Search

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit is a rich source of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, sugars, and organic acids. Although it is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, susceptibility to mechanical and physical bruising causes its rapid deterioration by moisture loss and postharvest decay caused by pathogens. Anthracnose, canker, and purple spot are the most prevalent postharvest diseases of loquat fruit. Cold storage has been used for quality management of loquat fruit, but the susceptibility of some cultivars to chilling injury (CI) consequently leads to browning and other disorders. Various techniques, including cold storage, controlled atmosphere storage, hypobaric storage, modified atmosphere packaging, low-temperature conditioning, heat treatment, edible coatings, and postharvest chemical application, have been tested to extend shelf life, mitigate chilling injury, and quality preservation. This review comprehensively focuses on the recent advances in the postharvest physiology and technology of loquat fruit, such as harvest maturity, fruit ripening physiology, postharvest storage techniques, and physiological disorders and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry fruits are highly perishable and susceptible to microbial decay. In this study, influence of atmospheric pressure, postharvest delay in hypobaric treatment, and combined effect of pressure and exposure duration on storage quality of strawberries were evaluated. Treatment at 40 kPa for 4 h without postharvest delay inhibited fungal decay and retained visual quality which contributed to 13% increase in marketable life of strawberries compared with control. Further study revealed that microbial control and storage quality of strawberries treated either at 20 kPa for 2 h or 40 kPa for 4 h were statistically comparable. After 12 days, strawberries treated at 20 kPa for 2 h had 14.3% higher radical scavenging activity, 13.9% higher phenolic contents and 17.7% higher ascorbic acid than control fruits. Thus, pre‐storage treatment at 20 kPa for 2 h without postharvest delay effectively retained fruit quality and extended storage life of strawberries for 6 more days compared with control. Novelty impact statement: Hypobaric treatment is a potential non‐chemical technique used to disinfect and extend storage life of strawberries. Results showed that hypobaric treatment at 20 kPa for 2 h without any postharvest delay can be adopted to disinfect strawberries from microbial infection and to extend marketable life. These findings may help in developing commercial hypobaric technology for perishable and decay‐susceptible fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peelu (Salvadora oleoides Decne.) fruit is well known for its nutritional and medicinal values. The current study analyzed the chemical composition of Salvadora oleoides fruit. Fresh Peelu fruits were harvested, and physicochemical properties, proximate composition, macro- and micronutrients, and phytochemical properties were determined. Moreover, ethanol and methanol fruit extract was analyzed for physicochemical properties. The Peelu fruit seemed to be a potential source of essential macro- ((nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) and micronutrients (zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)). The fruit had significant biochemical properties (total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), and TSS : TA ratio) with appreciable moisture, crude fiber, and ash contents. The fruit extracts demonstrated significantly higher antioxidants and phenolics, ascorbic acid contents, and carotenoids. Phytochemical screening of fruit revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, and terpenoids. Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of extracts indicated its potential for further in vivo study trials. The Peelu fruit was found to be a good source of mineral nutrients, proximate contents, vitamins (ascorbic acid and carotenoid), phytochemicals (total phenolic sand antioxidant contents), and pharmaceutically important metabolites that can be used as functional drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava being highly chilling sensitive fruit exhibits limited storability. In two separate studies, guava cv. Sandhuri fruit treated with L‐arginine (0, 1, 2, or 3 mM) were kept at either 10 ± 1°C with 90 ± 5% RH (Study‐1) and 5 ± 1°C with 90 ± 5% RH (Study‐2). Results indicated that application of 1 mM arginine was effective for maintaining higher firmness (16.17 N), total soluble solids (4.9°Brix), carotenoids (3.01 mg 100 ml−1 FW) at 10°C. However, no signs of chilling injury (CI) were observed in guava when stored at 10°C. During study‐2, application of 1 mM arginine to guava fruit significantly retained higher fruit firmness (29 N), marketability (58.3%), anthocyanins (0.13 ∆A g−1 FW), phenolic contents (647 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW) with reduced CI during storage at 5°C than control. Conclusively, the application of 1 mM arginine enhanced chilling tolerance and maintained the quality of guava fruit kept at 5°C for 24 days. Practical applications: The major constraint of guava industry is short postharvest life which limits long‐term storage and distant marketing. Cold storage of guava at low temperature causes chilling injury and reduces fruit quality. Present work identified that pre‐storage application of L‐arginine (1 mM) helpful for mitigating chilling injury and maintaining fruit quality at low storage temperature (5°C). The technology can be implemented in the guava industry for long storage and transport to distant markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus holds the position of top ranked fruit crop of Pakistan in terms of area and production. 'Kinnow' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is considered as the trademark of Pakistan's citriculture industry and occupies the share of 95% out of total citrus production in Pakistan. But there is an alarming problem of single rootstock culture. Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) has monopolized the citrus industry in Punjab province. Rough lemon is susceptible to phytophthora and waterlogging. There is an absolute need for substitute rootstock for higher yield and improved fruit quality of Kinnow. A rootstock scion interaction research trial was conducted during 2017 to 2019. Kinnow was grafted on eight rootstocks, i.e. Cox mandarin, Fraser hybrid, Troyer citrange, Cleopatra mandarin, Poncirus trifoliata, Benton, C-35 and Carrizo citrange. Experiment was laid out according to Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Each rootstock was considered as single treatment and replicated thrice. Performance of six year old Kinnow trees grafted on different rootstocks was evaluated on the basis of physicochemical quality attributes of fruits. Data was taken for two consecutive years and average was calculated. Results revealed that rootstocks had a significant role in manipulating the morphological and biochemical quality attributes of Kinnow fruits. Kinnow fruits from the trees grafted on Poncirus trifoliata rootstock showed the maximum fruit diameter (84.03 mm), peel weight (28.99 g), rag weight (87.68 g) and individual fruit weight (221.85 g). Poor performance of Troyer citrange regarding morphological quality parameters was observed. Total soluble solid (TSS) (13.76 °Brix), Vitamin C (69.38 mg/100 ml) and Total antioxidants (72.32 % inhibition) in Kinnow juice were maximum on Fraser hybrid. Carbohydrate analysis of Kinnow juice by HPLC method revealed that concentration of sucrose, fructose and glucose was highest in Fraser hybrid rootstock. Poor performance of Troyer citrange and C-35 rootstocks was recorded regarding all biochemical parameters of Kinnow. It is concluded that physicochemical quality of Kinnow is manipulated by different rootstocks. Poncirus trifoliata and Fraser hybrid rootstocks can be used as alternate rootstocks for citrus industry of Pakistan to substitute the traditional rootstocks like rough lemon and sour orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Aloe vera (ALV) coating was studied on chillies at 10 ± 1°C for 28 days. ALV gel-coated chillies showed reduced weight loss, disease incidence, red chili percentage, respiration rate, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion contents. The ALV coating maintained general acceptance in terms of visual quality and marketability index with higher chlorophyll contents, ascorbic acid contents, total phenolic contents, and total antioxidants. In addition, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities were markedly higher in coated chillies compared to control. The biochemical attributes such as soluble solids content, acidity, sugar: acid ratio, and juice pH were non-significantly affected by ALV application; however, the said attributes were comparatively higher in contrast to control. In conclusion, ALV edible coating could be used as an eco-friendly approach for delaying senescence and maintaining the postharvest quality of green chillies up to 28 days. Practical applications: Green chilies being highly perishable exhibit limited postharvest life with rapid loss of water, shrivelling, wilting, disease incidence, and reduced consumer acceptability. ALV gel coating significantly delayed postharvest senescence, reduced disease spread, maintained higher antioxidant activities of green chilies during cold storage. Therefore, ALV coating [50%] would be the suitable alternative to synthetic preservatives for extending the storage life and conserving the quality of green chilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera (ALV) with its unique nutritional profile is being used for food, health, and nutraceutical industries globally. Due to its organic nature, ALV gel coating has created lot of interest for exploring its potential in extending the shelf and storage life of fresh produce. ALV gel coating plays imperative role in delaying fruit ripening by lowering ethylene biosynthesis, respiration rate, and internal metabolic activities associated with fruit softening, color development, enzymatic browning, and decay. ALV gel coating reduces the microbial spoilage due to its antifungal properties and maintains visual appearance, firmness, sugar: acid ratio, total antioxidants, and phenolic contents with conserved eating quality. ALV coated fruits and vegetables showed reduced weight loss, superoxide ion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ion leakage, and soluble solids content and exhibited higher acidity, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. It also delayed the enzymatic browning by inducing peroxidase (POD) activity during storage. Recent local studies also revealed that ALV gel coating markedly conserved higher consuming quality and extended storage period (>1.34-fold) of different fruits and vegetables. Overall, Aloe vera gel coating alone or in combination with other organic compounds has shown great potential as a food-safe and eco-friendly coating for maintaining the quality of fruits and vegetables over extended period and reducing postharvest losses in the supply chain. Practical applications: ALV gel is a plant-based natural coating of eco-friendly nature. The present review summarizes the updated information of ALV gel coating application, methods of extraction, combinations with other postharvest coatings, and its impact on quality of various fruits and vegetables. It also provides future insights for the development of commercially applicable ALV gel coating protocols through simulation studies. So, being a natural coating, ALV gel has tremendous potential to be used in fruit and vegetable industries around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is highly valued crop traded worldwide. Fruit fly is serious issue in mango producing countries, and being a quarantine pest, needs specific disinfestation treatments to fruit before export. This study was aimed to assess the effect of hot water quarantine treatment on two commercial mango cultivars for mango export to China. Mature, physically de-sapped mangoes of both cultivars (Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa and Sufaid Chaunsa) were subjected to hot water treatment (HWT; 48°C for 60 min) as obligatory quarantine protocol for export to China and held at simulated air freight conditions (24 ± 2 °C, 80% RH) for six and eight days till ripening, respectively. At eating soft ripe stage, HWT-treated fruits appeared to maintain visual quality, skin colour, and flesh colour, with substantially reduced disease incidence (stem end rot, side and body rot), skin defects and flesh defects, as compared to control. It was noted that HWT-treated fruits had higher marketability index, taste, flavor, slightly increased soluble solid contents, sugar acid ratio and ascorbic acid in both cultivars, respectively. Fruit weight loss, skin shriveling, firmness, flesh texture, aroma, titratable acidity and antioxidant activities were not significantly affected by HWT. However, HWT-treated fruits exhibited higher total phenolics and carotenoid contents as compared to untreated control fruits. Conclusively, hot water quarantine treatment maintained better fruit physical, biochemical quality and marketability index compared to control, and thus can be used effectively at commercial scale for export of both cultivars to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kinnow is the extensively cultivated variety of citrus fruit and a common name of mandarin (Citrus reticulate L.) in Pakistan. Being a non-climacteric fruit, it keeps low storage life even in cold storage, because some physiochemical changes may lose its quality. The current study was planned to check the efficacy of plant extracts in comparison with commercial fungicide to enhance the storage life of Kinnow mandarin. Findings regarding the comparison of plant extracts and fungicide (Thiabendazole) indicated that 60% Aloe vera extract showed similar results as synthetic fungicide (TBZ) and controlled fruit decay up to 6.25%. The fruits of same treatment also showed better biochemical characteristics of fruit quality after storage of 90 days. The minimum changes in juice weight, TSS, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were recorded in Aloe vera extract treated fruits. Fruits coated with 60% Aloe vera extract also maintained higher levels of total phenolic (225.7 mg GAE 100g- 1), antioxidant (76.3%) and enzyme activities of catalase (19.1 mg-1 protein), peroxidase (0.80 mg-1 protein), and superoxide dismutase (130.4 mg-1 protein) during storage. It was evaluated that 60% Aloe vera extract proved valuable for long term storage of Kinnow mandarin and to minimize the rotting of fruit during storage and its performance was almost at par to commercial fungicide and maintained the fruit quality related parameters. Hence it can be recommended to overcome the storage issues of Kinnow fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) increases the postharvest life of fresh fruits by suppressing metabolic activities with modified in-package atmosphere. This study was aimed to explore the potential benefits of MAP technology combined with low temperature storage in mango cv. 'Samar Bahisht Chaunsa' to extend its shelf life. Physiologically mature mangoes after harvest were de-sapped (0.5% lime solution), dipped in hot water (52±2°C for 5 min) fungicidal (0.5 mL Prochloraz L-1) solution, packed in 5kg cardboard boxes (T1; Biofresh®, T2; Xtend®, T3; Unbagged) and stored at 13°C±1, RH: 85-90% for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Following cold storage, fruit were subjected to two different ripening temperatures (32 and 24°C) with a 24 h 100 ppm ethylene treatment. Data related to physical, physiological, biochemical, organoleptic and marketable attributes was collected. Among MAP bags, the desirable atmosphere comprising high CO2 and low O2 concentration was observed in Biofresh® bags. Tolerance of mangoes under elevated CO2 atmospheres and chilling injury (CI) decreased when storage period exceeded more than 14 days with onset of discolouration issues. Overall, bagged fruit had minimum weight loss, CI intensity, shriveling and remained firmer in comparison to control. Maximum peel colour development was observed in fruit stored up to 14 days in Biofresh® bags when ripened at high temperature (32±1°C). Whereas, fruit kept in Xtend® bags and those without MAP only developed acceptable peel colour up to 7 days of cold storage. Fruit kept in Xtend® bags exhibited minimum ethylene levels (ppm) and endured the least loss in weight and firmness but remained mostly green. Bagged fruit had a higher vitamin C content and lower TA in comparison to unbagged fruits. In conclusion, 'Samar Bahisht Chaunsa' stored at 13°C in Biofresh® bag showed better visual appearance, palatability and nutritive values as compared to Xtend® bag and those without MAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to characterise genetic and morphological characters of eight guava genotypes (Rangwala Gola, Saddabahar, Saddabahar Barhi Surahi, Larkana, Kohati, Special Amrod, Moti Surahiwala and Amrod Barhi Surahi) at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad during 2016. Completely randomized design (CRD) was followed with three replications. In order to study the genetic diversity in these varieties, the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was performed for molecular characterisation. For morphological characterisation, the morphological descriptors were used. The clustering tree was produced from the results of the seven primers and morphological descriptors through which the genetic and morphological diversity were observed. From the results obtained through molecular markers and morphological parameters, among these guava varieties immense variation in the genetical make up and physiological appearance was examined. The clustering tree of similarity among the eight guava varieties showed different results in each clustering tree of genetical and morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the immense market and growing demand of Pakistani mango, there has been a rapid decrease in the production and export of mango in the last few years. Low yield and poor quality are considered the major limiting factors in export. Therefore, some high yielding good quality exotic mango cultivars were acclimatized in the country and a comprehensive research studies were executed to investigate the yield potential, fruit physico-chemical characters and sensorial aspects. Diverse seventeen commercial and noncommercial indigenous and exotic mango varieties were selected to collect and analyze fruit morphological data under randomized complete block design (RCBD). There was significantly high fruit weight and pulp contents in 'Kensington Pride'. Total soluble solids (TSS) were higher (21.9 B°) in 'Chaunsa', while, titratable acidity (TA) was lowest in 'Lambay Alfansu' and 'Momi-K'. However, reducing sugars (RS) (4.83%), non-reducing sugars (NRS) (16.38%) and total sugars (TS) (21.21%) were significantly high in 'Surkha Burma'. Ascorbic acid contents (AA) were high in 'Momi-K', whereas, total antioxidants (0.68 mM Trolox g-1), total carotenoids (TC) (52.0 µg 100-1) and flavonoids (1.79 µg 100-1) were significantly high in 'Faisalabad Selection'. Faisalabad Selection and 'Surkha Burma' exhibited high score for taste, flavor, texture, aroma and pulp color compared to other indigenous and exotic varieties. It is concluded that 'Faisalabad Selection', 'Surkha Burma' and 'Kensington Pride' among indigenous and exotic varieties, respectively, had potential in commercial trading and can expend the supply window of mango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is blessed with a wide range of indigenous mango germplasm. Wild mango genotypes, growing at Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and its vicinity are valuable resource for unique genetic diversity. The DNA fingerprints of this available germplasm have never been worked out. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop DNA profiles of 31 wild and 13 cultivated genotypes of the country to determine the population structure. Number of alleles per locus of the 51 Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers ranged from 3 to 9 and a total of 296 alleles with an average of 5.80 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.764. The expected and observed heterozygosity values were 0.805 and 0.720, respectively, which exhibited high level of genetic diversity in the wild and cultivated mango germplasm. The Bayesian cluster, principal coordinate and hierarchical clustering analyses divided the collected genotypes into three groups i.e. A, B and C. Members of group A and B consisted of wild genotypes entirely, while all commercial genotypes were clustered in group C. The obtained results highlighted genetic diversity encompassed by wild mango genotypes of AJK which can be considered as distinct genotypes for further evaluations in the framework of breeding programs and new cultivar identification in mango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pericarp browning is known as one of the leading problems during the supply chains of litchi fruit. The effects of pre-storage kojic acid (KA) application on pericarp browning, activities of antioxidative enzymes in the pericarp tissues, and the quality attributes, soluble solid concentrations, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid concentrations of the flesh of ‘Gola’ litchis have been investigated. Fruit were treated with 2, 4 or 6 mmol L −1 KA and stored at 5 ± 1 °C with 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 20 d. Fruit treated with 4 mmol L −1 KA had reduced fruit weight loss and fruit decay; while, 6 mmol L −1 KA delayed pericarp browning by maintaining higher total anthocyanin and phenolic concentrations, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Reduced malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and activities of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were also observed in 6 mmol L −1 KA-treated fruit. In contrast, activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes were found to be higher in pericarp tissues of fruit subjected to 6 mmol L −1 KA application. Moreover, soluble solid concentrations, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid concentrations and sensory characteristics were also higher in 6 mmol L −1 KA-treated litchi fruit. In conclusion, pre-storage application of 6 mmol L −1 KA to litchi fruit delayed pericarp browning and maintained activities of antioxidative enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature storage of citrus generally extends the storage potential but leads to chilling injury appearance on the rind of fruits. The said physiological disorder has been found associated with changes in the metabolism of cell walls and other attributes. In this work, the influence of Arabic gum [AG (10 %)] and γ-amminobutyric acid [GABA (10 mmol L−1)] either alone or in combined form was studied on fruits of 'Kinnow' mandarin during storage at 5 ± 1 °C for 60 days. The results exhibited that the combined AG + GABA treatment significantly suppressed weight loss (5.13 %), chilling injury (CI) symptoms (2.41 score), incidence of disease (13.33 %), respiration rate [(4.81 μmol kg−1 h−1) RPR] and ethylene production [(0.86 nmol kg−1 h−1) EPR]. In addition, AG + GABA application reduced relative electrolyte (37.89 %) leakage (REL), malondialdehyde [(25.99 nmol kg−1) MDA], superoxide anion [(15.23 nmol min−1 kg−1) O 2 •−] and hydrogen peroxide [(27.08 nmol kg−1) H 2 O 2 ] along with lower lipoxygenase [(23.81 U mg−1 protein) LOX] and phospholipase D [(14.07 U mg−1 protein) PLD] enzyme activities compared with control. The AG + GABA treated 'Kinnow' group showed higher glutamate decarboxylase [(43.18 U mg−1 protein) GAD] and lower GABA transaminase [(15.93 U mg−1 protein) GABA-T] activity having higher endogenous GABA (42.02 mg kg−1) content. The fruits treated with AG + GABA exhibited higher cell walls (CW) components such as Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin [(6.55 g kg−1) NCSP], chelate-soluble pectin [(7.13 g kg−1) CSP] and protopectin [(11.03 g kg−1) PRP] concentrations along with lower water-soluble pectin [(10.64 g kg−1) WSP] compared to control. In addition, 'Kinnow' fruits treated with AG + GABA showed higher firmness (8.63 N) and lower activities of CW degrading such as cellulase [(11.23 U mg−1 protein) CX], polygalacturonase [(22.59 U mg−1 protein) PG], pectin methylesterase [(15.61 U mg−1 protein) PME] and β-galactosidase [(20.64 U mg−1 protein) β-Gal] enzymes. The activity of catalase [(41.56 U mg−1 protein) CAT], ascorbate peroxidase [(55.57 U mg−1 protein) APX], superoxide dismutase [(52.93 U mg−1 protein) SOD] and peroxidase [(31.02 U mg−1 protein) POD] was also higher in combined treatment. In addition, AG + GABA treated fruits showed better biochemical and sensory attributes than the control. So, combined AG + GABA could be used for CI mitigation and storage life prolongation of 'Kinnow' fruits. • Arabic gum (AG) and γ-amminobutyric acid (GABA) effect was studied on Kinnow fruits. • AG + GABA treated fruits showed lower chilling injury, mass loss and disease incidence. • The combination reduced oxidative stress and inhibited LOX and PLD enzymes activity. • AG + GABA conserved cell wall components with lower CX, PG, PME and β-Gal activity. • AG + GABA maintained antioxidant activities with better biochemical and sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is the second major fruit crop of Pakistan. A large number of unexplored indigenous mango germplasm with great economic significance is present in the country. Hence, 425 mango accessions were studied from Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) as well as Northern and Southern Punjab to explore the genetic diversity. Total 33 traits (25 qualitative and 8 quantitative) enabled the assessment of morphological and physico-chemical diversity of the studied indigenous mango germplasm. The first three principal components (PCs) contributed 68.06% variability among all mango accessions. The PCs also successfully grouped mango accessions according to their morphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Trunk height, tree circumference, crown diameter, leaf colour, leaf blade length, petiole length, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, fruit shape, fruit weight, soluble solid contents, titratable acidity, sugar:acid ratio, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars were found highly variable. Many of these characters are of substantial economic significance and could be used as breeding goals to increase the germplasm repository as well as fruit yield and quality. In conclusion, morphological and physico-chemical traits were highly useful for mango germplasm characterization. Several accessions also showed potentially good traits which could be used to develop new mango cultivars through future breeding schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Kinnow' mandarin is an important citrus cultivar, which ranks first among all the fruit crops in Pakistan. Being a nonclimacteric fruit, it has low shelflife even in cold storage, may lose its quality because of some physiochemical changes. Wax coating has been proved as an important strategy to maintain the fruit quality under storage. The present study was planned to compare the different types of waxes which include commercial waxes used by the traders and lab. prepared coatings (PHRC wax and benzaldehyde coating) by the scientists of AARI and UAF, respectively. The results revealed that sharine and paraffin wax exhibited minimum fruit rot (2%) with lower weight loss (11.87%) after 90 days of storage and PHRC wax performed statistically at par to commercial waxes regarding weight loss (12%) and fruit rot (3%). The minimum changes in juice weight, TSS/TA ratio, peel/pulp ratio, ascorbic acid and sugar contents were recorded in coated fruits except benzaldehyde coating. Wax coatings also maintained higher levels of total phenolics (240.7 mg GAE 100g-1), antioxidant (63.4%) and enzyme activities of catalase (17.6), peroxidase (0.71), and superoxide dismutase (137.6 U mg-1 protein) during storage. It is concluded that PHRC wax can be recommended for long term storage of citrus fruits as it performed almost at par to commercial waxes and maintained the fruit quality as well as bioactive juice components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on mango production in Pakistan which was affected due to insect-pest infestation and several physiological disorders including mango quick wilt disease. Topics discussed include threats related to production and cultivation of quality mangoes, method of cultivar development which includes selection of chance seedlings from commercial cultivars and description of RYK-426 which is an early-season maturing genotype of southern Punjab.

Efficacy of l -cysteine as an anti-browning agent was investigated on ‘Gola’ litchi fruit. Fruit were treated with its different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0%) and stored at 5 ± 1 °C with 90 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 28 d. Among the used concentrations, 0.25% treatment was most effective. l -cysteine (0.25%) treated-fruit showed significantly reduced weight loss, disease incidence, disease severity, browning index, membrane leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Application of l -cysteine (0.25%) to litchi fruit maintained acidic pericarp pH, exhibited higher total anthocyanins, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging-activity and total phenolic contents (TPC) along with reduced activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes. l -cysteine (0.25%) treatment also maintained substantially higher soluble solid contents (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid contents and activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. In conclusion, pre-storage l -cysteine (0.25%) application to litchi fruit exhibited reduced pericarp browning index and maintained antioxidative system for 28 d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Kinnow’ mandarin ( Citrus nobilis L. × Citrus deliciosa T.) is the most important commercial citrus cultivar grown in Pakistan. Poor nutrient management practices in citrus orchards had significantly reduced its yield and fruit quality. Recent reports of Moringa olifera as a promising growth enhancer showed its potential for application in agriculture sector. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is enriched with phytohormones, phenolics and minerals. Hence, present study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of MLE alone or in combination with zinc (Zn) (as ZnSO 4 ) and potassium (K) (as K 2 SO 4 ) on ‘Kinnow’ mandarin during two consecutive years (2013–2015). In first experiment, trees were sprayed with 3% MLE, 0.6% ZnSO 4 and 0.25% K 2 SO 4 alone and in combination with 3% MLE at fruit set stage (year-I); whilst, in second experiment trees were sprayed with 3% MLE at pre-mature stage and 3% MLE, 0.6% ZnSO 4 and 0.25% K 2 SO 4 at fruit set stage (year-II). Data were collected regarding leaf nutrient and ascorbic acid contents, yield and fruit quality. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), K, calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and Zn were significantly increased with all treatments in both experiments. Combined application of MLE, K and Zn at fruit set stage in both experiments resulted in significantly lower fruit drop and higher fruit set, yield, fruit weight, juice weight, soluble solid contents (SSC), vitamin C, sugars, total antioxidants and total phenolic contents. Activities of SOD and CAT enzymes in fruit juice were significantly increased with 3% MLE application in both experiments. Conclusively, combined foliar application of 3% MLE, 0.6% ZnSO 4 and 0.25% K 2 SO 4 at fruit set stage can be used effectively to improve leaf nutrient status, fruit yield and quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen premium quality commercial mango cultivars grown in Pakistan were assayed with seven SSR primer series viz., mMiCIR, MiSHRS, MIAC, MITGIT, LMMA, UBC and MiIIHR. Among the 120 primers used, 101 produced bands and revealed a narrow genetic base ranging from 0.62-0.8 with maximum similarity among the cvs. 'Anwar Ratole' and 'Sensation' while the maximum divergence was between cvs. 'Sindhri' and 'Sensation'. Chaunsa was genetically more similar (74.2%) and 'Kala Chaunsa' was more dissimilar (31.2%) respectively when compared with all the other cultivars. Of 101 SSR primers, we have identified 30 (29.7%) highly informative primers (PIC value =0.6), which could be useful in the molecular characterization of mango germplasm. The primer series MIAC, UBC and MiIIHR had the maximum percentage of highly informative primers in descending order. The UPGMA based Euclidian dendrogram constructed with similarity indices placed all the cultivars according to regions of their origin and magnitude of diversity among them. The morphological characterization of the commercial cultivars was also done using 11 quantitative traits; however, none of the traits except fruit weight was informative for the assessment of genetic diversity. SSR based molecular characterization appeared to be reliable, reproducible and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor fruit quality of young 'Kinnow' mandarin orchards limits its export potential and hence causes significant economic loss to the growers. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely applied in mature citrus trees to improve fruit quality. However, their application in young orchards is scarce. The current study was designed to evaluate the influence of before and after color break (CB) applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) 10 mg L-1, 2, 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) 10 mg L-1, putrescine (Put) 0.1 mg L-1 and spermine (Spm) 0.1 mg L-1, on fruit quality of young 'Kinnow' orchards, at harvest, after seven days at ambient conditions (20±2°C and 60?65% relative humidity) and after 45 days at cold storage (4±1°C and 75?80% relative humidity). Application of 2, 4-D significantly reduced titratable acidity (TA) and improved TSS:TA ratio. The GA3 reduced fruit colour development and enhanced mass loss (%); Spm reduced juice mass (%) and increased rind mass (%). The GA3 application before CB significantly decreased reducing sugars (%) whereas, after CB application significantly increased rind mass (%) total soluble solids (TSS), total and non reducing sugars (%) in comparison with control. Polyamines (PAs) application after CB significantly reduced juice mass (%) and increased rind mass (%), TSS, total and non-reducing sugars (%). The 2, 4-D application after CB significantly decreased juice mass (%) and increased TSS, total and non reducing sugars (%) in comparison with control. After 45 days of cold storage 2, 4-D application significantly improved reducing sugars while, Put enhanced mass loss (%). In conclusion, 2, 4-D may be applied in young 'Kinnow' mandarin orchards after CB; however, PAs applications may be restricted due to their undesirable effect on fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of oxalic acid on pericarp browning, biochemical quality, antioxidative and enzymatic changes in litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit under extended cold storage, which has not been studied extensively. Postharvest application of 2 mM oxalic acid reduced fruit weight loss and delayed pericarp browning by maintaining higher anthocyanin contents, as compared with control. Activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes in litchi peel as well as pulp tissues were reduced in fruit treated with 2 mM oxalic acid during 28 days of cold storage. Activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and level of total phenolic contents and total antioxidants in litchi peel as well as pulp tissues were significantly higher in 2 mM oxalic acid-treated fruit. In conclusion, postharvest application of 2 mM oxalic acid significantly delayed pericarp browning and maintained better quality of litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit during cold storage. Practical Applications Pericarp browning of litchi fruit is associated with postharvest oxidative stress, which deteriorates its quality, long-term storability and commercial value. Postharvest application of oxalic acid has been found to be a useful strategy to overcome the issue of pericarp browning and enhance antioxidative potential of litchi under low temperature storage; thereby, applicable to commercial supply chains for domestic and export markets. Furthermore, this study may facilitate in understanding the changes in antioxidative potential and enzymatic activities during cold storage with gradual browning in pulp as well as peel tissues of litchi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango being famous as ‘King of Fruits’ is one of the excellent and admired fruit crops of tropical and subtropical areas around the globe. Characterization and evaluation of mango is an imperative step for germplasm conservation and utilization in the breeding programmes. Moreover, characterization of available germplasm is very crucial to identify desired traits or genes. For this purpose morphological and molecular markers are used. Morphological markers generally include those pivotal features that can be scored and distinguished by naked eye and easily be expressed in all environmental conditions. In contrast, molecular markers are used at molecular level and are more suitable for precise characterization, which in turn can successfully be utilized in the development of new cultivars with premium and desired fruit traits. Moreover, preservation of germplasm for future utilization in crop improvement needs accurate information. Consequently, there is an extreme need for integration of the precious available scattered information on various aspects of mango characterization. So, an attempt has been made to review all possible available literature comprehensively to provide essential details for identification of mango cultivars, characterization of desired traits or genes and evaluation of valuable germplasm with morphological as well as molecular markers. Consequently, the desired traits can be used successfully in future breeding programmes to boost quality mango production throughout the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxalic acid (OA) is a natural antioxidant delays the ripening and senescence in various fruits. Therefore, ‘Samar Bahisht Chaunsa’ mango fruit were dipped in different concentrations of OA (0, 1, 3 or 5 mmol/L) and allowed to ripen at 32 ± 3 °C for 7 days or stored at 12 ± 1 °C for 28 days. Exogenous application of OA (5 mmol/L) reduced ethylene production, respiration rate and activity of exo -polygalacturonase ( exo- PG) enzyme; while, maintained higher fruit firmness and pectin esterase (PE) activity in mango fruit during ripening and cold storage period. OA-treated (5 mmol/L) fruit exhibited higher activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes with more total phenolics and antioxidant contents during ripening and cold storage. Postharvest application of OA lowered the SSC contents and SSC:TA ratio; while, TA and ascorbic acid contents were higher in treated fruit throughout the ripening as well as in cold storage period. In conclusion, OA application effectively reduced fruit softening and activity of exo- PG enzyme with enhanced activities of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, POX and SOD) during ripening at ambient conditions and in cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and salinity are causing significant loss in crop yield worldwide. Genetically engineered salt and drought tolerant crop varieties can be a potential remedy for the recovery of lost uncultivated saline and low rain fall areas. In eukaryotes, transcription factors are involved in gene expression which activate or repress the transcription under specific conditions. Hence, the present study has been designed to characterize a fully modified synthetic hsr1 gene. This gene encodes for a transcription factor of heat shock family and has been found to be involved in drought and salinity tolerance in yeast. The synthetic hsr1 gene was cloned under double 35S promoter and caMV terminator for high level of expression in the transgenic plants. Initially the gene was cloned into pJIT163 and then into expression vector pGreen0029. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV was used as a vector for transformation into tobacco. In three different experiments about 34.5% transformation efficiency was observed. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed by PcR analysis using hsr1 gene specific primers. Further screening of these putative transgenic plants against different salinity levels and drought stress showed that transgenic plants were tolerant to drought and salinity conditions. Transformation in the model plant paves the way to genetically engineer vital crops for the development of drought and salinity resistant genotypes. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present experiment was carried out to check the effect of different concentrations of sucrose (2, 4, 6%), GA3 (25, 50, 75 ppm) and combination of sucrose and CuSO4 (2% + 200, 4% + 300, 6% + 400 ppm), sucrose and GA3 (2% + 25 ppm), (4%+50 ppm), (6%+75 ppm) on keeping quality and vase life of carnation cv. 'Eskimo'. Some postharvest characteristics such as vase life, total soluble solids (TSS), water uptake and quality change were evaluated. The experiment was laid out according to RCD (Randomized Complete Design) with three replications while for quality change it was two factor factorial. Maximum vase life in term of days was recorded in treatment T6 and T13 (8 days) followed by T4 (7.7 days). T5 & T12 were at par (7 days). Maximum water uptake was also observed in T13 (56.7 ml) followed by T6 (49.7 ml) and T8 (45 ml). Maximum TSS were found in T13 (8.3 %) followed by T6, T11 and T12. Keeping quality characteristic of T6 was deteriorated slowly as compared to other treatments. Hence, T6 was found superior in overall respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of putrescine (PUT) in regulating fruit softening, antioxidative enzymes and biochemical changes in fruit quality was investigated during ripening and cold storage of mango (Mangifera indica cv. Samar Bahisht Chaunsa). Fruit were treated with various PUT concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0mM) and were allowed to ripen at 32±2°C for 7 days, or stored at 11±1°C for up to 28 days. Respiration rate and ethylene production were measured daily during ripening and cold storage. Cell wall degrading enzymes such as exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG), pectin esterase (PE), endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase (EGase), antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT), fruit firmness as well as biochemical fruit quality characteristics were estimated during ripening and cold storage at 2 and 7 day intervals, respectively. PUT treatments reduced respiration rate, ethylene production and maintained higher fruit firmness during ripening as well as cold storage. PUT-treated fruit exhibited significantly suppressed activities of cell wall enzymes (exo-, endo-PG and EGase), but retained higher PE activity during ripening and cold storage. Total phenolic and antioxidant contents were significantly higher in PUT-treated fruit during ripening as well in the cold storage period than in the controls. Activities of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, POX and SOD) were also significantly higher in PUT-treated fruit during ripening as well as cold storage. SSC and SSC:TA were lower in PUT-treated fruit, while TA and ascorbic acid content showed the reverse trend. In conclusion, pre-storage 2.0mM PUT treatment inhibited ethylene production and suppressed the activities of cell wall enzymes, while resulting in higher activities of antioxidative enzymes and maintaining better fruit quality during ripening and cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of locality and orchard management on fruit quality, ‘Samar Bahisht Chaunsa’ fruit harvested from two commercial orchards were stored at 11°C and 80%–85% RH for 4 weeks. Physical fruit quality, fruit rot, and disorders were not influenced by locality. However, at the ripe stage, fruit harvested from orchard-1 exhibited reduced respiration rate (5.84 mmole kg−1h−1), higher peel color (3.35), pulp color (7.33), aroma (6.66), taste (7.33), flavor (7.33), SSC:TA ratio (139.1), reducing (4.06%), non-reducing (10.38%), and total sugar (14.99%) contents. In conclusion, quality of mango fruit following cold storage is significantly influenced by locality and orchard management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit softening and quality management is very important to reduce postharvest losses in peach. Present study was conducted to observe the effect of harvest location and cultivars on peach fruit softening and quality during ripening at ambient conditions (30±1°C and 60-65% RH). Fruit harvested from Sillanwali exhibited significantly higher ethylene production (24.27 μL C2H4 kg-1 h-1), respiration rate (1.04 mL CO2 kg-1 h-1), ascorbic acid contents (11.11 mg 100 g-1), activities of catalase (CAT; 47.53 U mg protein-1), peroxidase (POD; 32.48 U mg protein-1), endo-polygalacturonase [(endo-PG; 11.61 Δ viscosity (mg protein-1h-1)], exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG; 138.9 μg gal acid mg protein-1 h-1) enzymes, and significantly lower fruit firmness (25.83 N), ground colour (1.65 score), soluble solid contents (SSC; 11.15 °Brix), total phenolic contents (TPC; 72.28 mg GAE 100g-1), antioxidant scavenging activity (ASA 47.72%), activities of pectin esterase (PE; 1.19 mM NaOH mg protein-1h-1) and endo-1,4-β-D-Glucanase [(EGase; 2.57 Δ viscosity (mg protein-1 h-1)] enzymes as compared to fruit harvested from Soan Valley. Peach cv. "Early Grand" showed significantly higher ethylene production (22.35 μL C2H4 kg-1 h-1), respiration rate (0.85 mL CO2 kg-1 h-1), ASA (59.5%), activities of CAT (49.35 U mg protein-1), endo-PG [(11.43 Δ viscosity (mg protein-1 h-1)] and exo-PG (147.22 μg gal acid mg protein-1 h-1) enzymes, whereas lower fruit firmness (30 N), TPC (108.33 mg GAE 100 g-1), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; 27.75 U mg protein-1), PE (1.17 mM NaOH mg protein-1 h-1) and EGase [(2.54 Δ viscosity (mg protein-1 h-1)] enzymes than "Flordaking". In conclusion, harvest locations and cultivars have significant influence on the various physico-chemical attributes including activities of various fruit softening and antioxidative enzymes in peach fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees of citrus cvs 'Lane Late' and 'Valencia Late' oranges were sprayed ten days before anticipated harvest with salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 mM). Fruits were harvested and stored at 5°C for 93 days to investigate the effects of SA on fruit rot, chilling injury and quality relating parameters such as rind and fruit firmness as well as sugar and organic acid contents. Fruits were analyzed before storage and after 31,62 and 93 days of storage and found that SA at 8 mM and 9 mM reduced fruit rot from 16.93% to 6.06% and 12.78% to 5.12% in 'Lane Late' and 'Valencia Late', respectively. Chilling injury was significantly reduced at 8mM and 9mM treatments. Textural properties relating to rind puncture, rind tensile and fruit firmness forces showed that treated fruits were significantly firmer than those of control. Maintained contents of SSC, TA, individual sugars and organic acids in treated fruit with higher doses after 93 confirmed preliminary findings such as SA has anti-senescent effect. Our research suggests that pre-harvest spray of SA can be used effectively to minimize the postharvest/storage losses of sweet oranges cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Fruit exhibited climacteric peaks for C2H4 and CO2 production on day-5 of ripening. [•] Activities of exo-PG, endo-PG and EGase gradually increased during fruit ripening. [•] ASA, CAT and POX activities were at their peak two days before full fruit ripening. [•] Reduction in antioxidative enzymes during fruit ripening was linked with ASA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occurrence of postharvest pericarp browning and rapid decay limit the postharvest storage life of litchi fruit. Effect of low temperature storage on the physico-chemical characteristics of two commercial litchi cultivars 'Bedana' and 'Serai' stored at 5°C for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days were investigated. Incidence of pericarp browning, disease severity and fruit physicochemical characteristics were determined immediately after each removal. During cold storage fruit firmness (15-5.1 N), weight loss (7.06-1.92%), aril: stone ratio (15.3-11.7) and sensory values of fruit decreased, whereas fruit pericarp browning index (0.33-3.25), postharvest disease index (0.5-2.4) and fruit cracking (0.08-1.16%) increased. Fruit weight loss, pericarp browning and disease severity were higher in 'Serai' than 'Bedana' fruit. The fruit of cv. 'Bedana' showed better aril: stone ratio (23.07), firmness (2.1 N), pH (4.15), SSC (19.04%), TA (0.14%), total sugars (12.11%) and ascorbic acid (44.8 mg 100 g-1) contents than 'Serai'. Fruit flavour, texture and aroma changed rapidly during cold storage in 'Serai' than 'Bedana'. The pH of fruit juice showed slightly increasing trend during the whole span of storage, while SSC (20.4-17.4%), TA (0.23-0.05%), ascorbic acid (55-32.8 mg 100g-1), total sugars (13.5-10.5%) and phenolics (0.71-0.45 μg 100 g-1) showed decreasing trend. Litchi cv. 'Bedana' exhibited higher total phenolic contents (0.71 μg 100 g-1) than 'Serai' (0.55 μg 100 g-1). The fruit of cv. 'Bedana' were found superior having less weight loss, pericarp browning index and disease severity index, with higher aril: stone ratio, flavour, texture, aroma, pH, SSC, TA, ascorbic acid, total sugars and phenolic contents. Results suggest that postharvest pericarp browning and fruit quality deterioration can be delayed by cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrugated cardboard boxes are being used for the export of mango fruit worldwide. However, for sea freight, the performance of cardboard box (open vs closed) needs to be evaluated for shipment under low temperature conditions. Under this perspective, two different types of corrugated cardboard box packagings were compared for their effect on the quality, marketability and consumer acceptability in two commercial mango cultivars (Sindhri & Sufaid Chaunsa) of Pakistan under simulated harvest, handling and shipping conditions with storage (11°C; 80-85% RH) intervals of 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Both Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa mangoes packed in open top boxes had higher marketability with better firmness and higher sugar contents (less softness score; significant in case of cv. Sufaid Chaunsa only) at ripening as compared to the fruit of closed top boxes. However, the problem of comparatively less peel color development in case of open top packaging needs to be addressed for improving the competitiveness of fruit at retail. Physiological weight loss and rate of respiration were statistically at par in both types of packaging in both cultivars. The low temperature storage duration had significant impact on various physico-chemical and organoleptic fruit quality attributes of both cultivars. Fruit peel color and textural softness were significantly increased with the increase of storage period (from three to five weeks). Moreover, increased weight loss percentage and reduced marketable fruit percentage were observed as the storage/shipping period was extended from three weeks to five weeks. But overall, cv. Sindhri had higher percentage of marketable fruit at all removals due to lower incidence of disease. The trend of disease development was increased in duration of low temperature storage; however, it was less in case of cv. Sindhri, thus indicating its better shipping potential with lower disease incidence as compared to cv. Sufaid Chaunsa. The respiration rate increased with advancement in post shipment ripening stages (i.e., at removal day, after ethylene treatment & at final day of ripening). Overall, open top packaging was found to be more advantageous as compared to closed top packaging, in both cultivars under low temperature storage (11°C; 80-85% RH). More research work is needed for post harvest disease management, particularly in cv. Sufaid Chaunsa, to have commercial success in sea-freighting this cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango fruit quality, marketability and shelflife are adversely affected by postharvest disease development. The fungicides and plant activators suppress the disease development in fruits and vegetables. These studies were targeted to evaluate the potential of pre and postharvest fungicidal applications and on-tree foliar spray of a plant activator viz. a viz. salicylic acid for postharvest disease management in two commercial mango cultivars (Sindhri & Samar Bahisht Chaunsa) of Pakistan. Alternaria alternata (49.3% in Sindhri; 58.5% in Chaunsa), Phomopsis mangiferae (20.0% in Sindhri; 18.2% in Chaunsa) and Botryodiplodia sp. (3.9% in Sindhri; 2.7% in Chaunsa) were found to be associated with mango fruit stem end rot (SER) under agro-ecological conditions of Punjab, Pakistan. Penecillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. (A. niger & A. flavus) were identified to be associated with secondary infections in the diseased mango fruit tissues. Among the postharvest diseases, fruit side rots were predominant (5-10% affected area) followed by stem end and distal end rots (<5% affected area). Postharvest fungicidal treatments gave significantly better disease control as compared to preharvest applications. Postharvest hot water (52°C; 5min) application of Tecto (1.8 mL/L) a.i. Thiabendazole (TBZ) individually and in combination with Sportak (0.5 mL/L) a.i. Prochloraz (tank mix) resulted in significantly lower postharvest disease development than other pre and postharvest treatments. Pre and postharvest fungicidal applications significantly affected fruit peel color development. Relatively better color development was observed in the fruit subjected to postharvest fungicidal treatments as compared to preharvest applications. Non significant effect of both pre and postharvest fungicidal treatments was observed on biochemical quality attributes (TSS & titratable acidity). On tree foliar sprays of salicylic acid (250, 500 & 1000 μM) in cvs. Sindhri and Samar Bahisht Chaunsa at the time of panicle pushing/flower opening, fruit set and stone hardening could not perform well against postharvest disease development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]