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Contextualización: El agua es el recurso natural de mayor importancia. No obstante, su aprovechamiento es limitado, ya que sólo el 1% del agua del planeta es potencialmente apto para el consumo humano. En áreas rurales los sistemas de abastecimiento y conducción de aguas residuales pueden ser considerados artesanales o rudimentarios, lo cual no garantiza el flujo constante del recurso ni la calidad óptima para el consumo humano. Además, tiene efectos negativos para la salud pública y genera afectación a los recursos naturales. Vacío de conocimiento: En este sentido, este tipo de trabajos cobran importancia al describir los mecanismos asociados al recurso hídrico con los que cuentan las comunidades rurales, para que esta información, a su vez, contribuya en la formulación de propuestas desde los grupos de interés. Propósito: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal identificar los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua y sistemas de disposición de aguas residuales de la comunidad rural de la vereda Barcelona, en el municipio de Villavicencio (Meta). Metodología: La información analizada se obtuvo por medio de encuestas semiestructuradas que fueron realizadas de manera aleatoria en distintos sectores de la vereda. Resultados y conclusiones: Entre los principales resultados se encontró que la comunidad se abastece de agua por medio de aljibes (100 %) y realiza la disposición de aguas residuales mediante cuatro sistemas: pozo séptico propio (44 %); pozo séptico comunitario (20 %); pozo séptico propio y campo abierto (28 %); pozo séptico comunitario y campo abierto (8 %). Adicionalmente, la percepción de la calidad del agua varío de acuerdo con el género. El 100 % de las mujeres identificaron como de baja calidad el agua para consumo humano, y en razón de esto se abastecen de fuentes seguras para su consumo y preparación de alimentos; mientras que los hombres la identificaron como regular y el 37% la consumen directamente. Finalmente, se evidenció que el actual mecanismo de limpieza de los sistemas de disposición de aguas residuales puede convertirse en un factor de riesgo de contaminación y afectación a la salud pública.

We propose a methodology for flood mapping by remote sensing considering the alteration of the spectral response of water due to turbidity conditions using principal component analysis (PCA) of multitemporal satellite imagery limited to the visible and the near IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Crosta technique is applied to the resulting load matrix to select the PCs of interest, and to interpret the nature of the changes. Finally, it is proposed the use of linear unmixing, using the selected PCs as input, to classify the categories required for flood mapping. The proposed methodology is applied to mapping the flood areas after the tropical storm Manuel during September 2013 in Acapulco, Mexico. The proposed procedure is a more robust alternative to quotients or index-orientated approaches based on fixed spectral response of the water, e.g. the Normalized Difference Water Index. This approach can be useful to authorities, civil protection and other organizations dedicated to risk management during natural contingences to assess quickly the dimension of affected areas, without the expensive and complicated mobilization of recourses to the site, and to give a more efficient response.

The Rhipicephalus sanguineus group encompasses at least 12 validated species of Palearctic and Afrotropical hard ticks, which are relevant in veterinary medicine and public health. The taxonomy of R. sanguineus s.s., has been particularly intensely debated, due to its wide geographic distribution, morphological variants, parasite-host associations, and its capacity and vectorial competence for the transmission of several pathogens. By sequencing mitochondrial markers, it was possible to identify the existence of multiple lineages, among which the Tropical and the Temperate lineages stand out, particularly in America. However, the northern limit between these lineages is not clear due to the lack of extensive sampling across Mexico. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity and structure of the R. sanguineus group in Mexico and to compare it with the populations reported in the Americas, in order to propose the northern limit of the R. sanguineus Tropical lineage and the potential regions of sympatry with R. sanguineus s.s. The findings of this study now confirm the presence of R. sanguineus s.s. in Mexico, showing a subtle genetic structure and high genetic diversity throughout its distribution in the Americas. In contrast, the Tropical lineage seems to be genetically less diverse in its overall distribution in the Americas. The genetic diversity of these two independent lineages could have important epidemiological implications in the transmission of tick pathogens.

Purpose. To determine the effect on intraocular pressure of transpalpebral specific exogenous voltages in a cohort of open-angle glaucoma patients. Methods. This is a prospective, comparative, and experimental pilot study. The electrical stimuli applied consisted of 10 Hz, biphasic, nonrectangular current pulses (100 μA) delivered from an isolated constant current stimulator. At intake, baseline IOP measurements were obtained from each eye. The measurement was repeated before and after microstimulation until the end of the treatment. Results. Seventy-eight eyes of 46 patients diagnosed with POAG were studied: 58 eyes with maximum tolerated medical treatment and 20 eyes without treatment (naïve). The mean baseline IOP on the treated POAG group was 19.25 mmHg ± 4.71. Baseline IOP on the naïve group was 20.38 mmHg ± 3.28. At the four-month follow-up visit, the mean IOP value on the treatment group was 14.41 mmHg ± 2.06 (P

Cash crops are agricultural crops intended to be sold for profit as opposed to subsistence crops, meant to support the producer, or to support livestock. Since cash crops are intended for future sale, they translate into large financial value when considered on a wide geographical scale, so their production directly involves financial risk. At a national level, extreme weather events including destructive rain or hail, as well as drought, can have a significant impact on the overall economic balance. It is thus important to map such crops in order to set up insurance and mitigation strategies. Using locally generated data—such as municipality-level records of crop seeding—for mapping purposes implies facing a series of issues like data availability, quality, homogeneity, etc. We thus opted for a different approach relying on global datasets. Global datasets ensure homogeneity and availability of data, although sometimes at the expense of precision and accuracy. A typical global approach makes use of spaceborne remote sensing, for which different land cover classification strategies are available in literature at different levels of cost and accuracy. We selected the optimal strategy in the perspective of a global processing chain. Thanks to a specifically developed strategy for fusing unsupervised classification results with environmental constraints and other geospatial inputs including ground-based data, we managed to obtain good classification results despite the constraints placed. The overall production process was composed using “good-enough" algorithms at each step, ensuring that the precision, accuracy, and data-hunger of each algorithm was commensurate to the precision, accuracy, and amount of data available. This paper describes the tailored strategy developed on the occasion as a cooperation among different groups with diverse backgrounds, a strategy which is believed to be profitably reusable in other, similar contexts. The paper presents the problem, the constraints and the adopted solutions; it then summarizes the main findings including that efforts and costs can be saved on the side of Earth Observation data processing when additional ground-based data are available to support the mapping task.

Microesferas de quitosana podem ser empregadas na área de biomaterias, em processos biotecnológicos e como adsorventes. Neste trabalho, foi empregada a técnica de atomização e coagulação para produção dessas microesferas, que permitiu o controle dos parâmetros de operação e por conseqüência a obtenção de microesferas de tamanho e faixas de tamanho específicos. Após a sua obtenção, as microesferas foram modificadas quimicamente com objetivo de estudar as resistências térmica, mecânica e química. Para isso foram empregadas três rotas distintas: a-) reticulação com glutaraldeído; b-) reticulação com epicloridrina e c-) acetilação. As microesferas preparadas apresentaram distribuição de tamanho da ordem de 140 µm com desvio padrão de 11,9 µm. Após as modificações químicas, as microesferas apresentaram temperatura de degradação térmica em torno de 300 ºC, aumento da estabilidade química à solução de HCl, e diminuição da resistência mecânica.Chitosan microspheres can be used as biomaterial, in biotechnology processes and as adsorbents. This work is concerned with the production of chitosan microspheres using spraying and coagulation processes, which allows us to control the operating parameters and to produce chitosan microspheres of several ranges and sizes. The microspheres were modified chemically in order to study their thermal, mechanical and chemical resistance. The methods used were: 1) crosslinking with glutaraldehyde; 2) crosslinking with epichlorohydrin; 3) acetylation. The microspheres obtained presented mean particle size of 140 µm and standard deviation of 11.9 µm. The modified microspheres showed thermal degradation around 300 ºC, an increase of chemical stability using HCl solution and a decrease of mechanical resistance.

Globally, it is estimated that 20 million hectares of arable land are irrigated with water that contains residual contributions from domestic liquids. This potentially poses risks to public health and ecosystems, especially due to heavy metals, which are considered dangerous because of their potential toxicity and persistence in the environment. The Villavicencio region (Colombia) is an equatorial area where rainfall (near 3000 mm/year) and temperature (average 25.6 °C) are high. Soil processes in tropical conditions are fast and react quickly to changing conditions. Soil properties from agricultural fields irrigated with river water polluted by a variety of sources were analysed and compared to non-irrigated control soils. In this study, no physico-chemical alterations were found that gave evidence of a change due to the constant use of river water that contained wastes. This fact may be associated with the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), which contribute to fast degradation of organic matter and nutrient and contaminants (such as heavy metals) leaching, or to dilution of wastes by the river.

El artículo presenta detalles sobre la exposición "Biblioteca en guerra" presentado por la Biblioteca Nacional de España durante 2005 y 2006. El artículo también habla del volumen "Biblioteca en guerra" que es una compilación de textos y fotografías de la Guerra Civil. Según el autor, las bibliotecas son como un instrumento de libertad.

IntroductionCannabis, commonly known for both therapeutic and intoxicating effects, is gaining accessibility on legal markets and traction as a potential alternative therapy for pain mediation, particularly in those suffering from chronic low back pain. However, the effectiveness in this population of legal market forms of cannabis, particularly commonly used edibles, is unknown.MethodsTherefore, this study utilized a naturalistic prospective design where participants with chronic low back pain with intentions to initiate cannabis use for treatment were recruited and self-selected edible cannabis products containing varying amounts of delta- 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Products were categorized as CBD-dominant, THC-dominant, or combined THC and CBD (THC + CBD).Results249 participants [140 female (56.62%), mean (SD) age of 46.30 (16.02), 90% White] were tracked over 2 weeks of ad libitum use and assessed during a naturalistic acute cannabis administration session on changes in pain, mood, and subjective drug effects. During acute administration, a significant correlation between THC dose and short-term pain relief was found, suggesting that higher THC doses were associated with greater pain reduction (p < .05). In addition, THC was associated with higher levels of subjective cannabis drug effects (p < .001), regardless of whether CBD was also in the edible product. Acute CBD dose was primarily associated with short-term tension relief (p < .05); however, there were no associations between CBD dose and acute pain. Over the 2-week ad libitum administration period results suggested pain reductions across participants using all forms of cannabis. However, trends suggested that more frequent use of CBD-dominant edible cannabis may be associated with greater reductions in perceived pain over the 2-week observation period (p = .07).DiscussionThese findings support the short-term analgesic effects of THC and anxiolytic effects of CBD and further suggest that orally-administered THC and CBD should continue to be evaluated for the potential to provide both acute and extended relief from chronic low back pain.Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03522324?locStr=Boulder,%20CO&country=United%20States&state=Colorado&city=Boulder&cond=chronic%20low%20back%20pain&intr=Cannabis&rank=1, identifier NCT03522324.

Purpose: Globally, Colombia is recognized as a coffee-growing country par excellence, which entails generating a large amount of coffee waste. This narrative study aims to review the possible use of such coffee waste to obtain nutrient-rich compost following key composting processes. The final is to investigate the importance and suitability of this compost type. Method: The data collected for this study were from reviewing the scientific literature and research reports available in many reputable academic databases, i.e., Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. Reputable academic search engines like Google Scholar and ResearchGate were used to access relevant research and high-quality scientific documents. Results: The result revealed that using combinations of agro-industrial coffee waste when composted can be applied in agriculture because it provides wide-ranging nutrients, which can fertilize soil, accelerate plant growth, and even improve the nutrient content of vegetables. The SCGs used in agriculture prevent improper waste disposal by decreasing the pollution caused by the degradation of SCGs’ toxic components. Here we explore and review composting processes containing coffee waste. Conclusion: Employing coffee waste for compost implies benefits compared to landfills. The conversion of this coffee biomass waste into compost, and using it as a soil amendment, can reduce the waste volume, improve soil physico-chemical properties, enhance the nutrient use efficiency of crops, and correct the typical soil acidity of Colombian soils used for coffee production. Highlights · Colombia is recognized as the coffee-growing country par excellence. · The coffee agro-industry generates large quantities of solid waste. · Composting coffee biomass waste can act as soil amendment and enhances physico-chemical properties. · Composting is a highly effective remedy for environmental issues.

Purpose: In this study, we aim to investigate the suitability of five samples of compost extracted at various concentrations by testing for their phytotoxic response on Lactuca sativa L. We analyze relevant parameters with regards to the quality of the compost. By doing this, we hope to contribute to the attainability of clean, high-value organic fertilizer from local food waste production. Method: We set up a mini composting pilot where raw materials were classified, chopped into bits, and finally mixed. They include residues of Solanum tuberosum (potatoes), Zea mays (corn), Musa Paradisiaca (bananas), Allium cepa (onions), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Daucus carota (carrots), Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes), as well as fruits such as Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Carica papaya (papaya). Composting was run over a period of 90 days. We then measured several bromatological analyses of compost. For phytotoxicity tests of compost relative seed germination (RSG), relative radicle growth (RRG) and Germination Index GI on L. sativa were measured. Results: The prepared compost showed the following parameters: pH (8.6), OM (21.4%), C/N (11.59), EC (7.24 dS/m), Total N (1.72%), P (325.6 ppm), Al (0.1 cmol.kg−1) K (41 cmol.kg−1), Ca (8.12 cmol.kg−1), Mg (5.62 cmol.kg−1), Na (0.76 cmol.kg−1). Minor elements appeared in acceptable ranges, and do not pose any risk. Besides, the compost showed a germination rate of 112.6% on L. sativa, which allowed us to validate its high maturity. Conclusion: The compost produced stands out for its quality and efficiency, due to its low phytotoxicity, specific mixture of the materials and the processing method. The mature compost produced represents a valuable material for the acidic and nutrient-poor soils of the Colombian Piedmont. Research Highlights The generation of agri-food waste is a worldwide problem, especially in Latin America. Waste treatment technologies recover valuable materials. Composting as a circular economy strategy that contributes to sustainable food security. The compost can be highly convenient for its application in acidic and nutrient-poor soils.

Surface water resources have played a fundamental role in the development of human societies. Considering that different agricultural and industrial activities are carried out in the Acacias River basin, the main objective of this research was to analyze the influence of land use on the water quality in this area by identifying the main sources that influence river water quality. The methodology consisted of establishing 12 sampling stations with different land uses at three times. The National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) was applied to the obtained water quality evaluation data. The main results showed that the stations associated with urban centers presented a higher concentration in the following variables: fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and phosphates. The principal components analysis revealed a close relation between the parameters of fecal coliforms, phosphates and BOD, and the pollution processes by organic matter, which are probably related to domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, and to detergents in urbanized areas. The parameters with the greatest range of values were total dissolved solids and turbidity. These results coincide with what was observed in the correlation analysis. Finally, nitrates showed higher concentrations at stations 6 and 7, associated with agricultural and industrial influence areas (i.e., oil palm crops in the basin). This study about the Acacias River is, thus, extremely important for the region, and concludes that the river’s self-purifying capacity allows improved water quality in the areas where the predominant land use is not associated with human settlements.

La palma Mauritia flexuosa, dominante en los morichales, ofrece diversos servicios ecosistémicos que benefician a las comunidades humanas y la vida silvestre. Sin embargo, los impactos antrópicos afectan su integridad y, dada su potencialidad y uso como producto no maderable, se hace necesario el conocimiento de aspectos poblacionales para su conservación. Por tanto, se evaluó la estructura poblacional de M. flexuosa en un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana. Para ello, se establecieron seis transectos (20 x 50 m) en los que se midieron todos los individuos de la especie. Como resultado, se registraron 434 individuos, clasificados en cuatro clases de tamaño: plántulas (4 %), juveniles I (25 %), juveniles II (3 %) y adultos (68 %). Estos individuos presentaron una distribución espacial agregada y densidades entre 630 y 32 palmas/ha. La población refleja una tendencia hacia una baja regeneración natural y una disminución de las clases juveniles a medida que disminuye el nivel de saturación del suelo y aumenta el cierre del dosel.

Neste trabalho, investigamos o processo de avaliação de uma Casa Familiar Rural, baseada na Pedagogia da Alternância. Através de um estudo de caso, na concepção de Stake (1995), realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa através da análise do Projeto Político-Pedagógico e de entrevistas com educadores e educandos de uma escola localizada no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. As entrevistas ocorreram tanto durante o tempo escola quanto durante o tempo comunidade, uma vez que duas turmas de alunos foram selecionadas. Pela concepção de Stake, não há separação entre a produção de dados e a análise, que ocorreram de forma concomitante durante as entrevistas. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destacamos que os educandos percebem a avaliação como um processo necessário, dinâmico, envolvendo não apenas educadores e colaboradores da escola, mas também suas próprias famílias e comunidade em geral. Ficou nítida a importância de uma prática avaliativa diferenciada que atenda às necessidades e especificidades dos sujeitos do campo, promovendo a formação de cidadãos participativos.

Agricultural soils may become polluted by heavy metals as a result of receiving a significant amount of pollutants from different sources of land applications, such as fertilizers, animal manure, sewage sludge, pesticides, and wastewater irrigation. Given that information on the distribution of heavy metals (HMs) in the Piedemonte Llanero of Colombia is still quite limited, the main objectives of this work were to characterize the content of these elements and their potential pollution level in acidic soils under different agricultural systems. The hypothesis is to verify if the type of land use poses an environmental threat. To achieve these goals, the concentrations of seven metals were determined in the soils of three agricultural production systems: oil palm, pastures, and semi-annual crops. Soil contamination was evaluated based on the Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo), contamination factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Nemerov Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI). One outstanding result was that the average concentrations of HMs in the collected topsoil samples were as follows: Mn (110.5 mg kg-1), Zn (31.93 mg kg-1), Cr (8.85 mg kg-1), Ni (11.68 mg kg-1), Cu (11.28 mg kg-1), Pb (9.42 mg kg-1) and Cd (0.21 mg kg-1). The results obtained from this study provide an estimation of the pollution status of HMs. Agricultural activities, especially the overuse of phosphate fertilizer, were the main source of nutrients across the study area. This information can become a fundamental tool to establish monitoring and follow-up processes for sustainable soil management in the Piedemonte Llanero. In conclusion, the present study highlights and provides specific information in a hyperhumid environment.

La producción de cacao es una de las alternativas productivas en la región del Piedemonte llanero. El proceso de cultivo y beneficio del cacao es fundamental para las familias campesinas, el cual se realiza de manera tradicional. En zonas rurales de municipios productores de la región se evidencia el uso de diferentes sistemas tradicionales, donde el cultivo del cacao cumple un rol fundamental en la resiliencia de los pequeños cacaocultores, desde el punto de vista social y económico. Sin embargo, son escasas las investigaciones sobre los procesos de beneficio de cacao en pequeña escala. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar el proceso de beneficio del cacao en producción a pequeña escala del municipio de Guamal, en el Piedemonte llanero de Colombia, teniendo en cuenta las etapas de: cosecha, fermentación, secado y almacenamiento. La información se recolectó mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas, las cuales se llevaron a cabo en las unidades productivas de la zona rural del municipio con un cultivo de cacao menor a cuatro hectáreas, denominados pequeños productores. Los principales resultados mostraron que los pequeños agricultores cuentan con mezclas de variedades en sus cultivos, identificándose un total de ocho variedades o clones; se encontró, además, dos sistemas de fermentación: cajón de madera (82 %) y lona plástica (18 %); tres sistemas de secado: marquesina (64 %), casa Elba (29 %) y lona plástica (7 %). Asimismo, se halló que la fuerza laboral recae sobre los adultos mayores y las mujeres, y en algunas unidades productivas realizan procesos de trasformación de derivados del cacao como: bebidas alcohólicas, nibs de cacao, chocolate de mesa y compostaje. No se evidencia preocupación por la calidad final del grano, debido a que no existe un precio diferencial por implementar buenas prácticas poscosecha.

Los morichales son ecosistemas estratégicos porque almacenan una gran cantidad de C, contribuyen a la mitigación de GEI, y al cambio climático, sin embargo, han sido muy poco estudiados en la Orinoquia Colombiana. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el stock de Carbono en biomasa, necromasa y suelo de un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana. Se seleccionaron tres sectores según su etapa fenológica, palmas senescentes, adultas y juveniles, en cada sector se establecieron 2 transectos y se subdividieron en subparcelas identificadas como interior (morichal), ecotono (transición entre sabana y morichal), en las cuales se realizaron los muestreos. La biomasa se estimó con ecuaciones alométricas, se midieron individuos de M. flexuosa con DAP>10cm, especies arbóreas y arbustivas con DAP>2,5cm y en ecotono se tomaron muestras de pasturas; la necromasa caída y en pie se estimó con ecuaciones alométricas, y se tomó muestras de necromasa particulada; los valores de biomasa y necromasa se multiplicaron por el factor de carbono. El suelo se muestreo a dos profundidades 0,0 – 0,3 m y 0,3 – 0,6 m, para medir el stock de carbono se determinó el porcentaje de carbono y la densidad aparente. Los resultados muestran que el stock de carbono en el morichal es de 590,8 tC/ha, en donde el suelo es el compartimiento con mayor contribución con 436,5 tC/ha, seguido por la biomasa con 119,4 tC/ha y por último la necromasa con 35,0 tC/ha. Estos resultados muestran el papel de los morichales como sumideros naturales de carbono y la importancia de su conservación para la mitigación del cambio climático, además de proveer otros beneficios económicos y ambientales para la comunidad.

Ecological assessment of soil ecosystem services was made through indicators of provision of nutrients, amount of organic matter, and cation exchange capacity; and climate regulation, carbon storage, in the Orotoy river basin. As units that provide ecosystem services, mosaics of tropical humid forest cover, oil palm crops and cattle pastures were selected, persistent for 20 years, in windows located in the upper, middle and lower areas of the basin. Soil samples (896) were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for determining physical and chemical properties. The data were processed with the SPAW and R software. Indicators, ranging from 0 to 1, and tradeoffs were represented on a 1: 25.000 scale land cover map. It was found that in the indicator of carbon storage, the low zone obtained the highest average value (0.42); and the indicator of the ecosystem service of nutrient provision obtained close average values in the middle and lower zones, 0.33 and 0.44, correspondingly. In vegetation cover, the tropical humid forest presented the highest average values for the indicator of climate regulation (0,43). The established trade-offs from the valuation are: the upper zone is fundamental for water regulation and climate regulation throughout the basin; forest cover in the entire basin regulates the climate, oil palm crops and cattle pastures via fertilization, contribute to the surrounding forests, located in areas of less slope. In the mosaics of the multifunctional landscapes it was found that although the ecosystem services are related to the forming factors of the soil and the vegetation coverage, the influence of cultural practices on the soils is also evident; these determine trade-offs. The importance of including the ecosystem services of the soil in the processes of territorial ordering and management of landscapes like the one of the basin of the Orotoy river is verified, which in the current management scenario presents trade-offs between zones and coverages.

The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (SDGs) establish the need to guarantee quality water for all people. In numerous rural settlements of Colombia, access to clean drinking water is a formidable challenge as frequently observed when waterborne diseases arise, mainly in vulnerable populations without basic sanitation systems. The main objective of this study was to assess the quality and potential use of groundwater sampled from 17 monitored wells in a typical rural settlement in Colombia. Water quality was determined by applying a quality index and performing a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the weights of each parameter. The results of the Phosphorus, Nitrates, Thermotolerant coliforms and pH variables exceeded regulatory limits, mainly in areas affected by anthropogenic sources with an insufficient sewage network. Coliform population and NO3 exceeded World Health Organization recommended thresholds for drinking water. Therefore, the qualities of the studied water samples were unsuitable for human consumption without prior adequate treatment and, hence, one recommendation is to regulate groundwater monitoring quality. In addition, unhealthy waste disposal practices should be abolished, while permanently controlled modern techniques should be introduced.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H2O2. Five H2O2 concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Karenia selliformis and the non-toxic dinoflagellates Lepidodinium chlorophorum and Prorocentrum micans. Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H2O2 for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H2O2) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially K. selliformis, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H2O2 concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H2O2 that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments.

O presente artigo analisou como as noções sobre gênero e sexualidades têm emergido no contexto da Educação Física. Para isto foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico para situar o debate acadêmico sobre a questão. Também foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores (as) dessa disciplina. As análises dialogaram com a noção de reconhecimento de Judith Butler (2015) e com um escopo teórico pertinente a essa perspectiva. As análises apontam um número reduzido de pesquisas diante dos debates já realizados na área da Educação, de modo específico naqueles trabalhos que analisam a formação docente. As entrevistas indicaram uma apropriação incipiente de noções que se referem a gênero e sexualidades entre docentes da disciplina. Estes (as) profissionais apontam uma discussão mínima dessas noções nos processos de formação docente. Por fim, as análises finais indicam que esse contexto produz formas precárias de reconhecimento acerca dos direitos LGBTQIA+, algo que prejudica a produção de uma crítica à cisheteronormatividade e dificulta um enfrentamento mais efetivo da lgbtfobia no contexto da disciplina.

Background: Myelitis post Herpes-Zoster is a rare condition that is typically associated with immunocompromised states. It usually starts as an acute loss of sensory and motor functions below the affected spinal cord level. The condition can range in severity from a mild to a fatal presentation. Other neurological complications include meningitis, atypical presentations should encourage the search for undiagnosed immunosuppression states. The Case: We describe the case of a 42-year-old man, with previously undiagnosed HIV, who developed acute myelitis and meningitis after the appearance of the classic zoster lesions. On lumbar puncture and subsequent CSF analysis, the patient was found to have Froin's Syndrome. The patient was initiated with ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and acyclovir regimen and prophylactic antiphymic treatment was also added. After 14 days in the hospital, the fever, headache, and neck stiffness subsided while the sphincter function and lower limb paraplegia did not improve. Conclusion: Varicella zoster virus reactivation suggests underlying immunosuppression. This case demonstrates the importance of being cognizant to the wide range of clinical manifestations that may suggest spinal cord involvement after clinical reactivation. Furthermore, physicians also need to be mindful that Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and other immunodeficiency states could present with atypical clinical manifestations.

O presente artigo analisou os desafios do desenvolvimento psicossocial no contexto da educação básica, a partir de discursos acerca de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Como metodologia de pesquisa, elegeu-se o levantamento bibliográfico, bem como a entrevista narrativa com uma mãe de duas crianças diagnosticadas com a Síndrome de Asperger, que entendemos dentro do TEA. Utilizamos a noção de reconhecimento a partir de Butler (2015) para dialogar com os objetivos da pesquisa. Os resultados indicaram como os processos de reconhecimento das pessoas com deficiência no contexto escolar ainda são insuficientes, por isso exigem formas de resistências aos discursos de assujeitamento destas pessoas. As investigações também indicaram a importância de cooperação entre familiares e profissionais da educação para o reconhecimento das pessoas com deficiência. Por fim, as análises destacaram a luta de uma mãe, mobilizada pela razão e pelos afetos, nas relações de poder e resistência no contexto de uma educação inclusiva ainda insuficiente.

Background. Micromammals are reservoirs of zoonotic parasites such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminths. Objective. To present a review of the published literature on the study of zoonotic (or potential zoonotic) parasites of micromammals in the Yucatan Peninsula (PYU), Mexico, conducted by research groups of the Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CCBA) of the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY). Main findings. Thirty-two scientific contributions published from January 2002 to May 2020 were identified. Parasites such as viruses (Flavivirus spp.), bacteria (Rickettsia spp., Leptospira spp.), protozoans (Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii) and helminths (Hymenolepis spp., Hydatigera taeniaeformis), were studied. These parasites were identified in 15 micromammal species, including rodents Mus musculus, Rattus rattus (Muridae), Heteromys gaumeri (Heteromyidae), Peromyscus yucatanicus, Sigmodon toltecus, Ototylomys phyllotis and Mesocricetus auratus (Cricetidae), Sciurus yucatanensis (Sciuridae), the marsupial Didelphis virginiana (Didelphidae), the coati Nasua narica (Procyonidae), the grison Galictis vittata (Mustelidae), and the bats Artibeus jamaicensis, Chiroderma villosum, Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae) and Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Mormoopidae). Implications. Micromammals from the PYU harbor several zoonotic parasites which represent a public health risk. Conclusion. Thirty-two studies have been published by researchers of the CCBA-UADY that have increased the knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of zoonotic parasites of micromammals in the PYU.

Existen retos importantes para la puesta en marcha de proyectos académicos con enfoque transdisciplinar. En este texto se reflexiona en torno a una experiencia de organización del trabajo transdisciplinar que puede aplicarse a la docencia, la investigación y la vinculación. Primero se presenta una revisión del proceso que llevó al predominio de la lógica disciplinar para luego mostrar cómo la complejidad es la vía más adecuada para transitar a la transdisciplinariedad. Posteriormente se aborda la experiencia sobre la gestión de un equipo para la intervención e investigación trasdisciplinar. Finalmente se concluye sobre algunos de los retos de la organización universitaria para iniciativas de esta naturaleza.

Owing to data scarcity, the soil properties of the Colombian “Piedemonte Llanero” are poorly quantified. To provide basic information about how pedogenic properties along a steeply sloped and perhumid landscape are related to its use (which can help lead toward better management and establishment of a sustainable crop production system), this work addresses the characterization of the morphogenetic and chemical features of selected Piedemonte Llanero soils. Research was conducted in a sequence of soils composed of four profiles located in a transect of 200–1800 m of altitude. After macromorphologically identifying, describing, and analyzing soils based on these data, soil weathering and general fertility were interpreted. Ultisols, Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols were fundamentally identified according to Soil Taxonomy; that is, Lixisols, Cambisols, Umbrisols, and Ferralsols, according to IUSS Working Group WRB (2015). The dominant effect of humidity attributes in soil formation, with slope and slope gradients, was the major controlling factor for the contrasting soil genesis and properties along the watershed sequence. The acid character, low cation exchange capacity, and degree of saturation stood out, and, including the inherent increase in Al3+ of change, were the most outstanding characters. The data obtained by this study present a substantial basis for good land use planning and will facilitate technology to be transferred from one area to another with a similar environmental picture.

O artigo examina, a partir de resultados de pesquisa, a constituição do tecido do Estado brasileiro, no âmbito da interação público e privado, na oferta de creche, buscando compreender as lógicas de expansão do acesso explicitadas nos Planos Municipais de Educação formulados e/ou reformulados em 2015, por determinação do art. 8˚ da Lei n˚ 13.005/2014, que institui o Plano Nacional de Educação para a década de 2014-2024. Discute-se, ainda, a partir de uma amostra estatística de 169 municípios, os possíveis fatores explicativos de escolhas expressas pelos documentos decenais, no que tange a essa etapa educacional.

Este artigo resultou de uma pesquisa de mestrado que investigou a lesbofobia no ensino superior. Os dados foram produzidos por um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema, pela participação em grupos afins à questão e por entrevistas narrativas com mulheres universitárias que se identificam como lésbicas ou bissexuais. Os diálogos teóricos se deram com autoras do campo das lesbianidades numa perspectiva pós-estruturalista. Percebemos que na universidade os processos de reconhecimento das experiências lésbicas e da lesbofobia são precários, indicando ser preciso questionar sobre os limites de uma educação que se propõe democrática, participativa e não heteronormativa.

Os relatos de pessoas trans sobre educação têm exposto insuficiências da formação docente que precisam ser problematizadas. No presente artigo analisamos como o discurso transfóbico impede ou dificulta extremamente a produção de inteligibilidade de formas de existência para além da cisheteronormatividade. Nossos diálogos teóricos foram realizados a partir de Judith Butler e Michel Foucault, bem como autoras trans que analisam o contexto escolar. Estas, com suas experiências, mobilizam e desenham transformações de regimes de verdade bem como podem contribuir no combate do discurso transfóbico. Por fim, destacamos um desafio posto à formação docente: aprender a deixar em aberto nossas definições sobre as sexualidades, abrindo-se às autodefinições de pessoas trans. Desse modo, nos propomos ao exercício de aprender com autoras trans sobre uma educação não transfóbica, de aprender como suas experiências podem produzir posições críticas no contexto da formação docente.

Water scarcity has increased in the last century due to the effects of climate change and the over-exploitation of anthropic activities that deteriorate strategic ecosystems in watersheds. This study quantified the water consumption of anthropic activities according to the water footprint (WF) and the water supply available (WSA) using the GR2M hydrological simulation model in the Quenane-Quenanito basin in Colombia. The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamic supply–demand of water and identify potential conflicts associated with the use of water. The results of this study show that the WF of the basin was 17.01 million m 3 /year, 79.97% of which was the green WF and 20.03% of which was the blue WF, and that the WSA of the basin was 272.1 million m 3 /year. In addition, potential conflicts over the use of water were identified due to water scarcity in 11 sub-basins during the months of January to March. In conclusion, analyzing the demand and supply of water in basins and taking into account their spatiotemporal distribution allows us to measure the impacts of anthropic activities on water resources, which can prevent potential conflicts associated with the use of water between sectors or the involvement of ecological dynamics.

En el presente trabajo se ha aplicado el modelo hidrológico MIKE-SHE, para simular procesos de escorrentía de agua de la cuenca hidrológica del río Teapa, en el sureste de México. La cuenca tiene un clima tropical húmedo, altas pendientes y una escasa presencia de núcleos urbanos. Existe información detallada sobre las condiciones climáticas, topografía, de vegetación y suelos de la cuenca, así como datos del régimen hidrológico del río Teapa. Se ha implementado el modelo MIKE-SHE, principalmente por la gran capacidad de procesamiento de la información detallada de las cuencas. El proceso de simulación del régimen hidrológico del río Teapa comprende dos etapas de cálculo: la calibración del modelo, que tiene como finalidad obtener un buen ajuste entre los datos observados y los calculados, lo cual se logra mediante modificación de algunos de los parámetros iniciales relacionados con las propiedades físicas de los suelos y con la rugosidad hidráulica de la superficie y cauces; la validación del modelo consiste en la aplicación del mismo en un periodo sin calibración y la comparación de los gastos calculados y observados. Los resultados de la simulación señalan que en el proceso de validación del modelo MIKE-SHE se logró un ajuste entre los gastos del río Teapa medios y máximos mensuales, obteniendo un coeficiente de determinación R2 = 0.81. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado buen ajuste de los gastos diarios con R2 = 0.62

Los recursos de la biodiversidad en los territorios son de vital importancia para el desarrollo socioeconómico y más aún cuando gran parte de su población depende de ellos, como es el caso de la Orinoquia Colombiana, región que cuenta con bosques compuestos por un género del árbol de Copaiba (Copaifera spp.) que origina un producto forestal no maderable, la oleorresina de copaiba o “aceite de palo”. Este artículo aborda un comparativo entre el conocimiento tradicional y científico alrededor de las propiedades y usos dados a la oleorresina de Copaiba, con base en comunidades rurales de los municipios de San Martín y Mapiripán, en el departamento del Meta – Colombia y publicaciones científicas actuales que abordan la temática específica. En el estudio se halló que gran parte de las propiedades atribuidas por la comunidad rural han sido investigadas con resultados que reafirman los usos tradicionales como medicamento en seres humanos, evidenciando también su utilización en animales. Se afirma entonces que la oleorresina de copaiba presenta principalmente propiedades benéficas para el sistema dérmico y gástrico. En su uso por parte de las comunidades rurales, especialmente población adulta, en un gran porcentaje (80%), la ingiere en dosificaciones que van desde 3 a 20 gotas diarias, mientras que tan solo un 20% hace aplicación dérmica superficial. La variedad en el uso de la Oleorresina proveniente del género Copaiba y la necesidad de seguir profundizando en las propiedades medicinales que ofrece, pueden convertirse en una alternativa para su conservación y uso en áreas rurales donde se encuentra en el departamento del Meta.

Neste artigo, tratamos da experiência de implantação do ensino médio politécnico em uma Escola do Campo, E. E. E. M. Antônio Conselheiro, situada no Assentamento Bom Será, em Santana do Livramento/RS. Buscamos compreender se o instrumento Seminário Integrado, componente curricular do Ensino Médio Politécnico, pode se tornar um espaço de pesquisa e intervenção na realidade da educação do campo. Para tanto, utilizou-se o Método Estudo de Caso. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 21 educandos do curso, uma educadora e a diretora da escola. Além disto, foi utilizada a técnica da observação e anotação em diário de campo. Percebemos que, na escola estudada, há iniciativas para construir um desenho curricular que fomente a autonomia e a auto-organização dos educandos para participar da gestão escolar e das atividades sociais comunitárias e, atuar na realidade. Neste contexto, o componente Seminário Integrado vai além de integrar os conhecimentos escolares, pois possibilita um espaço de estudo, discussão e intervenção sobre questões da realidade local, seja da memória e pertença as comunidades, seja das questões de modelo de produção agrícola, ou mesmo da convivência e auto-organização dos educandos diante da situação da escola. Este componente, portanto, estava constituindo-se como espaço com potencial para legitimar ações de pesquisa e intervenção na realidade no ensino médio da escola do campo.

La escasez de agua es un factor limitante para la agricultura. Conforme la competencia por este recurso se intensifica, el sector agrícola debe hacer un uso más eficiente. Se estima la productividad del agua en frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) producido en Calera y Villa de Cos, Zacatecas, con base en la metodología establecida por Ríos et al. (2015). La productividad física fue 0.118 kg m-3, es decir, 8 442 L kg-1 de frijol para el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural 189 Zacatecas. El precio del metro cúbico para riego fue $0.48 m-3 y utilidad bruta MN$1.88m-3. Se concluye que la productividad agrícola del agua en frijol fue baja, por lo que la producción de frijol en bombeo es insostenible.

Little information is available on the beneficial effects of cholecalciferol treatment in comorbid patients hospitalized for COVID-19. The aim of this study was to retrospectively examine the clinical outcome of patients receiving in-hospital high-dose bolus cholecalciferol. Patients with a positive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and overt COVID-19, hospitalized from 15 March to 20 April 2020, were considered. Based on clinical characteristics, they were supplemented (or not) with 400,000 IU bolus oral cholecalciferol (200,000 IU administered in two consecutive days) and the composite outcome (transfer to intensive care unit; ICU and/or death) was recorded. Ninety-one patients (aged 74 ± 13 years) with COVID-19 were included in this retrospective study. Fifty (54.9%) patients presented with two or more comorbid diseases. Based on the decision of the referring physician, 36 (39.6%) patients were treated with vitamin D. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a significant predictive power of the four variables: (a) low (p < 0.0001). Over the follow-up period (14 ± 10 days), 27 (29.7%) patients were transferred to the ICU and 22 (24.2%) died (16 prior to ICU and six in ICU). Overall, 43 (47.3%) patients experienced the combined endpoint of transfer to ICU and/or death. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the comorbidity burden significantly modified the effect of vitamin D treatment on the study outcome, both in crude (p = 0.033) and propensity score-adjusted analyses (p = 0.039), so the positive effect of high-dose cholecalciferol on the combined endpoint was significantly amplified with increasing comorbidity burden. This hypothesis-generating study warrants the formal evaluation (i.e., clinical trial) of the potential benefit that cholecalciferol can offer in these comorbid COVID-19 patients.

Los briófitos, especialmente musgos y hepáticas, son plantas no vasculares que han sido estudiados como bioindicadores de contaminación urbana ya que, por deposición atmosférica, retienen en sus tejidos gran cantidad de contaminantes producto de la actividad antrópica. Se realizó un muestreo de musgos y hepáticas presentes en la ciudad de Villavicencio (Meta-Colombia), con el fin de analizar la variabilidad espacial de las concentraciones de plomo retenidas en el tejido vegetal. Se estableció un muestreo en 59 puntos a lo largo de la ciudad, agrupándolos en cuatro zonas según su actividad principal: comerciales, residenciales, seminaturales y vías principales. En la identificación taxonómica se encontró que los géneros Fabronia sp. (Fabroniaceae) y Frullania sp. (Frullaniaceae), fueron los más abundantes. Las zonas de vías principales y comerciales presentaron las mayores concentraciones promedio de plomo de 12.62 mgKg-1 y 20.69 mgKg-1, respectivamente, estas zonas se caracterizaron por un alto flujo vehicular y oferta de servicios de mecánica automotriz que no cuentan con sistemas de gestión de residuos propios de la actividad. La comparación de las varianzas de las zonas estudiadas se realizó con el test estadístico ANDEVA que arrojó un valor p de 0.0028

La escasez de agua limita la agricultura, por lo que su uso debe ser más eficiente en la producción de alimentos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la productividad económica, física y social del agua del cultivo de durazno (Prunus persica L. Batsch), en la región del Distrito de Desarrollo Rural 183 —correspondiente a Fresnillo, Zacatecas— para el ciclo 2012; se desarrollaron modelos matemáticos para estimar la productividad y eficiencia del agua. En Zacatecas se cosecharon 817 ha de durazno; mismas que produjeron 3,954.1 t; con un valor de $32.79 millones de pesos, utilizando un total de 8.17 Mm3 en todo el estado; mientras que en el DDR183-Fresnillo (compuesto por los municipios Fresnillo y Valparaíso) se emplearon 3.39 Mm3. La determinación de la huella hídrica azul mostró que, por cada kg de durazno se emplearon 2,066 L en Zacatecas, 2,000 L en Fresnillo, y 1,851 L en Valparaíso. En cuanto al ingreso por metro cúbico, se determinó que en Zacatecas se obtuvo un ingreso de $4.01 m-3, $4.38 m-3 en Fresnillo y $4.83 m-3 en Valparaíso. Mientras, la productividad laboral en Zacatecas fue 97.53 h t-1, en Fresnillo 94.40 h t-1, y en Valparaíso 87.35 h t-1. El trabajador adscrito a la producción de durazno en Zacatecas generó $97.53 h-1, en Fresnillo $94.40 h-1, y $87.35 h-1 en Valparaíso. La producción de durazno en Valparaíso resultó altamente eficiente y productiva, lo que se tradujo en una menor huella hídrica; ello promueve la sustentabilidad del recurso agua en esa región.

Los roedores sinantrópicos participan en el ciclo infeccioso de numerosas enfermedades zoonóticas de importancia a nivel mundial y nacional, ya sea como reservorios, hospederos intermediarios u hospederos de los ectoparásitos vectores que transmiten a los agentes etiológicos. En Yucatán, México, las especies más frecuentes son Rattus rattus y Mus musculus, los cuales han sido identificados en medios rurales, sub-urbanos y urbanos. En los últimos años en Yucatán, se han realizado distintos estudios epidemiológicos en los que se han descrito a estos roedores como positivos a diversos agentes zoonóticos de relevancia en salud pública y animal. El objetivo de la presente revisión es caracterizar los agentes infecciosos reportados en estas investigaciones, para manifestar la importancia de los roedores sinantrópicos en la diseminación y/o control de las enfermedades endémicas en la región.

El concepto de economía verde es una de las estrategias globales para enfrentar las crisis económica y ambiental que sufren las sociedades contemporáneas. Metodológicamente, se aborda la conceptualización, los objetivos, la implementación y las críticas de diversos sectores de la sociedad a este nuevo paradigma económico. Se halló que autores y organizaciones civiles tienen grandes expectativas frente a los retos y desafíos de esta estrategia global que tiene dentro de sus objetivos la sustentabilidad, la erradicación de la pobreza y la inclusión de sectores sociales vulnerables. Se concluye que la economía verde puede aportar al mantenimiento de un ambiente sano y al uso adecuado de los servicios ecosistémicos, tanto para la generación presente como para las generaciones futuras.

Se presentan los fundamentos teóricos conceptuales de una propuesta metodológica sustentada en la gestión por competencias, con el objetivo de potenciar el talento humano de los dirigentes barriales, para que realicen un trabajo efectivo en los siguientes ámbitos: relaciones intra e interpersonales, integración barrial y participación ciudadana proactiva en la formulación, planificación, ejecución, seguimiento y control de las políticas públicas tendientes a cumplir los derechos del buen vivir en las organizaciones barriales, así como la gestión de estas. La propuesta se sustenta en siete principios, cuatro dimensiones, tres premisas, dos fases y siete etapas que orientan las esferas de actuación de dichos directivos. Se utilizaron los métodos lógico y el análisis documental. Su aplicación fortalece la iniciativa del buen vivir, imbricada en varios instrumentos como el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir 2013-2017, leyes, ordenanzas y planes locales, a partir del trabajo efectivo de los dirigentes barriales para contribuir desde su entorno al cambio hacia una sociedad activa, participativa, incluyente y comprometida en construir la sociedad del buen vivir.

Resumo Baseado em recorte de pesquisa desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação apresentado à Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, o estudo investigou como a laicidade do Estado brasileiro e a diversidade religiosa foram abordadas nos Encontros de Metodologia e Filosofia de Ensino Religioso nas tricentenárias cidades de Ouro Preto e Mariana (MG). A formação era oferecida aos professores de ensino religioso das redes pública e privada pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação/SRE Ouro Preto e Arquidiocese de Mariana. Adotou-se análise qualitativa, pesquisa documental, observação-participante, entrevista semiestruturada e questionários para identificar a proposta pedagógica das reuniões e compreender e analisar como a diversidade religiosa e o conceito de Estado laico eram abordados. Os resultados mostraram que a diversidade religiosa não foi respeitada, o Estado não regulou tais práticas pedagógicas e que as formações podem ser consideradas inadequadas para formação de professores, considerando os princípios da escola pública e laica. Palavras-chave: Ensino Religioso; Laicidade; Diversidade Religiosa. Secularity of Education in question: religious education meetings in Ouro Preto and Mariana cities Abstract Based on part of a research carried cut in the Graduate Program in Education presented to the Federal University of Ouro Preto, the study investigated how the secular nature of the Brazilian State and religious diversity were addressed in the Methodology Meetings and Religious Teaching of Philosophy in the three hundred years cities of Ouro Preto and Mariana (MG). The training was offered to religious education teachers in public and private schools by the Ministry of Education/SRE Ouro Preto and Mariana Archdiocese. It was adopted a qualitative analysis, documentary research, participant observation, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to identify the pedagogical proposal of the meetings and understand and analyze how religious diversity and the concept of secular state were addressed. The results showed that religious diversity is not respected, the state did not regulate such teaching practices and that training may be considered inadequate teacher training, considering the principles of public and secular school. Keywords: Religious Education; Secularity; Religious Diversity.

The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence rate, the cumulative incidence of Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and the frequency of macroscopic and microscopic lesions of PMWS and PDNS in pigs in a farm in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. A group of production consisting of 235 pigs was observed from 4 to 22 weeks of life to determine the number of new cases compatible with the PMWS and PDNS. In addition pigs necropsied on the farm that were discarded and with signs consistent with syndromes studied. 80 pigs were studied, the organs inspected during the necropsy were the lungs, lymphonodes, spleen, liver, tonsils, ileum, kidneys and skin, samples of all organs were obtained for histopathological studies. The results were: 14 pigs with signs consistent with syndromes mentioned, 7 with the PMWS and 7 with the PDNS. The cumulate incidence and incidence rate for both syndromes was 0.06 and 0.0034 respectively. 5 pigs died, the lethality rate calculated for PMWS y PDNS was 0.4 and 0.3 respectively. The average time elapsed since the start of the observation period until the pigs sick with the PMWS and PDNS were 13.8 and 16.8 weeks respectively. The principal organ affected were the lymphonodes (100%) where the main macroscopic injury was a lymphadenomegaly with diffuse edema (56%) and the microscopic was a histiocytic lymphadenitis with lymphoid atrophy (64%)