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Coastal protection is of paramount importance because erosion and flooding affect millions of people living along the coast and can largely influence countries' economy. The implementation of nature‐based solutions for coastal protection, such as sand engines, has become more popular due to these interventions' adaptability to climate change. This study explores synergies between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and hydro‐morphodynamic models for the creation of efficient decision‐making tools for the choice of optimal sand engines configurations. Specifically, we investigate the use of long‐short‐term memory (LSTM) models as predictive tools for the morphological evolution of sand engines. We developed different LSTM models to predict time series of bathymetric changes across the sand engine as well as the time‐decline in the sand engine volume as a function of external forces and intervention size. Finally, a MATLAB framework was developed to return LSTM model results based on users' inputs about sand engine size and external forcings. Plain Language Summary: Sand engines are a type of coastal protection where a large volume of sand is added to the coastline to protect low‐lying areas from erosion and flooding. Sand engines, like other Nature‐based solutions, are gaining popularity due to their potentially lower maintenance costs compared to other concrete‐based coastal protection strategies and a number of co‐benefits. However, there are currently no design guidelines or decision‐making tools for sand engines. Here we address this gap in the state of knowledge and use Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to analyze the evolution of sand engines under different waves and external forcings. AI models are also used to predict the volume of sand being transferred by the waves from the location of deposition to the surrounding areas. To facilitate the use of AI models, this study proposes a computer software, sand engine surface, which includes all the AI models developed in this study, predicting the evolution of sand engine and volume of sand being transported. Key Points: This study presents models to predicts the evolution of Sand Engine over time in terms of Volumetric changes and Morphological changesAll our Long Short Term Memory models' results are accessible through Sand Engine Surface ApplicationSand Engine Surface is MATLAB framework providing results about time‐dependent morphological changes of sand engines based on users' inputs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deltaic tidal flat is an important ecosystem that supports the livelihoods of millions of people globally. Due to the complexity and stochastic nature of tidal flat development, it is a challenging task to predict the tidal flat prograding limit accurately. In this study, we fill out this gap from the perspective of numerical simulation by focusing on the tidal flat extension limit of Nanhui Shoal (NHS), the largest marginal shoal of the Changjiang Estuary. Our results suggest that the tidal flat of NHS extended 29.16 m/y seaward in 1989-2002, had a rapid progradation of 158.08 m/y in 2002-2012 and a retreat rate of 26.88 m/y in 2012-2019, while the fluvial sediment supply decreased 56.78% from 1989-2002 to 2003-2012 and another 20.68% from 2003-2012 to 2013-2019. During the 1989-2002 period, the advancing rate of the -5misobaths followed a Gaussian frequency distribution, in agreement with simulation results of cellular automata. We suggest that in the absence of human perturbations, as the sediment input to NHS declines to the threshold of 0.01×108 t/y, the seaward advance of tidal flats may significantly slow down. However, human interferences generated large uncertainties on the development tendency of the NHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As climate-driven risks for the world's coastlines increase, understanding and predicting morphological changes as well as developing efficient systems for coastal forecast has become of the foremost importance for adaptation to climate change. Artificial Intelligence is a powerful technology that has been rapidly evolving recently and can offer new means of analysis for the coastal science field. Yet, the potential of these technologies for coastal geomorphology remains relatively unexplored with respect to other scientific fields. This article investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks and Bayesian Networks in combination with fully coupled hydrodynamics and morphological models (Delft3D) for predicting morphological changes and sediment transport along coastal systems. Two sets of Artificial Intelligence models were tested, one set relying on localized modeling outputs or localized data sources and another set having reduced dependency from modeling outputs and, once trained, solely relying on boundary conditions and coastline geometry. The first set of models provides regression values greater than 0.95 and 0.86 for training and testing, respectively. The second set of reduced dependency models provides regression values greater than 0.84 and 0.76 for training and testing, respectively. Our results highlight the potential of AI and statistical models for coastal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still numerous uncertainties over the influence of anthropogenic interventions on salt marsh dynamics. This study uses the Ribble Estuary as a test case and an integrated approach of numerical modeling and paleoenvironmental analysis to investigate the contribution of embankment construction to long‐term marsh accretion. Accretion rates derived using optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) were combined with a multi‐proxy paleoenvironmental investigation on sediment cores extracted from the salt marsh, the mobile seafloor of the central Irish Sea and the river catchment area. These analyses provided a first evolutionary perspective on the Ribble Estuary preceding any management interventions. The paleoenvironmental analyses were then compared to simulations conducted using the hydrodynamic model Delft3D to investigate the effects of embankment construction on estuarine hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of the salt marsh over the period constrained by the OSL. The numerical simulations showed that embankments were responsible for an overall intensification of the ebb currents in the system which promoted sediment export. The paleoenvironmental analyses showed that the marsh has been accreting at a rate of 4.61 to 0.86 cm yr−1 over the last ca. 190 years and that the high sedimentation rate was caused by a naturally high rate of sediment supply. The model‐data integration showed that the effects of the embankment construction on sediment transport did not compromise the long‐term resilience of the salt marsh because of the high rates of sediment supply and the river dredging which enhanced the flood dominance of the tide near the tidal flat. Plain Language Summary: Salt marshes are important ecosystems and can help protect the coastline from flooding. Sediment availability is important to help the establishment and maintenance of salt marshes. Large quantities of sediments can help salt marshes to expand and grow in elevation. Instead, the removal of sediments can cause marsh erosion. Management interventions along a coastline can influence the movement of sediments and determine how much sediments can reach (or not reach) the marsh platform. This study found that in the Ribble Estuary, a site renowned for its high rate of sediment supply, the construction of embankments promoted sediment export out of the estuary, but the high sedimentation rates caused by a natural high rate of sediment supply from the ocean, aided by river dredging, allowed long‐term marsh accretion despite the embankments presence, meaning that the marsh continued to grow in elevation over time. Key Points: The construction of embankments along an estuary can reduce salt marsh accretion by promoting sediment exportEmbankments do not necessarily compromise the long‐term resilience of salt marshes when high rates of sediment supply are presentChannel dredging can promote sediment import and reduce the effects of embankment construction on sediment transport [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the cameraless negatives revealing the imprints of four fingers obtained in Turin in February 1907 during the second of two séances with renowned medium Eusapia Palladino organized by physiologists Alberto Agazzotti, Carlo Foà and Amedeo Hertlizka. By looking at the material and performative components of the séance, it presents spiritualist cameraless photography as a productive tool for rethinking and reframing the photographic medium from a cross-disciplinary perspective questioning medium specific histories and dominant genealogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographic objects in ethnological and anthropological collections are systematically called into question in current debates on the nature and functions of the museum vis à vis the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, systemic racism, and the persistence of Eurocentric and patriarcal ideologies. The aim of this dossier is to offer a first opportunity to confront these issues by sharing the experiences of three of the most important institutions of this kind in Italy and their daily work on the conservation, valorization, and communication of the cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This monographic issue is dedicated to the relationship between photography and the representation of identity and otherness in Italy. It contains contributions that, looking at different cultural and historical contexts, reflect upon the following: the agency of photographs in the construction and deconstruction of identity and difference; their function as a form of resistance and empowerment as well as in shaping collective narratives and memories; the role played in past and present times by museums that hold photographic materials pertaining to the representation of otherness in the perpetuation of racism and systemic inequalities or in the activation of a critical re-thinking of exhibition practices based on decolonisation and feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt marshes are valuable ecosystems that must trap sediments and accrete in order to counteract the deleterious effect of sea level rise. Previous studies have shown that the capacity of marshes to build up vertically depends on both autogenous and exogenous processes including ecogeomorphic feedbacks and sediment supply from in‐land and coastal ocean. There have been numerous efforts to quantify the role played by the sediments coming from marsh edge erosion on the resistance of salt marshes to sea level rise. However, the majority of existing studies investigating the interplay between lateral and vertical dynamics use simplified modeling approaches, and they do not consider that marsh retreat can affect the regional‐scale hydrodynamics and sediment retention in back‐barrier basins. In this study, we evaluated the fate of the sediments originating from marsh lateral loss by using high‐resolution numerical model simulations of Jamaica Bay, a small lagoonal estuary located in New York City. Our findings show that up to 42% of the sediment released during marsh edge erosion deposits on the shallow areas of the basin and over the vegetated marsh platforms, contributing positively to the sediment budget of the remaining salt marshes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with the present‐day sediment supply from the ocean, the system cannot keep pace with sea level rise even accounting for the sediment liberated in the bay through marsh degradation. Our study highlights the relevance of multiple sediment sources for the maintenance of the marsh complex. Key Points: The sediment eroded from marsh edges helps to build the remaining marshesMarsh erosion has a twofold effect: more sediment available for the remaining marshes but decrease in the trapping capacity of the lagoonManagement actions should consider the effects associated with wetland edge erosion at basin scale [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt marshes are dynamic systems able to laterally expand, contract, and vertically accrete in response to sea level rise. Here, we present the grand challenges that need to be addressed to fully characterize marsh morphodynamics. The review focuses on physical processes and quantitative models. Without predictive models, it is impossible to determine the future marsh evolution under accelerated sea level rise. In these models, one of the challenges is to resolve both horizontal and vertical dynamics within the same framework. Vertically, the marsh has to accumulate enough material to contrast rising water levels. Horizontally, marsh erosion at the ocean side must be compensated by landward expansion in forests, lawns, and agricultural fields. The dynamics of the marsh‐upland boundary are still not fully understood and will require more research in the upcoming years. The complexity of marsh vegetation is seldom captured in predictive models of marsh evolution. More research is needed to understand the effects of each species or species assemblages on hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Here, we further advocate that a sediment budget resolving all sediment fluxes in a marsh complex is the most important metric of marsh resilience. Characterization of these fluxes will enable to connect salt marshes to other landforms and to unravel feedbacks controlling the evolution of the entire coastal system. Current models of marsh evolution rely on sparse data sets collected at few locations. Novel remote sensing techniques will provide high‐resolution spatial data that will inform a new generation of computer models. Key Points: Vertical and horizontal dynamics must be combined to understand salt marsh evolutionA sediment budget is the key variable to measure marsh resilience to sea level riseRemote sensing will provide spatial data sets to inform a new generation of numerical models of salt marsh evolution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment budget and sediment availability are direct metrics for evaluating the resilience of coastal bays to sea‐level rise (SLR). Here we use a high‐resolution numerical model of a tidally dominated marsh‐lagoon system to explore feedbacks between SLR and sediment dynamics. SLR augments tidal prism and inundation depth, facilitating sediment deposition on the marsh platform. At the same time, our results indicate that SLR enhances ebb‐dominated currents and increases sediment resuspension, reducing the sediment‐trapping capacity of tidal flats and bays and leading to a negative sediment budget for the entire system. This bimodal distribution of sediments budget trajectories will have a profound impact on the morphology of coastal bays, increasing the difference in elevation between salt marshes and tidal flats and potentially affecting intertidal ecosystems. Our results also clearly indicate that landforms lower with respect to the tidal frame are more affected by SLR than salt marshes. Key Points: SLR increases sediment deposition on the marsh platform but reduces the sediment‐trapping capacity of tidal flats and baysFor a given SLR the increase of bottom sediments resuspended and exported out of the system is more significant for sand than mud fractionLandforms lower with respect to the tidal frame are more affected by SLR than salt marshes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal flood warning and design of coastal protection schemes rely on accurate estimations of water level and waves during hurricanes and violent storms. These estimations frequently use numerical models, which, for computational reasons, neglect the interaction between the hydrodynamic and wave fields. Here, we show that neglecting such interactions, or local effects of atmospheric forcing, causes large uncertainties, which could have financial and operational consequences because flood warnings are potentially missed or protection schemes underdesigned. Using the Severn Estuary, SW England, we show that exclusion of locally generated winds underestimates high water significant wave height by up to 90.1%, high water level by 1.5%, and hazard proxy (water level + 1/2 significant wave height) by 9.1%. The uncertainty in water level and waves is quantified using a system to model tide‐surge‐wave conditions, Delft3D‐FLOW‐WAVE in a series of eight model simulations for four historic storm events. Plain Language Summary: Coastal zones worldwide are subject to combined effects of astronomical tides, meteorological storms surges, waves, and wind during storms and hurricanes, which can lead to flooding, property damage, and casualties. Coastal communities and critical infrastructure rely on accurate water level and wave forecasts to mitigate these combined hazards. Forecasts utilize hydrodynamic numerical models, which need to accurately represent these hazards and how they interact with, and feedback to, each other. This study uses a model, Delft3D‐FLOW‐WAVE, to calculate how tides and waves from four historic storm events combine to contribute to water level, wave height, and hazard proxy (water level + 1/2 wave height) in the Severn Estuary, southwest England. Additional simulations are run to show how local winds can further contribute to the hazard. Results show that including locally generating winds in simulations of water level, wave height, and hazard proxy is most important for accurate representation of physical processes that contribute to coastal hazards. Excluding locally generated winds from numerical model predictions could mean that flood alerts, warnings, and evacuation orders are missed, or coastal protection schemes are underdesigned, potentially leading to more flooding. Key Points: Delft3D‐FLOW‐WAVE is used to quantify uncertainty in water level and waves in a hypertidal estuary due to coupling and forcing processesExclusion of locally generated winds underestimates significant wave height at high water by up to 90.1% in the outer estuaryLocal atmospheric forcing is vital in coastal hazard predictions for timely flood warnings and to avoid underdesigning protection schemes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical tool integrating hydrodynamics, vegetation growth, stochastic selection, and Monte‐Carlo simulation is developed to predict channel network evolution in a newly inundated back‐barrier wetland. Focusing on the formation and evolution of tidal channels, model simulations suggest a clear tendency towards specific creek topologies with high probability despite creek evolution being subject to random perturbations. These creek topologies are primarily determined by wetland topography while the influence of vegetation is secondary. Ensemble results of Monte‐Carlo simulations identify threshold points leading to bimodal separation of the emergent creek networks characterized by different complexity and efficiency. This, in turn, assists the recognition of necessary human interventions to encourage the formation of complex and far‐reaching creek networks that can promote exchange of materials between estuaries and salt marshes and, hence, maintain salt marsh ecosystem structure and function. Plain Language Summary: A large part of the world's low‐lying areas is heavily managed to protect lives, assets, and landscapes from marine‐derived natural hazards. However, climate change is putting unprecedented pressure on these managed environments, forcing the adoption of "no active intervention" or "managed realignment" strategies in areas where "hold the line" options cannot be justified due to financial constraints. This leads to the very likely possibility that unmaintained coastal defenses will begin to fail, raising questions as to the potential impacts on low‐lying regions as well as the options available to mitigate impacts through targeted interventions. Of particular interest is the question of whether it is possible to facilitate the shift of managed coastal wetlands towards intertidal environments in which tidal creeks form and evolve to support salt marshes. Combining the use of a numerical model and multiple model runs, we find that although the evolution of tidal creeks is subject to random disturbances, creek networks are likely to form with a clear tendency towards specific types. Grouped results of multiple, random simulations are useful in identifying interventions that are necessary for developing far‐reaching tidal creek networks. Influence of vegetation is found to be secondary compared to the wetland topography in terms of influencing tidal creek evolution. Key Points: A reduced complexity model is developed based on simple rules for projecting tidal creek network developmentThe influence of vegetation in determining probabilities of creek formation is secondary compared to wetland topographyEnsemble prediction of tidal creek evolution is effective for identifying threshold points and targeted interventions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probability of pressurized flow conditions occurring in existing bridges is forecast to increase due to possible changes in extreme precipitation, storm surges, and flooding predicted under climate change scenarios. The presence of a pressure flow is generally associated with scouring processes in proximity to the bridge. Scouring can also occur around bridge piers, possibly causing infrastructure failure. Although there is a vast literature on bridge pier scour and pressure flow scour, only a few studies have investigated their combined effect. This study will provide a new overview of the main features of bridge pier scour under pressurized flow conditions, based on laboratory experiences. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the flow features under pressure and free surface conditions and to the temporal evolution of the scour. A comparison with existing literature data is also conducted. The results highlight the nonlinear nature of scour processes and the need to consider pressurized flow conditions during structural design, as the interaction between pressure flow and the bridge pier strongly influences scour features and leads to scour depths much greater than the sum of the individual scours created only by pressure flow or pier presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal deltas are fragile systems whose morphology can be easily impacted by variations in water and sediment fluxes caused by natural and human processes. Here we explore the relation between tidal prism and sediment dynamics in tidal deltas using the recent evolution of the Yangtze River estuary, China, as an example. Using the numerical model Delft3D, we examine how changes in delta morphology can trigger variations in tidal signal, suspended and bed load transport, and how these could ultimately cause additional morphological changes. Our results show that a positive feedback between sediment deposition and tidal prism dominates the morphodynamic evolution of the delta. Accretion of the shoals in the delta front increases the dissipation of tides and decreases the tidal prism leading to weaker tidal flows. This reduction in tidal currents lowers the sediment flushing capacity of the system, promoting deposition on the shoals and tidal dissipation. This positive feedback potentially traps more sediment in the delta topset and possibly offsets the decrease in sediment load triggered by the construction of upstream dams, often present in tidal deltas. Key Points: Reduced tidal prism diminishes tidal discharges and peak velocities, preventing sediment flushing and favoring sediment trappingPositive feedback has mitigated the drastic reduction in sediment load triggered in the last decade by the construction of the TGDPositive feedback between deposition and tidal prism highlights the importance of the shoals for the stability of the entire delta [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storm surge is often the greatest threat to life and critical infrastructures during hurricanes and violent storms. Millions of people living in low-lying coastal zones and critical infrastructure within this zone rely on accurate storm surge forecast for disaster prevention and flood hazard mitigation. However, variability in residual sea level up-estuary, defined here as observed sea level minus predicted tide, can enhance total water levels; variability in the surge thus needs to be captured accurately to reduce uncertainty in site specific hazard assessment. Delft3D-FLOW is used to investigate surge variability, and the influence of storm surge timing on barotropic tide-surge propagation in a tide-dominant estuary using the Severn Estuary, south-west England, as an example. Model results show maximum surge elevation increases exponentially up-estuary and, for a range of surge timings consistently occurs on the flood tide. In the Severn Estuary, over a distance of 40 km from the most upstream tide gauge at Oldbury, the maximum surge elevation increases by 255%. Up-estuary locations experience short duration, high magnitude surge elevations and greater variability due to shallow-water effects and channel convergence. The results show that surge predictions from forecasting systems at tide gauge locations could under-predict the magnitude and duration of surge contribution to up-estuary water levels. Due to the large tidal range and dynamic nature of hyper-tidal estuaries, local forecasting systems should consider changes in surge elevation and shape with distance up-estuary from nearby tide gauge sites to minimize uncertainties in flood hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paradigm is that salt marshes and their important ecosystem services are threatened by global climate change; indeed, large marsh losses have been documented worldwide. Morphological changes associated with salt marsh erosion are expected to influence the hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of coastal systems. Here the influence of salt marsh erosion on the tidal hydrodynamics and sediment storage capability of shallow bays is investigated. Hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and vegetation dynamics are simulated using the numerical framework Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport in the Barnegat Bay‐Little Egg Harbor system, USA. We show that salt marsh erosion influences the propagation of tides into back‐barrier basins, reducing the periodic inundation and sediment delivery to marsh platforms. As salt marshes erode, the sediment trapping potential of marsh platforms decreases exponentially. In this test case, up to 50% of the sediment mass trapped by vegetation is lost once a quarter of the marsh area is eroded. Similarly, without salt marshes the sediment budget of the entire bay significantly declines. Therefore, a positive feedback might be triggered such that as the salt marsh retreats the sediment storage capacity of the system declines, which could in turn further exacerbate marsh degradation. Key Points: Morphological changes induced by marsh lateral erosion affect tidal dynamics in estuarine systemsPositive feedback between marsh loss and reduction in sediment trapping capacity of estuarine systemsEffects of marsh loss on sediment budget destinations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that strongly impact their physical and biological surroundings and are therefore frequently referred to as ecological engineers. The effect of seagrasses on coastal bay resilience and sediment transport dynamics is understudied. Here we use six historical maps of seagrass distribution in Barnegat Bay, USA, to investigate the role of these vegetated surfaces on the sediment storage capacity of shallow bays. Analyses are carried out by means of the Coupled‐Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport (COAWST) numerical modeling framework. Results show that a decline in the extent of seagrass meadows reduces the sediment mass potentially stored within bay systems. The presence of seagrass reduces shear stress values across the entire bay, including unvegetated areas, and promotes sediment deposition on tidal flats. On the other hand, the presence of seagrasses decreases suspended sediment concentrations, which in turn reduces the delivery of sediment to marsh platforms. Results highlight the relevance of seagrasses for the long‐term survival of coastal ecosystems, and the complex dynamics regulating the interaction between subtidal and intertidal landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present high-resolution field measurements of five sites along the United States Atlantic Coast, and cellular automata simulations, to investigate the erosion of marsh boundaries by wave action. According to our analysis, when salt marshes are exposed to high wave energy conditions their boundaries erode uniformly. The resulting erosion events follow a Gaussian distribution, yielding a relatively smooth shoreline. On the contrary, when wind waves are weak and the local marsh resistance is strong, jagged marsh boundaries form. In this case, erosion episodes have a long-tailed frequency magnitude distribution with numerous low-magnitude events, but also high-magnitude episodes. The logarithmic frequency magnitude distribution suggests the emergence of a critical state for marsh boundaries, which would make the prediction of failure events impossible. Internal physical processes allowing salt marshes to reach this critical state are geotechnical and biological, and related to the nonhomogeneity of salt marshes whose material discontinuities act as stress raisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nourishment has shown to be an effective method for short-term storm protection along barrier islands and sandy beaches by reducing flooding, wave attack and erosion. However, the ability of nourishment to mitigate the effects of storms and sea level rise (SLR) and improve coastal resilience over decadal time scales is not well understood. This study uses integrated models of storm-driven hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and post-storm dune recovery to assess the effectiveness of beach and dune nourishment on barrier island morphological resilience over a 30-year period, accounting for storms and a moderate amount of SLR. Results show that at the end of the 30 years, nourishment contributes to maintaining island volumes by increasing barrier height and width compared with a no-action scenario (i.e., no nourishment, only natural recovery). During storms where the collision regime was dominant, higher volumes of sand were lost from the wider beach in the nourishment scenario than in the no-action scenario. During stronger storms, nourishment reduced dune overtopping compared with the no-action scenario, allowing the island to maintain height and width. Additionally, nourishment was particularly effective in reducing breaching during back-to-back storms occurring in the same year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination of uncertainties in water level and wave height predictions for extreme storms can result in unacceptable levels of error, rendering flood hazard assessment frameworks less useful. A 2D inundation model, LISFLOOD-FP, was used to quantify sensitivity of flooding to uncertainty in coastal hazard conditions and method used to force the coastal boundary of the model. It is shown that flood inundation is more sensitive to small changes in coastal hazard conditions due to the setup of the regional model, than the approach used to apply these conditions as boundary forcing. Once the threshold for flooding is exceeded, a few centimetres increase in combined water level and wave height increases both the inundation and consequent damage costs. Improved quantification of uncertainty in inundation assessments can aid long-term coastal flood hazard mitigation and adaptation strategies, to increase confidence in knowledge of how coastlines will respond to future changes in sea-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]