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Ferrocene and its derivatives, especially ferrocene‐based coordination polymers (Fc‐CPs), offer the benefits of high thermal stability, two stable redox states, fast electron transfer, and excellent charge/discharge efficiency, thus holding great promise for electrochemical applications. Herein, we describe the synthesis and electrochemical applications of Fc‐CPs and reveal how the incorporation of ferrocene units into coordination polymers containing other metals results in unprecedented properties. Moreover, we discuss the usage of Fc‐CPs in supercapacitors, batteries, and sensors as well as further applications of these polymers, for example in electrocatalysts, water purification systems, adsorption/storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As redox‐active based supercapacitors are known as highly desirable next‐generation supercapacitor electrodes, the targeted design of two ferrocene‐functionalized (Fc(COOH)2) clusters based on coinage metals, [(PPh3)2AgO2CFcCO2Ag(PPh3)2]2⋅7 CH3OH (SC1: super capacitor) and [(PPh3)3CuO2CFcCO2Cu(PPh3)3]⋅3 CH3OH (SC2), is reported. Both structures are fully characterized by various techniques. The structures are utilized as energy storage electrode materials, giving 130 F g−1 and 210 F g−1 specific capacitance at 1.5 A g−1 in Na2SO4 electrolyte, respectively. The obtained results show that the presence of CuI instead of AgI improves the supercapacitive performance of the cluster. Further, to improve the conductivity, the PSC2 ([(PPh3)2CuO2CFcCO2]∞), a polymeric structure of SC2, was synthesized and used as an energy storage electrode. PSC2 displays high conductivity and gives 455 F g−1 capacitance at 3 A g−1. The PSC2 as a supercapacitor electrode presents a high power density (2416 W kg−1), high energy density (161 Wh kg−1), and long cycle life over 4000 cycles (93 %). These results could lead to the amplification of high‐performance supercapacitors in new areas to develop real applications and stimulate the use of the targeted design of coordination polymers without hybridization or compositions with additive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one dimensional high-nucleus silver polymer (SSc: silver supercapacitor) was designed by a simple and single-step synthesis. This stable highly conductive metallic polymer without any modification steps such as pyrolysis or doping provides a desirable path for electron transfer and shows high capacitance as a non-hybrid electrode (specific capacitance of 827 F g−1 at 5 A g−1). This polymer could tolerate low to high scan rates (200 mV s−1 to 1 V s−1) and exhibit rectangular cyclic voltammetry shapes, high power density and long cycle life over 5000 cycles (90.7%). These results could promise the development of new types of high-performance supercapacitors by overcoming the low conductivity and the limited capacity challenges of known structures without the need for any modification which is unique in non-hybrid electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce high-performance polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite supercapacitors based on gamma aluminum oxide (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) and gamma iron (III) oxide (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles with a high specific surface area. PANI and its polymer nanocomposites are synthesized via in situ electropolymerization on gold electrodes. The structures and morphologies are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and EDX. The electrochemical properties and specific surface area of the electrodes are investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and BET theory. The enhanced specific capacitance with higher surface area and conductivities is observed in PANI/γ-Fe 2 O 3 (342 F/g), PANI/γ-Al 2 O 3 (292 F/g) and PANI (180 F/g) electrodes with a constant current density of 1A/g. The cyclic performance of the PANI electrodes following 8000 cycles of operations were at 87% (PANI), 91% (PANI/γ-Al 2 O 3 ), and 93% (PANI/γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) of their initial capacitance. In addition, higher specific capacitances, higher conductivity and cyclic self-stabilities observed for the PANI/nanocomposite electrodes can provide new opportunities in the field of energy storage and supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole-based gamma aluminum oxide (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) and gamma iron (III) oxide (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ electropolymerization methods Films were characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ spectroelectrochemistry methods such as in situ UV–Visible spectroscopy and in situ conductivity measurements. Polymer nanocomposite structures and morphologies were studied and characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the CV results of the nanocomposites, the separation of anodic and cathodic peak potential of the redox couples (ΔE) exhibited good reversibility with a positive potential shift compared with PPy during redox sweeps. The electrochemical properties of PPy, PPy/γ-Fe 2 O 3, and PPy/γ-Al 2 O 3 nanocomposite electrodes in a solution of H 2 SO 4 were studied via CV, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and EIS measurements to understand the pseudocapacitance that formed due to oxidation and reduction reactions over the double layer capacitance. Results for the nanocomposites revealed that they were very good candidates for supercapacitor applications, with higher specific capacitances, cyclic self-stabilities, and better rate capabilities than those of PPy films. The specific capacitance values of PPy/γ-Fe 2 O 3 (106 F/g) and PPy/γ-Al 2 O 3 (92 F/g) nanocomposites based on a three-electrode cell configuration from galvanostatic charge–discharge at a constant current density of 1 A/g were higher than that for PPy (75 F/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As redox-active based supercapacitors are known as highly desirable next-generation supercapacitor electrodes, the targeted design of two ferrocene-functionalized (Fc(COOH) 2 ) clusters based on coinage metals, [(PPh 3 ) 2 AgO 2 CFcCO 2 Ag(PPh 3 ) 2 ] 2 ⋅7 CH 3 OH (SC 1 : super capacitor) and [(PPh 3 ) 3 CuO 2 CFcCO 2 Cu(PPh 3 ) 3 ]⋅3 CH 3 OH (SC 2 ), is reported. Both structures are fully characterized by various techniques. The structures are utilized as energy storage electrode materials, giving 130 F g -1 and 210 F g -1 specific capacitance at 1.5 A g -1 in Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte, respectively. The obtained results show that the presence of Cu I instead of Ag I improves the supercapacitive performance of the cluster. Further, to improve the conductivity, the PSC 2 ([(PPh 3 ) 2 CuO 2 CFcCO 2 ] ∞ ), a polymeric structure of SC 2 , was synthesized and used as an energy storage electrode. PSC 2 displays high conductivity and gives 455 F g -1 capacitance at 3 A g -1 . The PSC 2 as a supercapacitor electrode presents a high power density (2416 W kg -1 ), high energy density (161 Wh kg -1 ), and long cycle life over 4000 cycles (93 %). These results could lead to the amplification of high-performance supercapacitors in new areas to develop real applications and stimulate the use of the targeted design of coordination polymers without hybridization or compositions with additive materials., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)