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Background: Online patient education materials (OPEMs) exist to inform patient medical decisions, yet the average adult in the United States reads at an eighth-grade level and 50% of Medicaid patients read at or below a fifth-grade level. To appropriately meet US health literacy needs, the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommend that patient education materials not exceed a sixth-grade level. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the readability of English and Spanish online patient education materials pertaining to shoulder instability surgery., Methods: Google searches of the terms "shoulder instability surgery" and "cirugía de inestabilidad de hombro'' were conducted to include 25 eligible online patient education materials OPEMs per language. English OPEM readability was calculated using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch Reading Ease Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Spanish OPEM readability was assessed using Fernandez-Huerta Index (FHI) (the Spanish equivalent of Flesch Reading Ease), FHI Grade Level, Gutiérrez de Polini's Fórmula de comprensibilidad, and INFLESZ., Results: Readability index analysis revealed that the mean Flesch Reading Ease of English online patient education materials was significantly lower than the mean FHI of Spanish online patient education materials. English materials were also found to be written at a significantly higher grade level than Spanish materials., Conclusions: Shoulder instability surgery online patient education materials in both English and Spanish are written at higher reading levels than recommended by the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health, though Spanish online patient education materials were more readable on average., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The management of glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability can be challenging. Although shoulder instability can often be managed with arthroscopic soft-tissue procedures alone, the extent of glenoid bone loss and bipolar bone defects may require bone augmentation procedures for restoration of stability. In this setting, patient evaluation, examination, treatment options, and surgical pearls are vital. Furthermore, a treatment algorithm is established to guide both indications and the technical application of procedures including Bankart repair with remplissage, Latarjet procedure, and glenoid bone graft options. The limitations, complications, and current research pertinent to each treatment assist in guiding treatment.

The successful generation of the first iPSCs about ten years ago has provided deeper insight into previously unknown disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities for many diseases. In particular, iPSCs are becoming an important tool in advancing modeling and therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease. In this manuscript, we assess the research climate surrounding the application of iPSCs to familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, including the generation and isolation of individualized neural stem cells, the introduction of neural stem cell transplants using iPSCs, and an estimation of the potential use of iPSCs as research models for Alzheimer's treatments and therapies. The clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease appears promising, but much of the recent experimentation has been conducted using animal models or embryonic stem cells. As induced pluripotent stem cell research advances, iPSCs will likely provide investigators with a more applicable tool to progress advances in research and treatment for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases.