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Soil salinity, a severe environmental factor, significantly reduces the productivity of crop plants by increasing salt and mineral fertilizer concentrations in the soil. As a result, the development of sustainable slow-release mineral fertilizers (SRFs) is critical for addressing salt-affected soils. This study aimed to synthesize struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) into hydrogel beads made from sodium alginate-poly (acrylic acid) in the absence (Sa@S) and presence (Sa@SHa) of humic acid (HA). The optimal conditions for struvite formation were at pH 9.0, resulting in a remarkable 73.21 %, 98.74 %, and 99.20 % for Mg, NH4-N and P removal, respectively. The SRFs study demonstrated that struvite had a significant release of Mg, P, and NH4-N, notably higher (P ≤ 0.05) than Sa@S and Sa@SHa. Experiments on swelling and soil water loss demonstrated that Sa@S yielded higher results in comparison to Sa@SHa. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to study the impact of Sa@S and Sa@SHa on saline soil parameters over 20 days of incubation. The results showed both encapsulated struvite hydrogel beads reduced soil salinity, as indicated by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Additionally, a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium (Na) was observed for both hydrogel bead encapsulation treatments compared to the control soil. However, no apparent variance was observed in pH and soil organic carbon (SOC). Moreover, the levels of available phosphorus (P), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) in the soil were observed to be increased (P ≤ 0.05).

This study examined the urinary excretion of tetrodotoxin (TTX) modeled in a porcine renal proximal tubule epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1. Time course profiles of TTX excretion and reabsorption across the cell monolayers at 37 °C showed that the amount of TTX transported increased linearly for 60 min. However, at 4 °C, the amount of TTX transported was approximately 20% of the value at 37 °C. These results indicate that TTX transport is both a transcellular and carrier-mediated process. Using a transport inhibition assay in which cell monolayers were incubated with 50 µM TTX and 5 mM of a transport inhibitor at 37 °C for 30 min, urinary excretion was significantly reduced by probenecid, tetraethylammonium (TEA), l-carnitine, and cimetidine, slightly reduced by p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), and unaffected by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), oxaliplatin, and cefalexin. Renal reabsorption was significantly reduced by PAH, but was unaffected by probenecid, TEA and l-carnitine. These findings indicate that TTX is primarily excreted by organic cation transporters (OCTs) and organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), partially transported by organic anion transporters (OATs) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and negligibly transported by multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters (MATEs).

This study developed a polymeric composite, sodium alginate (SA)/poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) cross-linked with FeCl3 (SA/PAA-Fe), for its function as adsorbent to eliminate acid black 1 dye (AB1) from an aqueous solution. The structural analysis of SA/PAA-Fe revealed a porous structure. To comprehensively evaluate the adsorption of AB1 onto SA/PAA-Fe and gain insight into its mechanism, we examined the effects of solution’s pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and adsorption temperature. The best adsorption conditions for achieving a highly effective removal percentage of 95.43 % were a pH of 8.9, contact period of 90 min, and a temperature of 45 °C. Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models were fitted for the isotherm and kinetic model parameters, respectively. Thermodynamic analyses strongly suggested that the adsorption process occurred was endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption of AB1 was primarily observed on the solid surface, as confirmed by the SEM-EDS and FTIR measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the urinary excretion of tetrodotoxin (TTX) modeled in a porcine renal proximal tubule epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1. Time course profiles of TTX excretion and reabsorption across the cell monolayers at 37 °C showed that the amount of TTX transported increased linearly for 60 min. However, at 4 °C, the amount of TTX transported was approximately 20% of the value at 37 °C. These results indicate that TTX transport is both a transcellular and carrier-mediated process. Using a transport inhibition assay in which cell monolayers were incubated with 50 μM TTX and 5 mM of a transport inhibitor at 37 °C for 30 min, urinary excretion was significantly reduced by probenecid, tetraethylammonium (TEA), L-carnitine, and cimetidine, slightly reduced by p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), and unaffected by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), oxaliplatin, and cefalexin. Renal reabsorption was significantly reduced by PAH, but was unaffected by probenecid, TEA and L-carnitine. These findings indicate that TTX is primarily excreted by organic cation transporters (OCTs) and organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), partially transported by organic anion transporters (OATs) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and negligibly transported by multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters (MATEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]