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X-ray diffraction signals from the time-evolving molecular charge density induced by selective core excitation of chemically inequivalent carbon atoms are calculated. A narrowband X-ray pulse selectively excites the carbon K-edge of the -CH3 or -CH2F groups in fluoroethane (CH3-CH2F). Each excitation creates a distinct core coherence which depends on the character of the electronic transition. Direct propagation of the reduced single-electron density matrix, using real-time time-dependent density functional theory, provides the time-evolving charge density following interactions with external fields. The interplay between partially filled valence molecular orbitals upon core excitation induces characteristic femtosecond charge migration which depends on the core-valence coherence, and is monitored by the sum-frequency generation diffraction signal. This article is part of the theme issue Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays.

Background: With growing interest in hair health, researchers are exploring aspects beyond the surface qualities of hair, such as its porous inner structure. While previous studies have focused on the effects of treatments such as perming and hair dying on hair porosity, less emphasis has been paid to the effects of harmful environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and particulate matter on the porous nature of hair. Aims: The aim of this study was to bridge this gap by investigating how UV rays and particulate matter affect hair porosity in different ways. Our study could help elucidate how these external factors influence hair health and shed light on previously unknown aspects of hair porosity. Methods: Hair tresses were bleached, cut into 1 cm‐long sections, and stained with methylene blue. The sections were then irradiated with UV light or exposed to particulate matter. Results: Bleached hair absorbed more methylene blue than normal hair. UV radiation‐induced hair porosity occurred at 3 h after irradiation and increased with time. Particulate matter alone did not affect the porosity of the damaged hair; however, in combination with UV irradiation, it substantially increased hair porosity. Conclusion: Environmental challenges such as a depleted ozone layer and increasing pollution may increase hair porosity, which can be prevented by maintaining healthy hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is associated with skin sensitivity and mainly activated by capsaicin and heat. Interestingly, troxerutin can inhibit TRPV1 activation. However, its efficacy in reducing skin sensitivity remains undetermined. Aims: We evaluated the efficacy of troxerutin in alleviating skin sensitivity using clinical tests and in vitro experiments. Methods: For the in vitro experiment, HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of troxerutin, followed by incubation with 50 μM capsaicin for 1, 24, or 48 h. The gene and protein expressions of four inflammatory cytokines involved in skin irritation were determined. Among 35 Korean women with sensitive skin recruited for the clinical trial, 13 were involved in assessing the immediate soothing effects of 0.1% and 0.0095% troxerutin following capsaicin irritation, whereas 22 participated in evaluating the preventive soothing effect of 10% and 1% troxerutin over 4 weeks against capsaicin‐ and heat‐induced irritation. We evaluated the soothing rate using skin redness, visual analog scale, and high temperature sensitive index as evaluation indices. Results: Troxerutin inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of cytokines in capsaicin‐treated keratinocytes. In the clinical study, 0.1% and 0.0095% troxerutin promptly alleviated capsaicin‐induced skin redness, whereas 10% troxerutin notably decreased both the visual analog scale and high temperature sensitive index for capsaicin‐ and heat‐related irritation. However, 1% troxerutin was only effective in reducing the visual analog scale in response to capsaicin irritation. Conclusions: Troxerutin can inhibit TRPV1 activation in clinical and in vitro tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin epidermis, acts as an effective bi‐directional barrier, preventing water loss (inside–outside barrier) and entry of foreign substances (outside–inside barrier). Although transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a widely‐used measure of barrier function, it represents only inside‐outside protection. Therefore, we aimed to establish a non‐invasive method for quantitative evaluation of the outside–inside barrier function and visually present a skin barrier model. Materials and methods: Skin barrier damage was induced by applying a closed patch of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate to the forearms of eight participants; they were instructed to apply a barrier cream on a designated damaged area twice daily for 5 days. The SC barrier was evaluated by measuring TEWL and fluorescein sodium salt penetration rate before, immediately after, and 5 days after damage. The penetration rate was assessed using tape‐stripping (TS) technique and fluorescence microscopy. Results: The rates of fluorescein sodium salt penetration into the lower layers of SC differed significantly based on the degree of skin barrier damage. The correlation between penetration rate and TEWL was weak after two rounds of TS and became stronger after subsequent rounds. Five days after skin barrier damage, the penetration rate of all layers differed significantly between areas with and without the barrier cream application. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the penetration rate was dependent on skin barrier conditions. The penetration rate and corresponding fluorescence images are suitable quantitative indicators that can visually represent skin barrier conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the advances made by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in drug discovery, including target identification, hit molecule identification, and lead optimization, this study investigated natural compounds that could act as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel protein antagonists. Using a molecular transformer drug–target interaction (MT-DTI) model, troxerutin was predicted to be a TRPV1 antagonist at IC50 582.73 nM. In a TRPV1-overexpressing HEK293T cell line, we found that troxerutin antagonized the calcium influx induced by the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin in vitro. A structural modeling and docking experiment of troxerutin and human TRPV1 confirmed that troxerutin could be a TRPV1 antagonist. A small-scale clinical trial consisting of 29 participants was performed to examine the efficacy of troxerutin in humans. Compared to a vehicle lotion, both 1% and 10% w/v troxerutin lotions reduced skin irritation, as measured by skin redness induced by capsaicin, suggesting that troxerutin could ameliorate skin sensitivity in clinical practice. We concluded that troxerutin is a potential TRPV1 antagonist based on the deep learning MT-DTI model prediction. The present study provides a useful reference for target-based drug discovery using AI technology and may provide useful information for the integrated research field of AI technology and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on the skin surface are related to the innate immunity of the skin in preventing external infection. Skin rinsing and tape stripping (TS) are acceptable methods for analyzing AMPs on the skin surface but have limitations, such as causing skin damage. In this study, we proposed a noninvasive method to measure AMPs on the skin surface with minimal skin damage. Methods: Using the patch test assay, we aimed to analyze the skin surface human β‐defensin (hBDs) levels without damaging the skin barrier. The concentrations of hBDs on the skin surface were evaluated through the skin patch testing of 13 healthy subjects, and hBD‐1 concentrations were compared with those obtained using the TS method in this proof‐of‐concept study. In addition, changes in skin physiology and concentration of hBDs under 1% sodium lauryl sulfate stimulation were monitored in 14 healthy subjects (8 young and 6 elderly subjects) for 150 h. Results: The correlation between the two methods had a Pearson's coefficient of 0.640, and skin patch analysis led to a relatively less impaired barrier with no significant increase in transepidermal water loss after analysis. Age‐specific comparisons suggested that higher skin surface hBD‐2 concentrations were present in the young group as compared with the elderly group. Skin surface expression of hBD‐2 after skin barrier disruption was also higher in the young group. Conclusion: Our findings show that skin patch analysis is a convenient method to analyze hBDs on the skin surface. hBDs are factors of innate immunity that can be used as an index to predict a decreased chemical immune response of skin due to aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of the fetal right modified myocardial performance index (Mod‐MPI) obtained by synchronizing the inflow and outflow images of the right ventricle (RV) and to evaluate its feasibility through clinical application to twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Methods: We prospectively evaluated 77 normal fetuses. Two experienced operators individually measured the right Mod‐MPI using two different methods: (1) separate recording of the RV inflow and outflow using pulsed‐wave Doppler (conventional method) and (2) synchronization of RV inflow and outflow images using the MPI + ™ function based on the closure click of the pulmonary valve (new method). To evaluate the clinical utility of the new method, we measured the right Mod‐MPI in 33 TTTS fetuses using the new method before and after the fetoscopic laser coagulation (FLC). Results: There was no statistical difference in Mod‐MPI values between the two methods (p =.242). For both operators, the intra‐ and interoperator reproducibility of Mod‐MPI was high with both methods (ICCs >0.950). Among the components of Mod‐MPI measured using the new method, ejection time showed the highest reproducibility, whereas isovolumetric relaxation time demonstrated the lowest reproducibility. In TTTS fetuses, the Mod‐MPI significantly decreased after FLC in recipients, and there was no difference in MPI values before and after FLC in donors. Conclusion: Right Mod‐MPI measurement after the synchronization of RV inflow and outflow images is a reliable technique for evaluating fetal right cardiac function. This novel method can also independently evaluate the systolic and diastolic functions of the right heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The accumulation of advanced glycation end products has been proposed as a causative agent of skin aging, but there are no conventional devices for quantifying advanced glycation end‐product accumulation in facial skin. Aims: This study aimed to develop a convenient and accurate in situ advanced glycation end‐product measurement system for the human face. Methods: We developed a facial glycation imaging system, which consisted of illumination (white light‐emitting diode, ultraviolet light‐emitting diode) and image acquisition modules to capture face images. Advanced glycation end product–related autofluorescence and total skin reflectance were calculated to obtain the skin glycation index using an image analysis algorithm. Correlations between the skin glycation index and facial skin elasticity and age were examined in 36 healthy Korean women. Results: The facial glycation imaging system was validated against a volar forearm skin autofluorescence measurement device, that is, the AGE Reader mu, with forearm skin glycation index (R = 0.64, P <.01). Cheek elasticity was negatively correlated with cheek skin glycation index (R = −0.56, R = −0.57, and R = −0.61, P <.01 for R2, R5, and R7, respectively). Age was significantly correlated with forearm skin glycation index (R = 0.44, P <.01) and cheek skin glycation index (R = 0.48, P <.01). Conclusion: We successfully developed a novel in situ facial skin glycation index measurement device. Our convenient and accurate system enables in situ skin glycation index monitoring for skin aging studies such as those on anti‐glycation cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For personalized skin care, noninvasive quantitative methods to evaluate facial skin characteristics are important. Janus‐III is one of the most widely used imaging analysis devices in the skin care industry in Korea. Janus‐III generates values for a range of skin characteristics. Due to the convenience of obtaining results for a variety of skin characteristics in a single measurement, the use of Janus‐III in cosmetic stores and research institutes has been recently increasing. However, the consistency of skin measurements of Janus‐III has not been elucidated yet. Materials and Methods: In this study, we repeated skin measurements three times for 70 different subjects and compared each numerical value in order to assess the consistency of the Janus‐III. For this purpose, we compared between‐sample distances and within‐sample distances. Results: We found important patterns for future analyses in terms of consistency. First, the average values of skin measurement categories were more reliable than individual part values of facial segments. Second, center part values such as forehead and nose were more reliable than side part values such as left and right part segments. Conclusion: If researchers who use Janus‐III for studies of facial characteristics analyze average and center part values first, they can obtain relatively reliable patterns of facial skin characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Two‐dimensional ultrasound (2D‐US) is the mainstay imaging technique used to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis. An automated single sweep three‐dimensional ultrasound (3D‐US) technique became available. We evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of 3D‐US in the assessment of carotid plaques compared to those of 2D‐US. Carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA) was used as a reference. Methods and results: Among 126 stroke patients who underwent carotid 2D‐US, 73 underwent 3D‐US and carotid CTA. 3D‐US was pursued when there were carotid plaques or when area stenosis was ≥ 20% by 2D‐US. Both 2D‐ and 3D‐US images of the carotid arteries were acquired using a dedicated ultrasound system that was equipped with the single sweep volumetric transducer. In total, 266 arteries from 73 patients were selected for comparison of the detection rate of carotid plaques between 2D‐ and 3D‐US. Among the 73 patients, carotid CTA detected 139 plaques. 3D‐US demonstrated a higher detection rate of carotid plaques than did 2D‐US (108 plaques (77.9%) vs. 70 plaques (50.4%)) when using carotid CTA as a reference standard. Carotid plaque volume (PV) of 133 vessels from 73 patients were quantitatively evaluated using both 3D‐US and carotid CTA. Plaque volume of carotid artery was comparable between 3D‐US and CTA (148.5 ± 133.0 mm3 vs. 154.1 ± 134.6 mm3, P =.998, R: 0.9825, P‐value for r <.001). Conclusion: 3D‐US using a single sweep technique was a feasible and accurate method of detecting arterial plaques and assessing plaque volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by endogenous proteases, in particular, trypsin. Although regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are known to inhibit GPCR/Gα‐mediated signaling, their specific effects on PAR2 are poorly understood at present. Here, we use a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technique to investigate whether RGS16 and RGS18 bind PAR2 in live cells to regulate PAR2/Gαi/o‐mediated signaling. Notably, we find that RGS16 binds to PAR2 in the presence of Gαi while RGS18 does not interact with PAR2, regardless of the presence of Gα. Both RGS16 and RGS18 inhibit PAR2/Gαi/o‐mediated signaling. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to highlight the effects of RGS proteins on PAR2‐mediated signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pool scrubbing occurring in the containment of a nuclear reactor is an important mechanism for radioactive particle removal. In this article, an approximate analytical solution to the equation of particle removal with any possible combination of removal processes is suggested. Assuming that the particle size distribution can be approximated by a log-normal function, the reduction of total particle number and mass, and the changes in average particle size and polydispersity are expressed as explicit functions of their initial values, time, and the removal mechanism parameters. The solution is then applied to a pool scrubbing problem as an application example. The approximate solution derived in this study shows good agreement with the exact solution. The error, caused by an approximation for the slip correction factor, is potentially large only for the intermediate-size particles. However, the absolute error still remains small because the particle removal rate is minimum in that size range. The methodology adopted and the solution derived in this paper will be useful when only particle size distribution parameters are available without full information of whole size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aimed to explore the relevance of multidirectional movements of the common carotid artery in atherothrombotic stroke. Methods and Results: We prospectively enrolled 69 patients with atherothrombotic stroke (stroke group) and 69 age‐matched and sex‐matched controls (control group) who underwent carotid ultrasonography. Based on the speckle tracking technique, circumferential and radial movements of the common carotid artery were analyzed from transverse and longitudinal B‐mode images of the common carotid artery. Peak longitudinal and radial displacements, strain, and strain rate were measured. Mean age of the overall population was 64 ± 11 years, and 57% (78 patients) were men. In the transverse image, circumferential strain was significantly lower in the stroke group than in the control group (5.6 ± 1.6 vs 4.2 ± 1.7, P < .001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, circumferential strain was independently associated with stroke (odds ratio: 0.60, P = .001). Compared with conventional risk factors, as well as carotid intima–media thickness and carotid plaque, the addition of a strain parameter appeared to improve discrimination of a stroke event (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.65 and 0.75 vs 0.84, respectively; P < .05 for both). Conclusions: Circumferential strain of the common carotid artery might serve as a novel surrogate marker of atherothrombotic stroke. Multidirectional strain imaging of the common carotid artery may provide more information than conventional carotid ultrasonography and identify clinical risk factors for risk stratification of an acute stroke event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New stable palladium−hydride complexes catalyze the highly regio- and stereoselective isomerization of 1-alkenes at multiple positions. Tuning the ligand and the reaction conditions allowed the position and geometry of the double bonds to be controlled with excellent conversions and selectivities. The catalytic species, a Pd−H complex, was prepared by reacting [LPdCl2] with a silver salt, followed by conversion into Pd−H by using a silyl hydride. The structures of the Pd complexes were determined by using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of alcohol injures DNA, and such damage is considered to be a primary cause for the development of cancer and many other diseases essentially due to reactive oxygen species generated from alcohol. To sensitively detect alcohol-induced DNA lesions in a biological system, we introduced a novel analytical platform for visualization of single genomic DNA molecules using E. coli. By fluorescently labelling the DNA lesions, our approach demonstrated, with the highest sensitivity, that we could count the number of DNA lesions induced by alcohol metabolism in a single bacterial cell. Moreover, our results showed a linear relationship between ethanol concentration and the number of DNA lesions: 0.88 lesions per 1% ethanol. Using this approach, we quantitatively analysed the DNA damage induced by exposure to alcoholic beverages such as beer (5% ethanol), rice wine (13%), soju (20%), and whisky (40%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of seven-transmembrane-domain-possessing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by extracellular stimuli elicits intracellular responses. One class of GPCRs–protease-activated receptors (PARs)—is activated by endogenous proteases, such as thrombin and trypsin. Members of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family stimulate GTP hydrolysis of G protein alpha (Gα) subunits, thereby inhibiting GPCR/Gα-mediated signaling. We previously reported that RGS2 and RGS4 inhibit PAR1/Gα-mediated signaling by interacting with PAR1 in a Gα-dependent manner. Here, employing the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique, we identified RGS8 as a novel PAR1-interacting protein. Very little BRET activity was observed between PAR1-Venus (PAR1-Ven) and RGS8-Luciferase (RGS8-Luc) in the absence of Gα. However, in the presence of Gα o , BRET activity was specifically and significantly increased. This interaction was confirmed by biochemical and immunofluorescence assays. Notably, RGS8 inhibited PAR1/Gα i/o -mediated adenylyl cyclase and ERK activation, and prevented Gα o -induced neurite outgrowth and activation of Necdin protein, a downstream target of Gα o . Our findings suggest a novel function of RGS8 and reveal cellular mechanisms by which RGS8 mediates PAR1 inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a single molecule visualization approach for the quantitative analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced DNA damage, such as base oxidation and single stranded breaks in large DNA molecules. We utilized the Fenton reaction to generate DNA damage with subsequent enzymatic treatment using a mixture of three types of glycosylases to remove oxidized bases, and then fluorescent labeling on damaged lesions via nick translation. This single molecule analytical platform provided the capability to count one or two damaged sites per λ DNA molecule (48.5 kb), which were reliably dependent on the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion at the micromolar level. More importantly, the labeled damaged sites that were visualized under a microscope provided positional information, which offered the capability of comparing DNA damaged sites with the in silico genomic map to reveal sequence specificity that GTGR is more sensitive to oxidative damage. Consequently, single DNA molecule analysis provides a sensitive analytical platform for ROS-induced DNA damage and suggests an interesting biochemical insight that the genome primarily active during the lysogenic cycle may have less probability for oxidative DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroquinolines has been successfully prepared. The Pd-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of Z-enamines, formally prepared by the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination, proceeded efficiently to furnish the cyclized products. Depending on the cyclization conditions, substituted 1,4-dihydroquinolines and further isomerized 1,2-dihydroquinolines were independently obtained in high yields with an excellent control of isomerization of the double bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intercarrier interference (ICI) resulting from the loss of orthogonality caused by the time-varying property of the propagation channels degrades the data detection performance of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless communication systems. Further, the severity of the problem increases when the mobile speed is relatively higher than the number of subcarriers. In this paper, a time-varying filtering method is proposed that reduces ICI by obtaining an approximation of linear system solutions such as zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE). The update rates of the time-varying filter coefficients, which are actually the minimum phase versions of the channel impulse responses, are also minimized to reduce the computational complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed method with lower complexity effectively reduces ICI such that practical application is deemed feasible for OFDM systems with a large number of subcarriers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The present paper is part of a larger effort to locate the production and perception of language within the broader context of brain mechanisms for action and perception more generally. Here we model function in terms of the competition and cooperation of schemas. We use the task of describing visual scenes to explore the suitability of Construction Grammar as an appropriate framework for a schema-based linguistics. We recall the early VISIONS model of schema-based computer analysis of static visual scenes and then introduce SemRep as a graphical representation of dynamic visual scenes designed to support the generation of varied descriptions of episodes. We report preliminary results on implementing the production of sentences using Template Construction Grammar (TCG), a new form of construction grammar distinguished by its use of SemRep to express semantics. We summarize data on neural correlates relevant to future work on TCG within the context of neurolinguistics, and show how the relation between SemRep and TCG can serve as the basis for modeling language comprehension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Surface characterization of the specially prepared Toray high-strength sample carbon fiber was undertaken with a view to evaluate and understand adhesion to polymer matrices. Surface chemical analysis by XPS, surface free energy determination from the dynamic contact angle, and microstructural characterization by STM was conducted and compared with before and after surface treatment of this fiber and with other PAN-based high-strength carbon fibers as well. It was found that the surface of Toray sample carbon fibers has higher O/C and N/C ratios than those of other PAN-based carbon fibers, such as the IM-7 and AS-4. The fiber surface free energy appears slightly lower than those of the IM7 and AS4. Adhesion of Toray Lab-carbon fibers measured by the single fiber fragmentation was determined to be in a similar level to AS-4 and IM-7 in various epoxy-amine thermoset systems and polycarbonate thermoplastic matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ultraviolet radiation induced DNA damage such as double stranded breaks and single stranded breaks is visualized at the level of single DNA molecules. Molecular observations provide a map of DNA radiation-mediated breakages, revealing the sequence dependency of DNA damage rather than random occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared signature analysis that considers both the target and background is fundamentally important to the development of target detection systems as well as in the design of ships for thermal stealth. This paper presents the analysis results of long-term infrared signature variations in terms of the apparent spectral-contrast radiant intensity measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-based hyperspectral images. A novel apparent spectral-contrast radiant intensity (AS-CRI) measure is proposed to evaluate the spectral infrared signature accurately at the sensor point of view. The spectral information by AS-CRI can provide the optimal band for either target detection or thermal stealth purposes, considering the background and atmospheric transmittance. In addition, the effects of seasonal and weather variations were analyzed from the long-term hyperspectral image database constructed during 2018.01–2018.08 (three times a day). A TELOPS HYPER-CAM MWE camera was adopted to acquire 374 bands in 1.5–5.5 μm. The automatic weather system (AWS) can provide 24 h weather recordings for the signature evaluation. The experimental results validate the utility of the novel AS-CRI method to find spectral bands for a range of infrared signature applications including small infrared target detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote measurements of thermal radiation are very important for analyzing the solar effect in various environments. This paper presents a novel real-time remote temperature estimation method by applying a deep learning-based regression method to midwave infrared hyperspectral images. A conventional remote temperature estimation using only one channel or multiple channels cannot provide a reliable temperature in dynamic weather environments because of the unknown atmospheric transmissivities. This paper solves the issue (real-time remote temperature measurement with high accuracy) with the proposed surface temperature-deep convolutional neural network (ST-DCNN) and a hyperspectral thermal camera (TELOPS HYPER-CAM MWE). The 27-layer ST-DCNN regressor can learn and predict the underlying temperatures from 75 spectral channels. Midwave infrared hyperspectral image data of a remote object were acquired three times a day (10:00, 13:00, 15:00) for 7 months to consider the dynamic weather variations. The experimental results validate the feasibility of the novel remote temperature estimation method in real-world dynamic environments. In addition, the thermal stealth properties of two types of paint were demonstrated by the proposed ST-DCNN as a real-world application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroquinolines is prepared by Pd-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of Z-enamines, formally prepared by the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "N-Arylation of Sterically Hindered NH-Nucleophiles: Copper-Mediated Syntheses of Diverse N-Arylindole-2-carboxylates" by Jinyong Lee published in the "Synthesis" in 2015.

Osteoblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cells that also differentiate into adipocytes, myoblasts, chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Osteogenic differentiation involves diverse regulatory proteins, including transcription and growth factors. Neurally differentiated embryonal carcinoma-derived protein (Necdin) has been identified as a key regulator of cell differentiation in various tissues, including neuronal, adipose, and muscular tissues; although its role in bone tissue remains to be established. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of Necdin in osteogenic differentiation. Our experiments revealed high expression of Necdin during osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, both transient and stable expression of Necdin induced osteoblast-specific markers in an osteogenic cell line through formation of a complex with melanoma-associated antigen D1 (MAGE-D1) and distal-less Homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and Runx2 promoter activation. Necdin expression was further associated with suppression of both cell proliferation and death in osteoblasts. Our results suggest that Necdin plays roles in cellular differentiation, proliferation and death in bone tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review of the most recent applications of deep learning to ultrasound imaging, the architectures of deep learning networks are briefly explained for the medical imaging applications of classification, detection, segmentation, and generation. Ultrasonography applications for image processing and diagnosis are then reviewed and summarized, along with some representative imaging studies of the breast, thyroid, heart, kidney, liver, and fetal head. Efforts towards workflow enhancement are also reviewed, with an emphasis on view recognition, scanning guide, image quality assessment, and quantification and measurement. Finally some future prospects are presented regarding image quality enhancement, diagnostic support, and improvements in workflow efficiency, along with remarks on hurdles, benefits, and necessary collaborations.

X-ray diffraction signals from the time-evolving molecular charge density induced by selective core excitation of chemically inequivalent carbon atoms are calculated. A narrowband X-ray pulse selectively excites the carbon K-edge of the -CH 3 or -CH 2 F groups in fluoroethane (CH 3 -CH 2 F). Each excitation creates a distinct core coherence which depends on the character of the electronic transition. Direct propagation of the reduced single-electron density matrix, using real-time time-dependent density functional theory, provides the time-evolving charge density following interactions with external fields. The interplay between partially filled valence molecular orbitals upon core excitation induces characteristic femtosecond charge migration which depends on the core-valence coherence, and is monitored by the sum-frequency generation diffraction signal. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.