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This study investigates the impact of splitter plates on drag reduction in square-faced bodies using a water flow channel with three different splitter plate lengths: 2.5 cm, 1.8 cm, and 1.25 cm. The height and thickness were kept constant at 2.5 cm and 3 mm. Reynolds numbers ranging from 8977.5 to 3847.5 were tested. Results showed that increasing the Reynolds number increased the pressure hill height for both splitter plates forward as well backward. In the first case the forward splitter plate, shorter lengths resulted in reduced pressure hill heights. For the backward splitter plate, longer lengths led to larger pressure hill heights. The best drag reduction effect is got when the splitter plate length and the model length are of equal length. Overall, the effective drag reduction effect is shown by the backward splitter plate compared to the forward, the difference in value is almost 30%. These results are eminent for getting a perception of relation that exist between splitter plate length and drag reduction in square-faced bodies.

The desire for a carbon-free planet has prompted a few experts to advocate for the most abundant energy known to us i.e Solar Energy. There are lots of solar powered energy systems in which the solar chimney power plant has been significant among passive methods in generating carbon free power. There are many attempts taken both experimentally as well as theoretically in developing efficient solar chimneys. This article reviews the major activities carried out in the various topographical regions covering significant research articles. In addition, the survey focuses on experimental research, understanding and recreational works, applications, and analogous work references, all of which are based on a broad range reference. Further, discussion on the research gap in each of the section is included with recommendations for future enhancement of this technology.

The nexus between government spending and economic growth has remained a hot topic of discussion when Wagner (1958) stated about the 'demand following response' hypothesis, whereas Keynes (1936) advocated the 'supply leading response' hypothesis. Other two hypotheses are contemporaneous relationship, and neutrality or independence between government spending and economic growth. In the wake of the recent global economic crisis it is pertinent to analyze the nexus between government spending and economic growth to ascertain the implication of fiscal expansion on economic growth in India. This study tries to assess the influence of government expenditure on economic growth using a production function approach. We examine the influence of government spending, institutional credit and commercial electricity consumption on economic growth using panel data from 14 major (non-special category) sub-national governments in India during the period 1980-81 to 2013-14. After establishing long-run relationship among the variables, panel long-run estimates are drawn by using both Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) methods. Results from both the methods suggest positive and statistically significant impact of government spending, institutional credit and commercial electricity consumption on economic growth. Among the three variables the impact of government size on economic growth is found to be highest and the influence of electricity consumption on economic growth is found to be lowest. Dumitrescu-Hurlin pairwise causality test reveals existence of bi-directional causality between government expenditure and economic growth, and between electricity consumption and economic growth. Unidirectional causality running from institutional credit to economic growth is established. The analysis reveals that at sub-national level in India, expansionary fiscal policy through building infrastructure and investing in productive sector, and escalation in credit facility with a lower rate of interest to the private sector will be helpful for the economy in generating higher economic growth. Though the influence of commercial credit consumption on economic growth is found to be low, electrification in India has to be expanded to reap more economies of scale and garner higher economic growth. The conservationist approach cannot be followed because low consumption of electricity can retard economic growth. JEL Classifications: H70, E62, C33 Keywords: State Finance, Economic Growth, Government Expenditure, Institutional Credit, Electricity Consumption, Panel Estimation Corresponding Author's Email Address: bibhutieco@gmail.com, INTRODUCTION The nexus between government spending and economic growth has remained a controversial topic of discussion since more than a century ago, when Wagner (1883/1958) propounded the law of increasing [...]

Objective: The three‐tier grading scheme described in "The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) System for reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology" (TPSCRPBC) which remained unchanged following the WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology (WRPBC) was evaluated on pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PACs) reported on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology (EUS‐FNAC). Methods: The Papanicolaou and May Grunwald Giemsa‐stained smears from 116 cases of PACs were graded using the three‐tier grading scheme laid down by TPSCRPBC/WRPBC. Cases exhibiting multiple grades were assigned primary, secondary and tertiary grades. Each case was assigned a grade score, either by adding the primary and secondary grades, by adding the primary and tertiary grades when the tertiary grade was 3 or by doubling the grade when only one grade existed. Necrosis was estimated semi‐quantitatively. The inter‐observer reproducibility in grading was evaluated using Kappa and Kendall's tau‐c. Correlations between the various grades, the stage of the tumour and the amount of necrosis were assessed using Spearman rho and Kendall's tau‐b. Results: 31.89% of cases showed one grade, and 68.11% showed at least two grades. 16.38% showed three grades. The two commonest grade scores were 3 and 5. The inter‐observer reproducibility for grading and grade scoring was satisfactory. A positive correlation was noted between the grades and the amount of necrosis. No significant correlation was found between the grades, grade scores and the stage of the tumours. Conclusions: The TPSCRPBC/WRPBC grading scheme can be suitably applied to PACs with good inter‐observer reproducibility. Cases often show multiple grades in the same tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the long‐run impact of state‐level per capita income on public education expenditure and public health expenditure in 17 major Indian states over the period 1993–2017. To test for the existence of a unit root, we have employed the Zivot–Andrews test and the Clemente–Montañes–Reyes test, which allows for an endogenous structural break in the data series. These tests indicate that all variables are nonstationary. Autoregressive distributed lag model with one structural break is applied to find the cointegration of variables and estimate the cointegrating equation. The bounds test reveals the presence of a long‐run relationship between public health expenditure and per capita income in 12 out of 17 states, between public education expenditure and per capita income in 15 out of 17 states. The result shows that per capita income affects the public health and education expenditure of states. We find elasticities of public health expenditure and public education expenditure vary across states and are small in magnitude (less than one for most of the states). Our results suggest that public health and education expenditures are necessary goods. Based on the results, we also draw policy implications from our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the sales tax effort for tax revenues of 18 Indian states from 2011–12 to 2016–17, exclusive and inclusive of petroleum tax revenues, using stochastic frontier analysis. From empirical analysis, it is observed that sales tax revenue is significantly influenced by higher non‐agriculture GSDP, greater supply of bank credit and higher urbanization. The calculation of Sales tax effort is found to be overstated when petroleum tax revenue is included in sales tax. States' sales tax effort tends to become lower when the influence of petroleum tax revenue is factored out. It is found that Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Haryana are the top five states with greater sales tax effort, inclusive of petroleum tax revenue, during the said period. The West Bengal, Maharashtra, Bihar, Goa and Madhya Pradesh are the bottom five states. Further, it is observed that only half of the states in India have shown improvement in their tax effort between 2011–12 and 2016–17, indicating no uniform improvement across the states. From the robustness analysis, a regression model exhibit similar results. Therefore, it can be suggested that assessment of the sales tax effort of Indian states should be made after having excluded the petroleum tax revenues from sales tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) using multilevel inverter (MLI) is implemented in this paper for a grid integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) system for eliminating the harmonics. The objective in this work is to develop and regulate the grid integrated PV system for mitigation of harmonics with incorporation of SAPF. The PV integrated SAPF delivers the active/reactive power to the grid to reduce the harmonic contents. Harmonic compensation ability of SAPF is mainly achieved by employing suitable control technique to estimate the reference current signal. Here, adaptive artificial neural networks (AANNs) like adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS), Widrow–Hoff adaptive linear neuron (WH ADALINE) and Modified Widrow–Hoff adaptive linear neuron (MWH ADALINE) are employed for generating the reference current of VSI in the MLI. The control techniques are tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK as well as real-time OPAL-RT environments. It is noticed that proposed MWH ADALINE-based SAPF design shows enhanced performance to maintain the power quality (PQ) by restricting the distortion level below 5% as per the IEEE/IEC standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas is essential for improving survival. In this regard, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (EUS-FNAC) has established itself as the method of choice for its ability to target lesions smaller than those which could be targeted by the traditional imaging methods like transabdominal ultrasound. Identifying these tumors correctly on FNA may be challenging because pancreatic adenocarcinomas may show a wide range of morphological features and the presence of contaminants from the gastrointestinal tract may show up as potential pitfalls. This study presents detailed cytomorphological analyses of 59 cases reported as pancreatic adenocarcinomas on smears and cell blocks. The clinical and histopathology follow-up data wherever available have also been presented. Materials and Methods: EUS-FNAC smears and cell blocks from cases reported as pancreatic adenocarcinomas were retrospectively evaluated with individual assessments of a range of features related to cellularity, cellular arrangement, cytoplasmic qualities, and nuclear features. Aspirates from peripancreatic lymph nodes, histopathology sections, and clinical records were reviewed wherever available. Results: Nonneoplastic cells like pancreatic ductal cells and acinar cells, duodenal, and gastric epithelia were detected along with neoplastic cells showing a wide range of variations in different cytomorphological characters. Often, a mixture of features was noted in the same case. Cell block preparations served as useful adjuncts since they made it possible to render unequivocal diagnoses of malignancies in cases where smears were hypocellular. Conclusion: The study creates a useful knowledge base of cytomorphological features of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the revenue effort of Indian states during the 13th and 14th Finance Commission periods and estimates the impact of central transfers recommended by the Finance Commission on the relative revenue effort of states. Using panel data the study finds that Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Kerala are the top five states with the greatest relative revenue effort. Further, the impact of central transfers on revenue effort was found to be negative, suggesting that greater devolution encourages laxity in the state's tax collection efficiency by providing perverse incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the link between economic growth and fiscal deficit in India for the periods between 1970–71 to 2016–17 and 1970–71 to 2003–04. The study uses an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing model. To check for robustness, a fully modified ordinary least square is also used. The ARDL bound test confirms both long-run relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth after accounting for capital formation, electricity consumption and inflation. We find that the fiscal deficit has an adverse impact on growth over both the periods. Therefore, implementation of FRBM Act, 2003 has not impacted fiscal deficit-growth nexus differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the implementation of a hybrid firefly algorithm-particle swarm optimization (FAPSO) scheme for optimizing the parameters of an interval type-2 fractional order fuzzy proportional integral derivative (IT2FOFPID)-based power system stabilizer (PSS) to minimize the low-frequency oscillations in a power system. Here, the IT2FOFPID-based PSS is designed by considering speed deviation and acceleration as input signals. In this article, a single machine infinite bus system and the New England 10 machine 39-bus power system are used for testing and comparing the approaches. Stability studies are also performed using OPAL-RT's OP5600, a real-time digital simulator. The comparative studies demonstrate that the hybrid FAPSO optimized IT2FOFPID-PSS provides better damping and stability performance when compared with the PSSs based on the FA/PSO/ hybrid genetic algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization and hybrid differential evolution and pattern search optimized IT2FOFPID approaches under various operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast detection of islanding is very important for effective operation and control in distributed generation (DG) penetrated distribution networks. The islanding detection techniques such as passive, active, communication, and hybrid have their own merits and demerits. This paper proposed wavelet transform (WT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) based techniques for detection of islanding and fault disturbances in a microgrid consisting of resources like wind turbine generator, fuel cell (FC), and microturbine. Voltage signal is extracted at the point of common coupling (PCC) and is passed through these detection techniques to obtain the time-frequency multi-resolution analysis. Further, to validate the graphical study, performance indices (PIs) like standard deviation and entropy are calculated for the disturbance detection using suitable selection of threshold. A comparative analysis using WT and WPT is presented in the form of graphical simulation as well as in terms of PIs to analyse their effectiveness and robustness under different operating conditions. It is observed that WPT shows better detection capability in comparison to WT even under 20-dB noisy scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic materials have become more and more user friendly in recent days particularly in an electronic based infrastructure. The study proposes a direct drive permanent magnet based Synchronous Generator as Tidal turbine in a hybrid tidal wave energy conversion system (TWECS) and discusses its performance for better stability. The objective of the study is to analyse the role of permanent magnet based generator in TWECS for overall improvement of stability through reactive power management. The isolated TWECS becomes unstable either by random load variations or by non uniform wind and tidal power inputs. Consequently the overall stability of the TWECS is brought to stable and normal stage by the control of reactive power with the inclusion of the custom power based devices. In addition to the effects of permanent magnet in case of DDPMSG for improving the overall system stability, optimisation tools like PSO, GSA and PSOGSA are added for further improvement in system performance. • Small signal modelling of DDPMSG based Micro grid has been implemented. • UPFC controller addresses the Reactive power compensation and stability issues of the Micro grid. • Comparison between DDPMSG and DFIG based systems are carried out with variable load and wind power inputs. • Stability analysis with nyquist, popov, Nichols are carried out. • Overall stability of the system is studied with Eigen values, participation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-phase series hybrid active filter (SEHAF) interconnected with photovoltaic (PV) system and dc–dc boost converter is proposed to minimize sag, swell, and harmonics caused due to nonlinear power electronic loads. The SEHAF consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI) with a capacitor connected across it to provide consistency in managing and compensating the reactive power. This minimizes the sag, swell, and harmonics present in the source and load voltages. With the integration of PV, the voltage across the dc-link capacitor of VSI is controlled effectively, which helps in better compensation. Reference current generation is done using the proposed robust extended complex Kalman filter (RECKF) technique. The performance of the PV-integrated-HAF is analyzed using a synchronous reference frame with proportional-integral (PI) as well as fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and is compared with the proposed RECKF technique. The PV-integrated hybrid power system is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Further, real-time digital simulation using OPAL-RT OP5142 is also carried out to support the simulation results. It is observed that the proposed control scheme provides better harmonic compensation compared to conventional PI and FLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work discusses the implementation of JAYA-DE algorithm with Static Var Compensator for optimum voltage control through Reactive Power compensation inside solar based hybrid power system.The stability aspect of isolated solar based hybrid power system is enhanced through compensation of the reactive power by optimized SVC and are further analyzed with different stability criterion. The dynamic performance of the new hybrid technique under intermittent wind power input and variable load show superiority over the conventional control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents wavelet transform, independent component based detection of the power quality disturbances in a microgrid. Wavelet transform (WT) is well known for its better time-frequency multi-resolution analysis because of selection of adaptive window size depending inversely with the frequency. This makes it suitable for identification of both stationary and non-stationary characteristics of the power quality disturbances. But, it is analyzed in the study that the detection capability of wavelet is degraded when the input voltage signal contains noise and completely fails when the noise level is increased to 25 dB. Of course, a wavelet-denoising technique is tested to improve the ability of wavelet transform under noisy conditions, but observed to increase the detection time. Hence, independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed for detection based on its property of finding the significant components which are statistically independent and non-Gaussian. In addition, the statistical features are extracted to formulate the input dataset for support vector machine (SVM) to classify different power quality disturbances like sag, swell, interruptions, harmonics, transients, and flickering. A comparative analysis is presented and it is observed from the study that ICA-SVM hybrid combination provides better classification accuracy as comparison to WT-SVM under different operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive review on stability analysis in multimachine power system is presented in this study. The increasing demand of power has led to the expansion of power system and complexity in design as well as operation. This threatens to deteriorate the stability and reliability in the power network. However, with the advances in semiconductor and power electronic control technology, various flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are designed to enhance the power system stability. Different power system configurations with the incorporation of conventional and distributed generations (DGs) are proposed whose stability is being tested in the presence of the FACTS controllers. The optimal damping of power system oscillations under transient operating conditions are studied in presence of HVAC and HVDC links with conventional as well as DG systems and energy storage options like battery, supercapacitors and so on. Different control approaches such as classical control, robust control, wide-area control along with soft computing approaches like neural networks, fuzzy logic control, adaptive neurofuzzy inference system, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimisation and so on are broadly discussed. A comparative analysis of different methodologies is presented to establish a quick survey of the proposed solutions for stability enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]