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Les mutations germinales hétérozygotes du gène GATA2 (guanine-adenine-thymine-adenine binding protein 2) sont des mutations héréditaires pouvant être pathogènes, survenant parfois de manières sporadiques, responsable de tableaux clinico-biologiques variés, parfois graves pouvant aboutir au décès rapide. Nous rapportons deux femmes et un homme présentant des mutations germinales du gène GATA2. La première patiente, âgée de 19 ans, présentait initialement une monocytopénie et un lymphœdème chronique des quatre membres, faisant évoquer un syndrome d'Emberger. La deuxième patiente, âgée de 28 ans, présentait une infection disséminée à mycobactérie atypique (Mycobacterium kansasii), faisant suspecter un déficit immunitaire tel que le syndrome MonoMAC (syndrome de déficience des cellules dendritiques, des monocytes, des lymphocytes B et des cellules NK). Le dernier patient, âgé de 30 ans, présentait une pancytopénie de découverte fortuite faisant diagnostiquer une forme familiale de syndromes myélodysplasiques et de leucémies aiguës myéloïdes caractérisée par une mutation du gène GATA2. Chaque cas illustre une présentation clinique typique du déficit en GATA2, bien que l'évolution de ces syndromes révèle finalement un ensemble complexe, hétérogène et intriqué de symptômes hématologiques, dermatologiques, infectieux, pulmonaires, ORL ou oncologiques. Les mutations du gène GATA2 peuvent constituer un défi diagnostique et thérapeutique pour l'interniste, et nécessitent une prise en charge multidisciplinaire compte tenu de tableau varié pouvant intéresser l'ensemble des spécialités. Le spectre clinique de ces mutations GATA2 ainsi que les dernières recommandations de prise en charge émanant de la littérature récente et du « club GATA2 » sont précisés dans cet article. Heterozygous germline mutations of GATA2 gene (guanine-adenine-thymine-adenine binding protein 2) are hereditary mutations that can be pathogenic, sometimes occurring sporadically, responsible for a florid clinical-biological picture, sometimes serious and quickly leading to the death. We reported two women and one man with germline mutations in the GATA2 gene. The first patient, aged 19, initially presented with monocytopenia and chronic lymphedema of the four limbs, suggestive of Emberger syndrome. The second patient, 28-years-old, presented with a disseminated atypical mycobacterium (Mycobacterium kansasii) infection, raising suspicion of an immune deficiency such as MonoMAC syndrome (deficiency syndrome of dendritic cells, monocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells). The last patient, 30-years-old, presented with pancytopenia, leading to the diagnosis of a family form of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a mutation of the GATA2 gene. Each case illustrates a typical clinical presentation of GATA2 deficiency, although the evolution of these syndromes ultimately reveals a complex, heterogeneous and intricate picture of hematological, dermatological, infectious, pulmonary, ENT or oncological symptoms. Mutations in the GATA2 gene remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the internist, and require multidisciplinary management given the florid picture that can be of interest to all specialties. The clinical spectrum of these GATA2 mutations as well as the latest management recommendations from the recent litterature and the "GATA2 club" are described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) syndrome is a rare disease. Herein, we reported a 65-year-old Asian woman, previously diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), suffering from recurrent pneumonia, intermittent fever, fatigue, and chest tightness lasting for five months. She was ultimately diagnosed with MonoMAC syndrome with Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii) infection and GATA2 mutation through metagenomic generation sequencing (mNGS) of peripheral blood specimen, for which she was given anti-NTM therapy. Her situation significantly improved within 2 weeks of therapy. We discussed the clinical features, genetic characteristic, and prognosis of this disorder, aiming to further elucidate this rare syndrome. For MDS/AML patient with recurrent mixed infection and pancytopenia (especially with monocyte absence), MonoMAC syndrome should be highly suspected, and germline mutation and pathogen sequencing should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: MonoMAC is a complex primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the myeloid transcription factor GATA2, characterized by multilineage cytopenia with malignant complications and severe infections, including mycobacteria and herpesviruses. We describe the clinical presentation, genetics and antiviral inflammatory responses in a small case series. Two patients presented in childhood with mycobacterial infection and were diagnosed with MonoMAC germline GATA2 variants; their healthy fathers with the same mutations were also studied. Three patients were elderly individuals with acquired GATA2 mutations and malignant haematological conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates the heterogeneous clinical presentation and variation in immunodeficiency caused by GATA2 mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GATA2 deficiency is characterized by monocytopenia, deficiency of dendritic cells, and a variable degree of lymphocytopenia affecting B cells and NK cells, leading to an enhanced risk of mycobacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Here we present a patient with a heterozygous intronic GATA2 mutation who acquired a fatal disseminated mycosis due to the black yeast-like fungus Arthrocladium fulminans following an infection with Mycobacterium sherrisii. This case illustrates that in patients with severe uncommon infections, immunodeficiency syndromes must be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-yr-old boy bearing lymphedema and congenital deafness had distinct hematological abnormalities consisting of reduced monocytes, B cells, and dendritic cells in the peripheral blood as well as MDS with normal karyotype in the bone marrow. The patient was diagnosed with Emberger syndrome by sequencing of GATA2 DNA, and underwent RIST from an HLA-matched unrelated donor. Prompt engraftment and immunological reconstitution were observed without any severe RRT. As most patients with GATA2 anomaly died due to the development of AML or active infections, RIST could be a promising treatment option before progression of advanced MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanine-adenine-thymine-adenine 2 ( GATA2) mutated disorders include the recently described Mono MAC syndrome (Monocytopenia and Mycobacterium avium complex infections), DCML (dendritic cell, monocyte, and lymphocyte deficiency), familial MDS/ AML (myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia) (myeloid neoplasms), congenital neutropenia, congenital lymphedema (Emberger's syndrome), sensorineural deafness, viral warts, and a spectrum of aggressive infections seen across all age groups. While considerable efforts have been made to identify the mutations that characterize this disorder, pathogenesis remains a work in progress with less than 100 patients described in current literature. Varying clinical presentations offer diagnostic challenges. Allogeneic stem cell transplant remains the treatment of choice. Morbidity, mortality, and social costs due to the familial nature of the disease are considerable. We describe our experience with the disorder in three affected families and a comprehensive review of current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic disorders characterized by cytopenias, ineffective hematopoiesis, myelodysplasia, and an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While sporadic MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly, MDS in children and young and middle-aged adults is frequently associated with underlying genetic predisposition syndromes. In addition to the classic hereditary bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) such as Fanconi Anemia and Dyskeratosis Congenita, in recent years there has been an increased awareness of non-syndromic familial MDS/AML predisposition syndromes such as those caused by mutations in GATA2 , RUNX1 , CEBPA , and SRP72 genes. Here, we will discuss the importance of recognizing an underlying genetic predisposition syndrome a patient with MDS, will review clinical scenarios when genetic predisposition should be considered, and will provide a practical overview of the common BMFS and familial MDS/AML syndromes which may be encountered in adult patients with MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterozygous GATA- 2 germline mutations are associated with overlapping clinical manifestations termed GATA-2 deficiency, characterized by immunodeficiency and predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, there is considerable clinical heterogeneity among patients, and the molecular basis for the evolution of immunodeficiency into MDS/AML remains unknown. Thus, we conducted whole-genome sequencing on a patient with a germline GATA-2 heterozygous mutation (c. 988 C > T; p. R330X), who had a history suggestive of immunodeficiency and evolved into MDS/AML. Analysis was conducted with DNA samples from leukocytes for immunodeficiency, bone marrow mononuclear cells for MDS and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Whereas we did not identify a candidate genomic deletion that may contribute to the evolution into MDS, a total of 280 MDS-specific nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants were identified. By narrowing down with the single nucleotide polymorphism database, the functional missense database, and NCBI information, we finally identified three candidate mutations for EZH2, HECW2 and GATA- 1, which may contribute to the evolution of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Heterozygous germline mutations of GATA2 gene (guanine-adenine-thymine-adenine binding protein 2) are hereditary mutations that can be pathogenic, sometimes occurring sporadically, responsible for a florid clinical-biological picture, sometimes serious and quickly leading to the death., Case Reports: We reported two women and one man with germline mutations in the GATA2 gene. The first patient, aged 19, initially presented with monocytopenia and chronic lymphedema of the four limbs, suggestive of Emberger syndrome. The second patient, 28-years-old, presented with a disseminated atypical mycobacterium (Mycobacterium kansasii) infection, raising suspicion of an immune deficiency such as MonoMAC syndrome (deficiency syndrome of dendritic cells, monocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells). The last patient, 30-years-old, presented with pancytopenia, leading to the diagnosis of a family form of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a mutation of the GATA2 gene., Conclusions: Each case illustrates a typical clinical presentation of GATA2 deficiency, although the evolution of these syndromes ultimately reveals a complex, heterogeneous and intricate picture of hematological, dermatological, infectious, pulmonary, ENT or oncological symptoms. Mutations in the GATA2 gene remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the internist, and require multidisciplinary management given the florid picture that can be of interest to all specialties. The clinical spectrum of these GATA2 mutations as well as the latest management recommendations from the recent litterature and the "GATA2 club" are described in this article., (Copyright © 2022 Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Defects in the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-2 gene have been recently identified in variable phenotypes associated with myeloid malignancies - myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia (MDS/AML): DCML (dendritic cell, monocyte, B-lymphocyte and NK-lymphocyte) deficiency or MonoMAC syndrome (monocytopenia with Mycobaterium avium complex infections), Emberger syndrome (early onset primary lymphoedema, multiple warts, sensorineural deafness, dysmorphism); and familial MDS/AML with no additional known phenotype. In the Czech Republic there have been 2 patients diagnosed with GATA-2 deficiency so far. The first patient was investigated at the age of 12 years for recurrent urinary tract infections, aphtous stomatitis, herpetic skin infections and bronchial asthma; leukopenia, mild macrocytic anaemia and markedly low number of B lymphocytes with normal immunoglobulin levels were found. In the following 10 years bicytopenia progressed into a hypoplastic MDS. The girl underwent successful transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells from her HLA-identical healthy sister. Retrospectively, a heterozygous mutation (c.1187 G>A, p.R396Q) in GATA-2 has been identified. The second patient is 17 year-old boy investigated for an advanced interstitial pulmonary process with cystic remodelling of pulmonary parenchyma accompanied by signs of vasculitis. Suspicion of GATA-2 genetic defect was based on profound monocytopenia and B-cell lymphopenia. By molecular genetic analysis of GATA-2 heterozygous mutation (c.1081 C>T, p.R361C) was revealed. Our experience corresponds with the published data on the broad phenotypic variability in patients with GATA-2 mutations. Establishment of the diagnosis of GATA-2 deficiency should lead to closer follow-up of the affected individuals and earlier allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in case of clonal progression (MDS/AML). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Japanese patient presented with lymphedema, severe Varicella zoster, and Salmonella infection, recurrent respiratory infections, panniculitis, monocytopenia, B- and NK-cell lymphopenia, and myelodysplasia. The phenotype was a mixture of the monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) and Emberger syndromes. Sequencing of the GATA-2 cDNA revealed the heterozygous missense mutation 1187 G > A. This mutation resulted in the amino acid mutation Arg396Gln in the zinc fingers-2 domain, which is predicted to cause significant structural change and prevent a critical interaction with DNA. Functional analysis of the patient's GATA-2 mutation is required to understand the relationship between these distinctive syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fungal infections in humans occur in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression or HIV infection. In the absence of these factors, fungi cause mild, self-limited infections that typically involve mucocutaneous surfaces. Hence, when persistent or recurrent mucocutaneous infections (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis [CMC]) or invasive fungal infections (IFIs) develop in a 'normal' host, they are indicative of genetic defects causing innate or adaptive immune dysfunction. In this review, recent developments concerning genetic and immunologic factors that affect the risk for IFIs and CMC are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of MonoMAC syndrome in a patient with a GATA2 mutation and discuss the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this novel immunodeficiency disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GATA2 gene codes for a hematopoietic transcription factor that through its two zinc fingers (ZF) can occupy GATA-DNA motifs in a countless number of genes. It is crucial for the proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. During the past 5 years, germline heterozygous mutations in GATA2 were reported in several hundred patients with various phenotypes ranging from mild cytopenia to severe immunodeficiency involving B cells, natural killer cells, CD4 + cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (MonoMAC/DCML), and myeloid neoplasia. Some patients additionally show syndromic features such as congenital deafness and lymphedema (originally defining the Emberger syndrome) or pulmonary disease and vascular problems. The common clinical denominator in all reported cohorts is the propensity for myeloid neoplasia (myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS], myeloproliferative neoplasms [MPN], chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [CMML], acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) with an overall prevalence of approximately 75% and a median age of onset of roughly 20 years. Three major mutational types are encountered in GATA2-deficient patients: truncating mutations prior to ZF2, missense mutations within ZF2, and noncoding variants in the +9.5kb regulatory region of GATA2. Recurrent somatic lesions comprise monosomy 7 and trisomy 8 karyotypes and mutations in SETBP1 and ASXL1 genes. The high risk for progression to advanced myeloid neoplasia and life-threatening infectious complications guide decision-making towards timely stem cell transplantation., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)