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The human oral microbiome represents a diverse and intricate ecosystem comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes, ranging from digestion to immunity. Recent research endeavors have focused on delineating the composition and functions of the oral microbiome. Changes in the oral microbiome have been associated with both oral diseases (such as dental caries, periodontitis, halitosis) and systemic conditions (including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer). Despite significant advancements, numerous questions about the role of the oral microbiome in health and disease remain unanswered. Further research is imperative to explore the intricate interactions between the oral microbiome and other microbiomes within the body. Additionally, there is a need to develop targeted interventions capable of selectively modulating the oral microbiome without disrupting other beneficial microorganisms. In summary, delving into the study of the human oral microbiome has the potential to revolutionize our comprehension of health and disease, opening avenues for innovative approaches to preventive and therapeutic medicine.

Primary pelvic hydatid cysts are a rare entity and are often overlooked as a differential diagnosis of a pelvic-space-occupying lesion particularly in non-endemic regions. Unpreparedness and a hasty decision on the surgical approach may end in life-threatening complications and systemic dissemination of the disease. We report the case of a 55-year-old postmenopausal woman with a history of two previous unsuccessful surgeries to remove pelvic cystic lesions due to dense adhesions between the surrounding gut wall, bladder, and the cyst wall. Clinical and imaging findings failed to diagnose the nature of the cysts, and a laparotomy was contemplated. On the third surgical attempt, the clinical suspicion was considered and by meticulous dissection the cysts were removed thoroughly without undue complications. In the postoperative follow-up period there was no sign of disease recurrence or dissemination