context-centred approach in general practice.

The Ukrainian system of medical and social expertise needs to revise its conceptual and methodological foundations in accordance with the realities of the current development of social sciences in the world and demand of the state regarding the modern understanding of disability. The purpose of the study was to analyze international experience and legislation on policy towards persons with disabilities and systematic approaches to the criteria of violation of functioning and the possibilities of determining the status of "person with disabilities" using the basic principles of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), Impairment and Health to create optimal approaches to determining the criteria for disability in Ukraine. The study was based on the analysis of available scientific literature and legislative documents of developed countries on the understanding of the concept of "person with a disability". The scientometric databases used were Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MedLine. Data from the official websites of the Political Department of the European Parliament, WHO, the United Nations, UNICEF, the World Bank. Аccording to the results of the study, it is determined that a single state body is responsible for determining the status of a person with a disability in sustainable development countries using a multidisciplinary approach. The author identifies 3 main components that most developed countries assess when determining disability: economic, medical and social. At the same time, the main criterion is decreased performance. It has been established that since 2022, Spain has completely switched to the criteria of the International Classification of Functioning in determining the signs of disability, basing the severity of a person's condition as a degree of disability on a percentage decrease in the person's functioning. Some European countries use selective categories of the ICF.

Purpose: Over 240 million children worldwide experience inequities due to disablement/disability. Play is important for children's global development, to enable participation in life, and has been used in therapeutic settings. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the effectiveness of play used in therapy for children with disabilities, to explore ways that play is used in therapy, and to classify and map outcome measures used in play-based interventions to the International Classification of Functioning. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: The search yielded 22 articles eligible for inclusion. A meta-analysis found significant heterogeneity for play-based intervention outcomes, precluding estimates of effectiveness. Body function and structure outcomes accounted for 61% of reported outcome measures. Conclusion: There is a trend towards a small positive effect of play used in therapy for children with disabilities, but certainty of the effect is poor, and replication difficult due to heterogeneous reports of how play is used. Research aims and outcome measures focusing on meaningful aspects of activity and participation in addition to body function and structure domains of the International Classification of Functioning should be considered for play-based interventions for children with disabilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Play-based interventions trend towards a positive effect on ICF outcomes, but the certainty of effect is limited. Play is used in diverse ways making it a versatile method to promote engagement or deliver therapy to a wide variety of children with disabilities. Play-based studies measuring outcomes solely related to body function and structure domains of the ICF may not capture the broader holistic benefits of play. When using play in clinical practice, professionals should consider the child's personal and environmental factors and the influence of play on activity and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate the comprehensive ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions from the perspective of patients in a primary care physiotherapy setting. A qualitative study was conducted with patients suffering from musculoskeletal problems. A phenomenological approach based on focus groups was used to identify the most relevant aspects related to physical therapy care in their condition. The data were analyzed using a meaning condensation procedure, identifying relevant themes and concepts. The identified concepts were linked to the ICF and compared to the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions. Forty-three patients were included in eight focus groups. A total of 1281 relevant concepts were extracted and related to 156 ICF second-level entities. Entities in the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions were 95.7% confirmed. Eighty-nine additional second-level ICF entities were identified. Entities in the ICF core set for post-acute musculoskeletal conditions are relevant to patients seen in primary care physical therapy units. However, there are areas of functioning related to community health care not covered by this ICF-based tool. An ICF-based framework is feasible for the assessment of musculoskeletal conditions. Post-acute musculoskeletal ICF core set was confirmed in patient focus groups. Additional ICF categories emerged for a primary care physical therapy setting. Community features of functioning could be addressed by a tailored ICF core set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebellar impairment (CI) manifests from different etiologies resulting in a heterogenic clinical presentation affecting walking and mobility. Case-reports were reviewed to provide an analytical clinical picture of persons with CI (PwCI) to differentiate cerebellar and non-cerebellar impairments and to identify interventions and assessments used to quantify impact on walking and mobility according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Literature was searched in PubMed, Web Of Science and Scopus. Case-reports conducting physical rehabilitation and reporting at least one outcome measure of ataxia, gait pattern, walking or mobility were included. 28 articles with a total of 38 different patients were included. Etiologies were clustered to: spinocerebellar degenerations, traumatic brain injuries, cerebellar tumors, stroke and miscellaneous. The interventions applied were activity-based, including gait and balance training. Participation based activities such as tai chi, climbing and dance-based therapy had positive outcomes on mobility. Outcomes on body function such as ataxia and gait pattern were only reported in 22% of the patients. A comprehensive test battery to encompass the key features of a PwCI on different levels of the ICF is needed to manage heterogeneity. Measures on body function level should be included in interventions. This review reports on 38 cerebellar cases from 14 different aetiologies. Distinguishing cerebellar and non-cerebellar symptoms and categorising patients within the three cerebellar syndromes can assist with heterogeneity. Reporting of assessment on the body function level of ICF in terms of ataxia and gait pattern was only present in a minority of reports and thus increased reporting is encouraged. Multimodal and patient-tailored strategies are promising for targeting walking and mobility in persons with cerebellar impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent among ageing patients, leading to reduced daily functioning. To address the challenges posed by multimorbidity in older adults, a person- and context-centred approach is needed. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire as a self-assessment tool for older adults focusing on functioning in general practice based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed in the development and validation of the German EFA23 (Erfassung Funktionaler Gesundheit im Alter – 23 Fragen; Assessing Functional Health in Old Age – 23 questions) questionnaire. Based on an ICF subset developed in a preparatory phase and consensus study, questionnaire items were formulated and tested in a qualitative pretest, followed by a validation study. A workshop with general practitioners (GPs) was held to develop a supplementary manual for GPs on how to interpret the questionnaire results and discuss them with the patients. Results: A total of 69 items were developed and tested in the qualitative pretest with 15 respondents, resulting in 37 items for the validation study. The validation study, involving 237 older adults, showed the presence of one significant principal component. It demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967) and construct validity, showing positive correlations with established assessment tools. Descriptive statistics showed differences between the means of self-assessment by patients and an external GP assessment. The final EFA23 questionnaire consists of 23 items assessing limitations in functioning. Conclusions: The EFA23 questionnaire can be used as a valid self-assessment instrument to measure functioning in older adults, supporting a person- and context-centred approach in general practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects many body functions and activities, including work capacity and ability to work. An evaluation of work-related parameters is important to understand the barriers to maintaining the job. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a Comprehensive International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) core set for MS can be used to predict work capacity and employment status. Methods: The cohort included 151 participants with MS (99 female/52 male, mean age 49 years) referred for a work capacity evaluation. Results: 71 (47.0%) were employed and a major part (131, 86.7%) had a work capacity between 20 and 40% with no difference between those who were employed and those who were unemployed. The analysis revealed that age and the following categories explained 68.8% of the work capacity: b770 Gait pattern functions; b730 Muscle power functions; b134 Sleep functions; d845 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job; and b620 Urination functions. The following categories in 79.5% predicted ability to work: b164 Higher-level cognitive functions; d510 Washing oneself; d630; Preparing meals; and d870 Economic self-sufficiency. Conclusions: Here, we show that different functions/activities predicted work capacity in comparison with employment status in MS. Therefore, ICF should be implemented when assessing work ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Properly understanding the functioning and health status of lower extremity osteoarthritis (LEOA) is needed to optimize interventions to enhance function and minimize disability. The available International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Core Sets (CS) for osteoarthritis are not specific to the lower extremity. They are strongly influenced by Western sociocultural values that may be inappropriate in the Indian context. Therefore, the objective of this study is to present the proposed process for the development of the ICF CS for LEOA, specifically for the Indian population. Materials and Methods: The first stage is to identify ICF categories significant for LEOA using four preparatory studies: (a) a systematic literature review to compile the researcher's perspective by identifying functional outcome measures, (b) a qualitative study using focus group interviews to identify patients' perspective, (c) an expert survey to identify experts' perspective, and (d) a cross-sectional, multicenter study. The first version of the comprehensive and brief ICF-CS for LEOA will be developed through a consensus process using a Delphi exercise, integrating the evidence from the preparatory studies. In the final stage, field testing on Indian patients will validate the first version of the CS for LEOA. Conclusion: The proposed protocol to develop ICF-CS for LEOA may provide the basis for a generally agreed-upon standard that allows a comparison of functioning in clinical practice, research studies, quality management, and reimbursement that are relevant for patients with LEOA and health-care providers in Indian contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the clinical profile and functional classification of the population with physical and/or sensory disabilities in the municipalities of Marajó using the International Classification of Diseases and International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. This descriptive, exploratory study was carried out in all Marajó municipalities. The prevalence of disabilities acquired after birth involving diseases of the nervous system and impairment of the lower and upper extremities of the body was verified. Deficiency in joint mobility, strength, and tonus were the most affected body functions, which impacted mobility and self-care activities, as well as interpersonal relationships with healthcare professionals and immediate family, representing a social barrier. Thus, based on the results found, the influence of social, educational, economic, and geographical contexts on the clinical condition and functional performance of people with disabilities is understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1) to map questions of pain from a survey to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) 2) to compare the impact of musculoskeletal pain on functioning based on the different components of the ICF in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and age-matched peers. A cross-sectional case-control survey. A total of 28 children with JIA and 36 age-matched children participated. The survey included questions on the child's sex and age, about pain experienced, number of painful body areas, pain frequency and three short forms of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain questionnaires. Sixteen children with JIA (57%) and 10 peers (28%) reported pain during past seven days. Their responses were used in the description of impact of pain. After the mapping of the questions to ICF, a comparison between the two groups indicated that a higher number of children with JIA described effects of pain on mental function, mobility, general tasks and demands, than their peers. More children with JIA expressed to others that they had pain, non-verbally and verbally. The findings provide important information about the impacts of pain on daily life in children with JIA and about their intervention needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in motor skills, with gross and fine motor dysfunction being the main symptom. This condition greatly impairs children's daily life, learning, and social interaction. Symptoms typically appear during preschool or school age, and if left untreated, they can persist into adulthood. Thus, early assessment and intervention are crucial to improve the prognosis. This study aims to review the existing literature on DCD, providing a comprehensive overview of the assessment for children with DCD in terms of body functions and structures, activities and participation, and environmental factors within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health - Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Additionally, specific rehabilitation interventions will be described, offering valuable insights for the clinical assessment and intervention of children with DCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We established the most commonly used clinician and patient-reported hip fracture outcome measures as of 2022, assessed their content validity using an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework, and operationalized these results to contribute to an updated hip fracture core set. A literature search was conducted to identify articles utilizing outcome measures related to hip fracture. A total of five outcome measures were identified, linked to the ICF, and assessed for content validity via bandwidth percent, content density, and content diversity. Outcome measures were linked to 191 ICF codes, most of which were associated with Activities and Participation. Notably, no outcome measure contained concepts linked to Personal Factors and Environmental Factors were underrepresented across all outcome measures. The modified Harris Hip Score had the highest content diversity (0.67), the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score had the highest bandwidth of ICF content coverage (2.48), and the Oxford Hip Score had the highest content density (2.92). These results clarify the clinical applicability of outcome measures and guide development of hip fracture outcomes that allow providers to assess the complex role of social, environmental, and personal factors in patient rehabilitation. Hip fracture is a complex and disabling pathology predominantly affecting older adults and represents a public health problem. There are a variety of outcome measures used to assess a patient's recovery following a hip fracture, each with distinctive objectives and modes of administration. Content validity metrics associated with the Harris Hip Score suggest it would be a suitable outcome measure during early-stage recovery, whereas the modified Harris Hip Score may be more suitable for tracking long-term recovery tracking. Choosing an outcome measure most appropriate for a hip fracture patient is an individualized decision that must consider aspects such as age, activity level, needs, and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a widely used framework in rehabilitation that provides standardized measures to describe health and health-related states of people. The strength of the ICF lies in its provision of a common language for describing rehabilitation progress. However, personal factors are not classified within the ICF due to their significant variability across cultures, which may render it not adequately capturing the subjective and social dimensions of disability. Our objective in this research was to propose theoretical frameworks that could help identify relevant personal factors for inclusion in the ICF. We discuss the Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) Theory to identify personal variability in goal pursuit, highlighting the importance of emotions like negative and positive affect in handling adverse situations and managing habitual behaviors. Additionally, the theory helps to determine personality factors relevant to patients, facilitating the resolution of potential issues that may emerge during the goal achievement process. We also emphasize the role of goal setting in rehabilitation and suggest the Goal-Oriented Action Linking (GOAL) model as a useful tool for understanding how motivational values change over time, distance, and progress. Following from this, we discuss the importance of self-efficacy and its relationship to effort and goal achievement, while noting potential issues in its assessment. Finally, we propose viable assessment methods for measuring the potential components to be incorporated as personal factors.

IntroductionTinnitus is a common phenomenon with an estimated prevalence of 14.4% in the adult population. The experienced severity of tinnitus varies significantly among this population. Psychological factors have been identified as major contributors to this perceived severity, and numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between symptoms of depression and tinnitus severity. However, the assessment of tinnitus severity and depressive symptoms often relies on self-report questionnaires, which show content overlap. This can pose challenges in distinguishing both conditions and interpreting their relationship. To address these challenges, the proposed study aims to examine the overlap between tinnitus and depressive symptom questionnaires by analyzing their content based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.Methods and analysisSix validated, multi-item, self-report questionnaires measuring perceived tinnitus severity (THI, TQ, mTQ, THQ, TRQ, TFI) and seven validated, multi-item, self-report, depressive symptom questionnaires (BDI-II, HADS-D, SDS, PHQ-9, CES-D, SCL-90-R depression subscale, DASS-42 depression subscale) will be included in the content analysis. The content of all items of these questionnaires will be linked to ICF categories and item overlap between the tinnitus and depressive symptom questionnaires will be analyzed.DiscussionBy exploring the overlap between depression and tinnitus questionnaires, this study seeks to gain a better understanding of the relationship between tinnitus and depression, by distinguishing between shared content and independent constructs of symptom scores and shedding light on the factors influencing their measured severity.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this study, due to the characteristics of the study design. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed open access publication and scientific conferences.

Background: Behavioral activation (BA) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have shown to be efficacious treatment methods for depression. Previous studies focused mostly on the outpatient treatment either in group or individual setting. The present study aimed at comparing the efficacy of group treatment BA vs. CBT, when embedded in inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation treatment. Methods: 375 inpatients were randomly assigned to either BA (N = 174) or CBT (N = 201). We used established scales for depression such as the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II, self-rating), the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS; expert rating) and the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) to assess changes over the course of the treatment and at follow-up (4 to 6 months). In addition, we measured disability-related functioning with the Mini-ICF-APP, a rating scale built in reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Multilevel models with repeated measures were conducted to examine the differences between groups in relation to change over time with patients' random effects. Results: Both group formats showed substantial reduction in depressive symptoms at the end of treatment (d= 0.83 BA vs. d= 1.08 CBT; BDI-II) and at follow-up after 4 to 6 months (d = 0.97 BA vs. d = 1.33 CBT, BDI-II; and d = 1.17 BA vs. d = 1.09 CBT, QIDS). There were no significant differences between treatment approaches. At least 50% symptom reduction was achieved by 53.7% and 54.2% in BA vs. CBT respectively. Reported activation levels increased from pre- to posttreatment (d = 0.76 BA vs. d = 0.70CBT), while showing loss of increment between the end of the treatment until follow up in both formats (d = 0.28 BA vs. d = 0.29 CBT). Discussion: Both modalities led to significant improvement of symptomatology and functioning at the end of the treatment and at follow-up, thus for the first time demonstrating the practicability of BA in rehabilitation clinics. Considering its lower requirements regarding cognitive abilities and its easier implementation, BA proved to be a good alternative to other psychotherapeutic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the previous research, the Disability Assessment Scale based on ICF had been constructed for LTC insurance in China. To apply this scale in further studies, it is essential to establish assessment standards for disability levels. Objective: To establish standardized disability classification criteria and identify the disability statuses and levels in older people. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which 1,610 older individuals in 15 long-term care institutions in China were assessed by the disability assessment scale based on ICF. Cluster analysis was used for classification of the disability levels. Mean (SD) and median (IQR) were used to describe the scores for each item and each dimension. Results: The total scores of the disability assessment scale were classified into six disability levels. The overall disability level of the 1,610 participants was moderate-to-severe. The disability in the dimension of "self-care ability and activity" was the most obvious and severe. Conclusion: The Disability Assessment Scale is capable of identifying disability statuses and levels of older people, and it can serve as a valuable tool for investigating the disabilities among old people and for conducting crossnational comparisons of disability levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]