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To promote collaboration across canine science, address replicability issues, and advance open science practices within animal cognition, we have launched the ManyDogs consortium, modeled on similar ManyX projects in other fields. We aimed to create a collaborative network that (a) uses large, diverse samples to investigate and replicate findings, (b) promotes open science practices of pre-registering hypotheses, methods, and analysis plans, (c) investigates the influence of differences across populations and breeds, and (d) examines how different research methods and testing environments influence the robustness of results. Our first study combines a phenomenon that appears to be highly reliable—dogs’ ability to follow human pointing—with a question that remains controversial: do dogs interpret pointing as a social communicative gesture or as a simple associative cue? We collected data (N = 455) from 20 research sites on two conditions of a 2-alternative object choice task: (1) Ostensive (pointing to a baited cup after making eye-contact and saying the dog’s name); (2) Non-ostensive (pointing without eye-contact, after a throat-clearing auditory control cue). Comparing performance between conditions, while both were significantly above chance, there was no significant difference in dogs’ responses. This result was consistent across sites. Further, we found that dogs followed contralateral, momentary pointing at lower rates than has been reported in prior research, suggesting that there are limits to the robustness of point-following behavior: not all pointing styles are equally likely to elicit a response. Together, these findings underscore the important role of procedural details in study design and the broader need for replication studies in canine science.

A Magyar Cserkészszövetség 1933 júniusában jegyezte be tagjai közé a 479. számú Szőgyi László cserkészcsapatot. 1941 novemberében a szövetség kizárta tagjai közül a zsidó cserkészcsapatokat, így nyolc év működés után a győrieket is. A 479. csapat szervezőtestülete a Győri Izraelita Hitközség volt, azonban bázisintézménye a Révai Miklós Főreáliskola, amelynek értesítője minden évben beszámolt a csapat működéséről. A Főreáliskola értesítőire és a gödöllői Cserkész Könyvtár- és Levéltár iratanyagára támaszkodva tanulmányomban arra vállalkozom, hogy rekonstruáljam a győri 479. Szőgyi László cserkészcsapat történetét: a megszervezés körülményeit, a névadás motivációját, a vallásos és szekuláris eseményeket, a győri cserkészmunka jellegzetességeit, valamint az antiszemitizmus térhódítását és következményeinek megjelenését a csapat életében. Kutatásom a 2018-ban indult Zsidó cserkészcsapatok története: identitás és emlékezet kutatási projekt része, melynek célja az 1913 és 1948 között működő zsidó cserkészcsapatok történetének feltárása. A projekt korábbi szakaszai rávilágítottak arra, hogy az egykori pesti és vidéki csapatok megőrzött emlékezete és dokumentációja között egyenlőtlenség mutatkozik: míg a pesti csapatokról maradt fent iratanyag, fényképek, – vagy akár kivételes esetben, mint a 311. Vörösmarty cserkészcsapat, amelynek tagjai még a mai napig szerveznek találkozókat – összegyűjtött visszaemlékezések, évfordulós kiadványok is elérhetőek, addig a vidékiek szinte eltűntek, úgy mint a győri 479. Szőgyi László cserkészcsapat is.

AimTo establish the inter-rater reliability of the Composite Quality Score (CQS-2) and to test the null hypothesis that it did not differ significantly from that of the first CQS version (CQS-1).Materials and methodsFour independent raters were selected to rate 45 clinical trial reports using CQS-1 and CQS-2. The raters remained unaware of each other’s participation in this study until all rating had been completed. Each rater received only one rating template at a time in a random sequence for CQS-1 and CQS-2 rating. Raters completed each template and sent these back to the principal investigator. Each rater received their next template 2 weeks after submission of the completed previous template. The inter-rater reliabilities for the overall appraisal score of the CQS-1 and the CQS-2 were established by using the Brennan-Prediger coefficient (BPC). The coefficients of both CQS versions were compared by using the two-sample z-test. During secondary analysis, the BPCs for every criterion and each corroboration level for both CQS versions were established.ResultsThe BPC for the CQS-1 was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.64–1.00) and for the CQS-2 it was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94–1.00), suggesting a very high inter-rater reliability for both. The difference between the two CQS versions was statistically not significant (p = 0.17). The null hypothesis was accepted.ConclusionThe CQS-2 is still under development, This study shows that it is associated with a very high inter-rater reliability, which did not statistically significantly differ from that of the CQS-1. The promising results of this study warrant further investigation in the applicability of the CQS-2 as an appraisal tool for prospective controlled clinical therapy trials.

Observations of women and clinicians indicated that the prevalence of menstrual cycle problems has escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it was not clear whether the observed menstrual cycle changes were related to vaccination, the disease itself or the COVID-19 pandemic-induced psychological alterations. To systematically analyze this question, we conducted a human online survey in women aged between 18 and 65 in Hungary. The menstrual cycle of 1563 individuals were analyzed in our study in relation to the COVID-19 vaccination, the COVID-19 infection, the pandemic itself and the mental health. We found no association between the COVID-19 vaccination, the vaccine types or the COVID-19 infection and the menstrual cycle changes. We also evaluated the menstrual cycle alterations focusing on three parameters of the menstrual cycle including the cycle length, the menses length and the cycle regularity in three pandemic phases: the pre-peak, the peak and the post-peak period in Hungary. Our finding was that the length of the menstrual cycle did not change in any of the periods. However, the menses length increased, while the regularity of the menstrual cycle decreased significantly during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic when comparing to the pre- and post-peak periods. In addition, we exhibited that the length and the regularity of the menstrual cycle both correlated with the severity of depression during the post-peak period, therefore we concluded that the reported menstrual cycle abnormalities during the peak of COVID-19 in Hungary might be the result of elevated depressive symptoms.

We tested companion cats and dogs in similar indoor conditions using identical procedures in the classic detour task around a V-shaped transparent wire-mesh fence. Besides the control group, we used two types of laser light-pointing demonstration (moving around the fence, or pointing straight at the reward). We found that dogs reached the food reward faster than cats; across consecutive trials, only the dogs showed improvement in their speed and dogs continued to use the same side for detouring after a preceding successful attempt, while cats chose the side for detouring irrespective of their previous successful trials. In addition, ‘demonstrating’ a detour with the laser did not influence the speed or direction of the detour of the subjects; and dogs looked back to their owner more frequently than the cats did. We discuss the possibility that for dogs, detouring along a transparent obstacle represents a more problematic task than for cats; therefore, dogs strongly rely on their previous experiences. This is the first time that cats were successfully tested in this detour paradigm in direct comparison with dogs. The results are relevant from the aspect of testing cognitive performance in companion cats, which are known to be notoriously reluctant to engage with novel experimental situations.

The corporate decisions in the field of packaging aim to find and determine the optimal packaging functions and expenses at the same time. One-way packaging is also used in the practice, but returnable packaging is more common in the outbound flow of the automotive engine manufacturer companies. In addition, it can happen that packaging devices originally designed for one way are used multiple times, because the technical condition of the packaging ensures the repeated usage and the other way around. Transport distance is an important aspect while choosing the right packaging system, but according to our investigation the ratio between the purchasing cost of a new device and the cost of backwards transportation should also influence this decision. Therefore, the scope of this paper is to give a model of the cost structure of returnable industrial packaging operating in a closed loop system. The total cost will be especially determined by the return ratio, cost of return transport and planned number of uses.

Tanulmányunkban a likviditás és a volatilitás napon belüli kapcsolatát elemezzük. A kutatásunk alapját a Budapesti Értéktőzsde által 2005 óta számolt likviditási mutató, a Budapesti Likviditási Mérték (BLM), illetve a tényleges ársáv, mint volatilitás mutató adja. A BLM a befektetők oldaláról közelíti meg a likviditás kérdését, mert a tranzakciók nehezen számszerűsíthető, implicit költségeit méri, míg a tényleges ársáv a technikai elemzők által gyakran használt volatilitás mutató, mely rövid időszakok volatilitásának mérésére könynyen, és megbízhatóan alkalmazható. Az elemzést a leglikvidebb magyar részvényre, az OTP-re végezzük el 2007. szeptemberi és 2008. októberi adatok alapján.

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Central counterparties’ (CCPs) role is to take over the counterparty risk during trading. To fulfill its role, a CCP needs to operate a multi-level guarantee system that can absorb losses of clearing members’ defaults. Our main question is how the size of the guarantee system changes and how the cross-guarantee undertaking changes between clearing members and markets if the CCP merges the guarantee systems of different markets. This question is essential from a financial stability perspective since the size and the structure of the guarantee system will affect the loss-absorbing capacity of a CCP. We used Monte Carlo simulation to simulate a 30 year time-series for three different products, which gave us the basis for the value-at-risk-based margin calculation and the stress-test-based default fund calculation. Results show that merging the guarantee systems will always decrease the total value of the guarantees because the margin will decrease, which cannot be offset by the increase in the default fund size. We conclude that it is not optimal from the financial stability perspective to merge the guarantee systems. However, if the CCP wants to provide cheaper services, or if the clearing members are willing to cross-guarantee each other, merging is more suitable.

We investigated how dog–owner relationship–with a focus on possible behavioural problems–might associate with the individual variability in dogs’ social learning performance. Dog owners first completed a questionnaire about their relationship with their dogs (N = 98). Then, dogs were tested in a detour test: a control group without demonstration, a group where the owner demonstrated the task and another group where the experimenter demonstrated the task. Finally, the dogs participated in two behaviour tests measuring their tractability and possessiveness. The two principal components from the questionnaire (called “overactive” and “irritable”) did not show significant association with dogs’ detour performance in the control group. “irritable” dogs performed better in the unfamiliar demonstrator group. These more persistent, goal-oriented dogs also looked back less at their owners during the detour. In the individual problem-solving context, the factor “overactive” had a similar effect on looking back at the owner, suggesting that the items of this component primarily are not connected to the dog–human relationship. Our results indicate that dog–human relationship has an integral role in the complex social behaviour of dogs, which warrants for the need of further empirical testing of the associations between social dynamics in dogs and their relationship with humans, including problem behaviours.

El espacio es un elemento básico para determinar la identidad, y la identidad solo puede existir a base de espacios domados o propios. Roberto Bolaño siempre traza problemas de identidad y es conocidamente tacaño con las descripciones. Lo que hace ver, ¿edifica o destruye? ¿La descripción da estabilidad a los hogares representados o aumenta el sinsentido salvaje? Lo artístico en su dualidad (divino o diabólico) muchas veces se localiza en el espacio del hogar, que asimismo aparece como un lugar incierto, una zona fronteriza.

Tras examinar el ritmo en las obras de Roberto Bolaño y teniendo en cuenta la historia de la biografía apócrifa o ficticia, se puede establecer que la tradición fundada por Marcel Schwob tiene gran repercusión en la obra de varios escritores. El presente estudio intenta desvelar las características comunes de este género y su breve historia entre continentes.

Photostasis is the light-dependent maintenance of energy balance associated with cellular homeostasis in photoautotrophs. We review evidence that illustrates how photosynthetic adaptation in polar photoautrophs such as aquatic green algae, cyanobacteria, boreal conifers as well as terrestrial angiosperms exhibit an astonishing plasticity in structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. This plasticity contributes to the maintenance of photostasis, which is essential for the long-term survival in the seemingly inhospitable Antarctic and Arctic habitats. However, evidence indicates that polar photoautrophic species exhibit different functional solutions for the maintenance of photostasis. We suggest that this reflects, in part, the genetic diversity symbolized by inherent genetic redundancy characteristic of polar photoautotrophs which enhances their survival in a thermodynamically challenging environment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

This is a comprehensive literature review of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We provide a description of the background, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management regarding CFS. CFS is a multifaceted illness that has many symptoms and a wide array of clinical presentations. As of recent, CFS has been merged with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Much of the difficulty in its management has stemmed from a lack of a concrete understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis. There is a potential association between dysfunction of the autoimmune, neuroendocrine, or autonomic nervous systems and the development of CFS. Possible triggering events, such as infections followed by an immune dysregulation resulting have also been proposed. In fact, ME/CFS was first described following Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infections, but it was later determined that it was not always preceded by EBV infection. Patient diagnosed with CFS have shown a noticeably earlier activation of anaerobic metabolism as a source of energy, which is suggestive of impaired oxygen consumption. The differential diagnoses range from tick-borne illnesses to psychiatric disorders to thyroid gland dysfunction. Given the many overlapping symptoms of CFS with other illnesses makes diagnosing it far from an easy task. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers it a diagnosing of exclusion, stating that self-reported fatigue for at minimum of six months and four of the following symptoms are necessary for a proper diagnosis: memory problems, sore throat, post-exertion malaise, tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes, myalgia, multi-joint pain, headaches, and troubled sleep. In turn, management of CFS is just as difficult. Treatment ranges from conservative, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressants, to minimally invasive management. Minimally invasive management involving ranscutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation of target points has demonstrated significant improvement in fatigue and associated symptoms in a 2017 randomized controlled study. The understanding of CFS is evolving before us as we continue to learn more about it. As further reliable studies are conducted, providing a better grasp of what the syndrome encompasses, we will be able to improve our diagnosis and management of it., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021, Author(s).)

For a companion dog, the most important environmental factor is the owner, who is responsible for providing everything that is necessary for the health and welfare of the dog. Still, one of the most often compromised measures of an average companion dog is its body condition, with overweight and obese animals representing a growing welfare problem around the world. Using an extensive online survey that was distributed among Hungarian dog owners, we wanted to know whether those obesogenic factors that were identified mostly in high-GDP countries' pet dog populations would hold their relevance in a much lower average income country as well. We found several associations between the body condition of canine companions and various demographics, environmental and behavioral factors. Older dogs reportedly had an accelerating propensity for being overweight. Joint activity and performing dog sports both reduced the likelihood of being an overweight dog. Main food types also had significant associations with the body condition of dogs-meanwhile, the feeding of commercial dog food (kibble) and/or leftovers of human meals coincided with being overweight, dogs that were fed (fully, or at least partly) with raw food were less likely overweight. In the case of owner-reported behavioral problems, the food-related issues (stealing food, overeating, etc.) were clustered to a dimension together with problem behaviors such as excessive barking and overt aggression. Beyond showing a good agreement with earlier surveys on associated factors with canine obesity, our study revealed some interesting new details that could be used in the prevention of overweight problems in dogs.

Purpose of Review: The primary cause of overdose death in the United States is related to pharmaceutical opioids. A few particular populations that struggle with adverse outcomes related to opioid abuse are those in palliative care, those with chronic pain, and those receiving pain treatments secondary to cancer or chemotherapy., Recent Findings: There have been massive efforts to decrease the use of opioid abuse in patient care in a gestalt manner, but palliative care provides unique challenges in applying these reduction tactics used by other specialties., Summary: We explore behavioral interventions, provider education, alternative pain management techniques, postmarketing surveillance, and abuse-deterrent formulas as emerging methods to counteract opioid abuse in these populations.

Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that causes involuntary, repetitive body movements and is commonly seen in patients who are on long-term treatment with antipsychotic medications. However, several other classes of medications with different mechanisms are also associated with TD., Methods: We conducted a PubMed search using keywords and combined word searches that involved medication-induced TD, as well as agents that are associated with causing or are used to treat medication-induced TD. We attempted to include as many recent (publication date of 2015 and later) articles as possible., Results: The reported incidence of TD seems to be reduced with the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs, yet the risk of developing TD remains with these medications. Furthermore, several other medication classes have a high prevalence of TD and yet are not commonly considered to be TD-inducing. This review highlights the need for a prevention-based focus of TD treatment that starts with a clinical consideration of pharmacologic choices related to each individual patient's history., Conclusion: This review offers the information current as of 2016 on the pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology of TD, as well as the medications associated with TD, mechanisms of medication-induced TD, and treatments for medication-induced TD.