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Objectives: We investigated serum neutralizing activity against BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron sublineages and T cell response before and 3 months after administration of the booster vaccine in healthcare workers (HCWs)., Methods: HCWs aged 18-65 years who were vaccinated and received booster doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine were included. Anti-SARS coronavirus 2 IgG levels and cellular response (through interferon γ ELISpot assay) were evaluated in all participants, and neutralizing antibodies against Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 were evaluated in participants with at least one follow-up visit 1 or 3 months after the administration of the booster dose., Results: Among 118 HCWs who received the booster dose, 102 and 84 participants attended the 1-month and 3-month visits, respectively. Before the booster vaccine dose, a low serum neutralizing activity against Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 was detectable in only 39/102 (38.2%), 8/102 (7.8%), and 12/102 (11.8%) participants, respectively. At 3 months, neutralizing antibodies against Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 were detected in 84/84 (100%), 79/84 (94%), and 77/84 (92%) participants, respectively. Geometric mean titres of neutralizing antibodies against BA.1 and BA.2 were 2.2-fold and 2.8-fold reduced compared with those for Delta. From 1 to 3 months after the administration of the booster dose, participants with a recent history of SARS coronavirus 2 infection (n = 21/84) had persistent levels of S1 reactive specific T cells and neutralizing antibodies against Delta and BA.2 and 2.2-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies against BA.1 (p 0.014). Conversely, neutralizing antibody titres against Delta (2.5-fold decrease, p < 0.0001), BA.1 (1.5-fold, p 0.02), and BA.2 (2-fold, p < 0.0001) declined from 1 to 3 months after the administration of the booster dose in individuals without any recent infection., Discussion: The booster vaccine dose provided significant and similar response against BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron sublineages; however, the immune response declined in the absence of recent infection., (Copyright © 2022 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the persistent immunogenicity offered by a third dose of BNT162b2 against Delta and Omicron variants, in nursing home (NH) residents., Methods: In this monocenter prospective observational study, anti-spike IgG levels, S1 domain reactive T cell counts, serum neutralizing antibody titers against Delta and Omicron variants were compared before and up to three months after the BNT162b2 booster dose, in NH residents without COVID-19 (COVID-19 naive) or with COVID-19 prior to initial vaccination (COVID-19 recovered)., Findings: 106 NH residents (median [interquartile range] age: 86·5 [81;91] years) were included. The booster dose induced a high increase of anti-spike antibody levels in all subjects ( p  < 0.0001) and a mild transient increase of specific T cells. Before the booster dose, Delta neutralization was detected in 19% ( n  = 8/43) and 88% ( n  = 37/42) of COVID-19 naive and COVID-19 recovered subjects, respectively. Three months after the booster dose, all NH residents developed and maintained a higher Delta neutralization ( p  < 0·0001). Before the booster dose, Omicron neutralization was detected in 5% ( n  = 2/43) and 55% ( n  = 23/42) of COVID-19 naive and COVID-19 recovered subjects, respectively, and three months after, in 84% and 95%, respectively. Neutralizing titers to Omicron were lower than to Delta in both groups with a 35-fold reduction compared to Delta., Interpretation: The booster dose restores high neutralization titers against Delta in all NH residents, and at a lower level against Omicron in a large majority of participants. Future studies are warranted to assess if repeated BNT162b2 booster doses or new specific vaccines might be considered for protecting such fragile patients against Omicron and/or future SARS-CoV-2 variants., Funding: French government through the Programme Investissement d'Avenir (I-SITE ULNE/ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE) and the Label of COVID-19 National Research Priority (National Steering Committee on Therapeutic Trials and Other COVID-19 Research, CAPNET)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Long-term care facility (LTCF) older residents display physiological alterations of cellular and humoral immunity that affect vaccine responses. Preliminary reports suggested a low early postvaccination antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this study was to focus on the specific T-cell response. We quantified S1-specific IgG, neutralizing antibody titers, total specific IFNγ-secreting T cells by ELISpot, and functionality of CD4 + - and CD8 + -specific T cells by flow cytometry, after two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in younger and older people, with and without previous COVID-19 infection (hereafter referred to as COVID-19-recovered and COVID-19-naive subjects, respectively). Frailty, nutritional, and immunosenescence parameters were collected at baseline in COVID-19-naive older people. We analyzed the immune response in 129 young adults (median age 44.0 years) and 105 older residents living in a LCTF (median age 86.5 years), 3 months after the first injection. Humoral and cellular memory responses were dramatically impaired in the COVID-19-naive older ( n  = 54) compared with the COVID-19-naive younger adults ( n  = 121). Notably, older participants' neutralizing antibodies were 10 times lower than the younger's antibody titers ( p  < 0.0001) and LCTF residents also had an impaired functional T-cell response: the frequencies of IFNγ + and IFNγ + IL-2 + TNFα + cells among specific CD4 + T cells, and the frequency of specific CD8 + T cells were lower in COVID-19-naive older participants than in COVID-19-naive young adults ( p  < 0.0001 and p  = 0.0018, respectively). However, COVID-19-recovered older participants ( n  = 51) had greater antibody and T-cell responses, including IFNγ + and IFNγ + IL-2 + TNFα + -specific CD4 + T cells ( p  < 0.0001), as well as TNFα + -specific CD8 + T cells ( p  < 0.001), than COVID-19-naive older adults. We also observed that "inflammageing" and particularly high plasma levels of TNFα was associated to poor antibody response in the older participants. In conclusion, our results show that the COVID-19-naive older people had low counts and impaired specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, in addition to impaired antibody response, and that specific studies are warranted to assess the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines, as in other immunocompromised subjects. Our study also shows that, despite their physiological alterations of immunity, vaccination is highly efficient in boosting the prior natural memory response in COVID-19-recovered older people., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Demaret, Corroyer-Simovic, Alidjinou, Goffard, Trauet, Miczek, Vuotto, Dendooven, Huvent-Grelle, Podvin, Dreuil, Faure, Deplanque, Bocket, Duhamel, Labreuche, Sobaszek, Hisbergues, Puisieux, Labalette and Lefèvre.)