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The aim of this paper is to define, delimitate and explain the most important external and internal factors of the penetration of Germanic elements (mainly Visigothic) in the Iberian Peninsula, with special attention to the V-VIII centuries. The author analyses the political and linguistic situation in the Iberian Peninsula and indicates the textual sources of the above-mentioned period. He also makes some observations regarding the routes of penetration and presents some structural, lexical and semantic features of the Germanic borrowings. In his final remarks the author comments on the difference between direct and indirect loans and points out the possibility of the interaction between different external and internal factors, for example, phonetic, lexical and semantic changes connected with the evolution wisa > guisa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the problem of the 'subjunctivization' of the verbal form cantara, which originates from the Latin pluperfect indicative tense cantaveram. Actually, cantara is the allomorphic form of cantase. Both of the forms have a grammatical value of the imperfect of the subjunctive mood. The modal alternation in the construction quiso que cantase / cantara is discussed. The material used for the purpose of the study comes from the "Corpus Diacrónico del Español" (CORDE) of the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE) and comprises the period from 1580 to 1930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of modal triggers (semantic features of an antecedent and subordinating predicates, as well as negation operators) on the selection of mood in subordinate adjective clauses in contemporary Spanish. Moreover, the author compares the parameters of modal, syntactic, and semantic selection in Spanish and Polish. He also attempts to make some observations regarding modality differences in subordinate adjective clauses between these two languages. In Spanish, modal selection depends to a great extent on the properties of modal triggers, whereas in Polish, one of the most important factors is the semantic efficiency of hypothetical mood, which transmits certain modal content (no reality, degree of hypothesis, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper discusses differences between Polish and Spanish tense systems. It takes into account parameters such as the quantity and the systemic organization of time (temporary relationship and reference), the existence of the compound tenses subsystem, temporal mono- and biaxiality; dislocation (displacement) of tenses. The comparison is performed by considering the typological differences between Spanish and Polish languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the status of the Aspect and Aktionsart categories, as well as the relationship between them. The analysis was based on a comparison between the Romance and North Slavonic languages, with particular emphasis on Polish and Spanish. From the typological point of view the first one can be classified as an aspect + cases type and the second one belongs to the article + tense languages. Therefore it analyses some differences between Spanish tenses pretérito and copretérito, as well as perfective and imperfective Aspect in Polish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article treats about the status of grammatical forms of imperativo (eng. imperative) in contemporary Spanish. The author focuses primarily on formal (morphological) aspects of the imperativo. The conclusions stated that due to the small number of their inflectional forms, form the formal point of view it is hardly to conceive imperativo the same status as that of indicativo and subjuntivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]