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As an important factor secreted by skeletal muscle, myonectin can regulate lipid metabolism and energy metabolism, but its role in the utilization of peripheral free fatty acids (FFAs) by porcine intramuscular fat cells remains to be further investigated. In this study, porcine intramuscular adipocytes were treated with recombinant myonectin and palmitic acid (PA), either alone or in combination, and then were examined for their uptake of exogenous FFAs, intracellular lipid synthesis and catabolism, and mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. The results showed that myonectin decreased the area of lipid droplets in intramuscular adipocytes (p < 0.05) and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Moreover, myonectin can up-regulate the expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Myonectin significantly promoted the uptake of peripheral FFAs (p < 0.01), improved (p < 0.05) the expression of fatty transport protein 1 (FATP1) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in intramuscular adipocytes. Myonectin also significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression levels of fatty acid oxidation markers: transcription factor (TFAM), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and oxidative respiratory chain marker protein complex I (NADH-CoQ) in mitochondria of intramuscular adipocytes. In summary, myonectin promoted the absorption, transport, and oxidative metabolism of exogenous FFAs in mitochondria, thereby inhibiting lipid deposition in porcine intramuscular adipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the protective effects of L-theanine supplementation on the diquat-challenged weaned piglets. A total of 160 weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups using a 2 × 2 two-factor design, there were 4 replicates per group and 10 pigs per replicate. Piglets were fed diets (with 1000 mg/kg L-theanine addition or not), then challenged with diquat or saline on day 7. 21 days after challenge, two pigs from each replicate were selected for sample collection. Results showed that supplement with 1000 mg/kg L-theanine down-regulated the diarrhea rate, serum D-lactate level, tumor necrosis factor-α, and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in pigs without diquat challenge (p < 0.05). While for diquat-challenged piglets, L-theanine addition increased average daily gain, jejunum villus height, and interferon-γ level (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, L-theanine addition decreased the diarrhea rates and mortality, serum D-lactate level, and phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in diquat-challenged pigs (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that L-theanine pretreatment could alleviate diquat-induced oxidative stress and improve intestinal barrier function in diquat-challenged weaned piglets, which can be attributed to suppression of MAPK phosphorylation signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the effects of fermented bamboo powder as a new feed ingredient by replacing wheat bran in swine diets. The results indicated that there were no negative effects on the growth performance, and that it exerted beneficial effects on promoting serum biochemical and immune indices, as well as modulating the fecal microbiota of pigs, when the wheat bran was replaced by fermented bamboo powder at 5% or 10% in the control diets. These results suggest that the fermented bamboo powder could be one potential fiber-rich ingredient for growing–finishing pigs. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented bamboo powder (FBP) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immunoglobulins and inflammatory cytokines, and fecal microbial composition of growing–finishing pigs. A total of 108 barrows (initial body weight, 56.30 ± 0.55 kg) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments in a 75 d trial, including a control (CON) diet and two FBP supplementation diets. The CON diet was formulated to three-phase diets according to the body weight of pigs, and the FBP diets were formulated used 5.00% (FBP1) or 10.00% (FBP2) FBP to replace the wheat bran in the CON diet, respectively. The results showed that there were no influences on growth performances between the CON diet and FBP addition diets, whereas the 5% FBP addition decreased the feed:gain of pigs compared to the pigs fed the FBP2 diet from d 0–75 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the FBP addition increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) content in serum (linear, p < 0.05), and pigs fed the FBP1 diet had greater HDLC and IgA contents in serum than those in the pigs fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). Microbial analysis showed that the FBP addition diets decreased the abundance of Spirochaetes, and the FBP2 diet increased the abundance of Firmicutes more than the CON diet (p < 0.05). In addition, the pigs fed the FBP2 diet increased the abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Lactobacillus more than the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the FBP supplementation to the diet had no negative effects on the growth performance and exerted beneficial effects on promoting serum biochemical and immune indices, as well as modulating the fecal microbiota of pigs. Therefore, these results showed that the fermented bamboo powder could be one potential fiber-rich ingredient for growing–finishing pigs, and that the recommended addition proportion in the growing–finishing pigs' diet is 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study evaluated the effects of Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extracts as feed additives on finishing pigs. The results indicated diets supplemented with L. japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extracts improved growth performance, abundance of beneficial bacteria in feces, and digestibility of crude protein and total phosphorus in finishing pigs. These results suggest that Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extracts could be a good feed additives for finishing pigs feeding. This study aims to investigate the influence of adding Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) and Radix Puerariae crude extracts and their mixture to the diet of finishing pigs on their fecal microbes and nutrient apparent digestibility. A total of 72 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred barrows without significant differences in body weight (93 ± 2 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (18 in each group). Three replicate pens per group (six pigs per pen) were used, and two pigs were evaluated for each pen. The groups were fed the following diets: control group (CON), basic diet; chlorogenic acid group (CGA group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract; Pueraria flavonoid group (PF group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract; and mix group (Mix group), basic diet + 0.5 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract + 0.5 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract. The following results were obtained: (1) At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobaeteres, and Kiritimatiellaeota were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from phyla Firmicutes significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Treponema_2, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, uncultured_bacterium_f_Prevotellaceae, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Chao1 and Ace counts were significantly higher in group CGA than in the CON group and group Mix (p < 0.05). The alpha and beta diversities and the relative abundance of fecal microbes were higher in all test groups than in the CON group. (2) The protein digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA and PF groups than in the CON group, and the TP digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA than in the CON and Mix groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extract supplementation in the diet significantly changed fecal microbiota and improved the protein and TP digestibility of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of dietary fibre and types of indigestible markers (IM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients as well as IM recovery in diets fed to growing pigs were investigated. A total of 30 barrows (initial body weight 40.5 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to five experimental diets, based on a completely randomised block design, with body weight as a blocking factor. The five diets comprised a corn–soya bean meal basal diet, and four diets in which sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) partly replaced 10% or 20% of corn, soya bean meal and soya bean oil in the basal diet. All diets were formulated to contain two types of IM, namely 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr) and 1.0% celite as the source of acid-insoluble ash (AIA). Animals were subjected to a 7-d adaptation period, and their faeces were collected over a 5-d period using the total faecal collection (TC) method. Results showed that the AIA method determined similar ATTD of GE and nutrients as the TC method. Values of dietary nutrients determined via AIA and TC methods were significantly higher than those obtained by Cr (p < 0.05). The ATTD of GE and nutrients linearly decreased with an increased inclusion level of SBP or DFRB (p < 0.01), whereas recoveries of AIA and Cr were not affected by the aforementioned inclusions. Results from the faecal analysis revealed that AIA recovery (90.5%) was significantly higher than that of Cr (84.9%, p < 0.05), while diets with DFRB (91.3%) had significantly greater IM recovery rates than those with SBP (84.4%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the type of dietary fibre, rather than the level, significantly affects IM recovery. Notably, AIA should be preferred to Cr when using the IM method to determine ATTD of GE and nutrients for diets in growing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Marker-to-marker total fecal collection method is the reference method used to evaluate energy values of diet. • Time-based total fecal collection method determined similar energy values of fiber-rich ingredients as the reference method. • The index method will underestimate the energy values of the sugar beet pulp and the soybean hulls. The objectives of this study were to test whether the time-based total fecal collection (TC) method or the index method (IM) using acid-insoluble ash could obtain similar energy values as the reference (RF) method (TC method with marker-to-marker collection procedure) for growing pigs fed fiber-rich ingredients with different solubility. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 33.3 ± 3.4 kg) were assigned to 4 diets and each diet was fed to 6 pigs. Experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 3 fiber-rich diets which were formulated by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the basal diet with 200 g/kg defatted rice bran (DFRB), soybean hulls (SBH), and sugar beet pulp (SBP), respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 10 g/kg celite as a source of acid-insoluble ash to estimate the energy values by the IM method. Each group of pigs was adapted to diets and crates for 7 d, then followed by 5-d feces and urine collections using the time-based procedure and 5-d feces collection using the marker-to-marker procedure, then the same portion of fecal sample collected by the time-based TC method and the RF method for individual pigs were composited into a sample for the IM method. The results showed that the energy values and nutrients digestibility coefficients of each diet estimated by the time-based TC method agreed with the values estimated by the RF method; the IM method with acid-insoluble ash underestimated the energy values and nutrients digestibility coefficients of the SBH diet and the SBP diet compared with the RF method (P < 0.05); there no differences in energy values of fiber-rich ingredients with different solubility between the RF method and the time-based TC method, however, the IM method with acid-insoluble ash underestimated the energy values of SBH and SBP compared with the RF method or the time-based TC method (P < 0.05). In conclusion, results of this experiment indicated the RF method and the time-based TC method may be used to determine energy values for fiber-rich ingredients with different solubility. However, the IM method with acid-insoluble ash may underestimate the energy values and nutrient digestibility coefficients of some fiber-rich diets and ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The addition of carbohydrases was an effective strategy to improve the nutrient availability in diets of pigs. This experiment investigated the effects of two optimal carbohydrase mixtures (OCMs) on nutrient digestibility and digestible energy in growing pigs fed corn-based and wheat-based diets. These OCMs were screened based on the corn-based diet and wheat-based diet, respectively, using an in vitro method developed by our research group in previous studies. The results show that the respective OCM improved the total tract digestibility of most macronutrient and digestible energy for pigs fed both corn-based diet and wheat-based diet. These findings are useful for the rational utilization of carbohydrases in the swine industry. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimal carbohydrase mixture (OCM) on macronutrients and amino acid digestibility and the digestible energy (DE) in growing pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSM) and the wheat-soybean meal-based diet (WSM). A total of 36 ileal-cannulated pigs (50.9 ± 4.9 kg initial body weight) were allotted to four dietary treatments randomly, which included CSM and WSM diets, and two diets supplied with corresponding OCM. These OCMs were screened using an in vitro method from our previous study. After the five day adaptation period, fecal samples were collected from d six to seven, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 8 and 10. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker. The results show that the addition of OCM improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), ash, carbohydrate (CHO), neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CHO, and GE in CSM diet (p < 0.05), but reduced the apparent hindgut disappearance (AHD) of DM in CSM diet (p < 0.05). The ATTD of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and GE and the AHD of DM, CP, EE, ash, CHO, and GE in WSM diet were improved by the OCM addition (p < 0.05), whereas the AID of DM, CP, ash, CHO, and GE were decreased (p < 0.05). The respective DE contents in CSM and WSM diets were increased from 15.45 to 15.74 MJ/kg and 15.03 to 15.49 MJ/kg under the effects of OCM (p < 0.05). Similar to the trend of AID of CP, the OCM addition increased the AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ile, Thr, and Cys in CSM diet, but decreased the AID and SID of Ile, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr in WSM diet. In conclusion, the OCMs screened by an in vitro method could improve the total tract nutrient digestibility and DE for pigs fed corn-based diet or wheat-based diet but had inconsistent effects on the ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The total fecal collection method is the gold standard to estimate the energy values and nutrient digestibility of the swine diet. However, there is no standard collection duration for animals that should be sampled in swine research using the total fecal collection method. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different collection durations (3-day, 5-day, or 7-day) on energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs by time-based total fecal collection method. The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and most nutrients in diets decreased linearly as the collection duration increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection. However, there were no differences in the ATTD of GE and nutrient between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In addition, the energy values and the ATTD of GE and nutrient of high-fiber ingredients (sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB)) were also not affected by the collection durations. Therefore, the results of this research suggest that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and the ATTD of nutrient in diets containing high-fiber ingredients for growing pigs by time-based total fecal collection method. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of collection durations on the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets in growing pigs with a time-based total fecal collection method. A total of 24 barrows (body weight (BW): 31.1 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets. Diets included a corn–soybean meal (CSM) basal diet and two additional diets containing 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) by replacing corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil in the CSM diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to eight barrows for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 7-day total feces and urine collection period. The 7-day collection duration was divided into three collection phases, namely, phase 1 (days 8 to 11), phase 2 (days 11 to 13), and phase 3 (days 13 to 15). Then, similar portions of feces and urine from the different collection phases were composited into three additional samples (days 8 to 11, days 8 to 13, and days 8 to 15, respectively). The results showed that the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrient in experimental diets decreased linearly as the collection durations increased from a 3-day to a 7-day collection (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the energy values, GE, and nutrient digestibility of diets and of high-fiber ingredients between the 5-day and 7-day collection durations. In conclusion, this study suggests that a 5-day collection duration is adequate to determine the energy values and nutrient digestibility of high-fiber diets containing SBP or DFRB in growing pigs by the time-based total fecal collection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestion and gas emissions on finishing pigs. The addition of the NSPEC into a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved feed conversion ratio and increased the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and gross energy of the finishing pigs. Furthermore, the digestible energy of the diet was also increased by the NSPEC supplementation in the diet. In addition, the inclusion of NSPEC in the corn-miscellaneous meal diet reduced carbon dioxide emissions of a finishing pig house. The accumulation of manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gas emissions in a corn-miscellaneous meal-based diet for finishing pigs. The NSPEC is a combination of cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, β-mannanase, α-galactosidase and pectinase optimized by assessing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn-miscellaneous meal diet using an in vitro method of simulating digestion in the stomach and intestine of growing pigs. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy were measured. The gas concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in the environmental assessment chambers were determined. The gas detecting period was divided into three frequencies of manure removal of every 1d, 2d and 3d. The addition of NSPEC into the corn-miscellaneous meal diet decreased feed conversation rate (FCR) and increased the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of pigs (p < 0.05). The digestible energy was also improved (p < 0.05) significantly by NSPEC supplementation in the diet. Furthermore, the supplementation of the NSPEC reduced (p < 0.05) carbon dioxide concentration in the chambers. The ammonia emissions were significantly increased according to average 1d, 2d and 3d manure removal procedures (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the inclusion of optimal NSPEC in a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on finishing pigs. The accumulated manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5 d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet ( P  < 0.05) regardless of the time effect. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinctly different microbial communities on the DFRB diet and SBH diet across different times ( P  < 0.05) and the fecal microbiota of the 4 diet groups demonstrated notably distinct clusters at each time point ( P  < 0.05). With adaptation time increased from 7 to 21 d, cellulose-degrading bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae &#95;UCG-014 , Rikenellaceae &#95;RC9&#95;gut&#95;group and Bifidobacterium ) increased in the fiber inclusion diets, and pathogenic genera (e.g., Streptococcus and Selenomonas ) were increased in the basal diet ( P  < 0.05). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of growing pigs adapted more easily and quickly to the SBP diet compared to the DFRB diet, as reflected by the concentration of propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and total SCFA which increased with time for growing pigs fed the DFRB diet ( P  < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated at least 7 d adaptation was required to evaluate the energy values of fiber-rich ingredients, as the hindgut microbiota of growing pigs may need more time to adapt to a high fiber diet, especially for insoluble dietary fiber., Competing Interests: No conflict of interest exists in the submission, and all authors have approved the manuscript., (© 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.)

This study aims to investigate the influence of adding Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) and Radix Puerariae crude extracts and their mixture to the diet of finishing pigs on their fecal microbes and nutrient apparent digestibility. A total of 72 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred barrows without significant differences in body weight (93 ± 2 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (18 in each group). Three replicate pens per group (six pigs per pen) were used, and two pigs were evaluated for each pen. The groups were fed the following diets: control group (CON), basic diet; chlorogenic acid group (CGA group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract; Pueraria flavonoid group (PF group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract; and mix group (Mix group), basic diet + 0.5 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract + 0.5 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract. The following results were obtained: (1) At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobaeteres, and Kiritimatiellaeota were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from phyla Firmicutes significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Treponema&#95;2, Rikenellaceae&#95;RC9&#95;gut&#95;group, uncultured&#95;bacterium&#95;f&#95;Lachnospiraceae, uncultured&#95;bacterium&#95;f&#95;Prevotellaceae, and Prevotellaceae&#95;NK3B31&#95;group were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Chao1 and Ace counts were significantly higher in group CGA than in the CON group and group Mix (p < 0.05). The alpha and beta diversities and the relative abundance of fecal microbes were higher in all test groups than in the CON group. (2) The protein digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA and PF groups than in the CON group, and the TP digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA than in the CON and Mix groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extract supplementation in the diet significantly changed fecal microbiota and improved the protein and TP digestibility of finishing pigs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimal carbohydrase mixture (OCM) on macronutrients and amino acid digestibility and the digestible energy (DE) in growing pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSM) and the wheat-soybean meal-based diet (WSM). A total of 36 ileal-cannulated pigs (50.9 ± 4.9 kg initial body weight) were allotted to four dietary treatments randomly, which included CSM and WSM diets, and two diets supplied with corresponding OCM. These OCMs were screened using an in vitro method from our previous study. After the five day adaptation period, fecal samples were collected from d six to seven, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 8 and 10. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker. The results show that the addition of OCM improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), ash, carbohydrate (CHO), neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CHO, and GE in CSM diet ( p < 0.05), but reduced the apparent hindgut disappearance (AHD) of DM in CSM diet ( p < 0.05). The ATTD of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and GE and the AHD of DM, CP, EE, ash, CHO, and GE in WSM diet were improved by the OCM addition ( p < 0.05), whereas the AID of DM, CP, ash, CHO, and GE were decreased ( p < 0.05). The respective DE contents in CSM and WSM diets were increased from 15.45 to 15.74 MJ/kg and 15.03 to 15.49 MJ/kg under the effects of OCM ( p < 0.05). Similar to the trend of AID of CP, the OCM addition increased the AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ile, Thr, and Cys in CSM diet, but decreased the AID and SID of Ile, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr in WSM diet. In conclusion, the OCMs screened by an in vitro method could improve the total tract nutrient digestibility and DE for pigs fed corn-based diet or wheat-based diet but had inconsistent effects on the ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the non-starch polysaccharide enzymes cocktail (NSPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gas emissions in a corn-miscellaneous meal-based diet for finishing pigs. The NSPEC is a combination of cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, β-mannanase, α-galactosidase and pectinase optimized by assessing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn-miscellaneous meal diet using an in vitro method of simulating digestion in the stomach and intestine of growing pigs. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy were measured. The gas concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in the environmental assessment chambers were determined. The gas detecting period was divided into three frequencies of manure removal of every 1d, 2d and 3d. The addition of NSPEC into the corn-miscellaneous meal diet decreased feed conversation rate (FCR) and increased the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of pigs ( p < 0.05). The digestible energy was also improved ( p < 0.05) significantly by NSPEC supplementation in the diet. Furthermore, the supplementation of the NSPEC reduced ( p < 0.05) carbon dioxide concentration in the chambers. The ammonia emissions were significantly increased according to average 1d, 2d and 3d manure removal procedures ( p < 0.01). These results indicated that the inclusion of optimal NSPEC in a corn-miscellaneous meal diet improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on finishing pigs. The accumulated manure could increase the release of ammonia in a pig house.

Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites regulate key metabolic pathways that are necessary for growth, reproduction, immunity and metabolism of the body. It has been convinced that metabolic diseases are closely related to disorders of glycolipid metabolism. A growing number of studies have shown that AAs are closely related to energy metabolism. This review focuses on the effects of amino acids (arginine, branched-chain amino acids, glutamine) and their metabolites (short chain fatty acids) on glycolipid metabolism by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and GPCRs receptors, reducing intestinal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio associated with obesity., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)