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ABSTRACT Background Exosomes have been established to be enriched with various long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that exert various biological effects. However, the lncRNA‐ and circRNA‐mediated coexpression competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network in exosomes derived from the plasma of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains elusive. Methods and Results This study enrolled nine patients with lung adenocarcinoma and three healthy individuals, and the differential expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lncRNAs, and circRNAs was detected using microarray analysis, while microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected through RNA sequencing. Additionally, bioinformatics algorithms were applied to evaluate the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNAs/circRNA–miRNA–mRNA network. Differentially expressed cicRNAs were identified via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). A total of 1016 lncRNAs, 1396 circRNAs, 45 miRNAs, and 699 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the plasma exosomes of patients with LUAD compared with healthy controls. Among them, 881 lncRNAs were upregulated and 135 were downregulated, 916 circRNAs were upregulated while 480 were downregulated, 45 miRNAs were upregulated while none were downregulated, and 591 mRNAs were upregulated while 108 were downregulated (p ≤ 0.05, and fold change ≥ 2). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed the biological functions of differentially expressed RNAs. Meanwhile, the RNA networks displayed the regulatory relationship between dysregulated RNAs. Finally, RT‐qPCR validated that the expression of circ‐0033861, circ‐0043273, and circ‐0011959 was upregulated in the plasma exosome of patients with LUAD compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0327, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0437, respectively). Conclusion This study proposed a newly discovered ncRNA–miRNA–mRNA/circRNA–miRNA–mRNA ceRNA network and identified that the expression of circulating circ‐0033861, circ‐0043273, and circ‐0011959 was up‐regulated in the plasma exosomes of patients with LUAD, offering valuable insights for exploring the potential function of exosomal noncoding RNA and identifying potential biomarkers for LUAD.