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We have measured the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of subsamples from four iron meteorites with nickel concentrations between 5% and 8% (Agoudal, Canyon Diablo, Muonionalusta, and Sikhote‐Alin) at temperatures between 5 and 300 K. From these, we have calculated their thermal diffusivity and thermal inertia values across this temperature range. For comparison, we also measured subsamples from two L chondrites (NWA 11038 and NWA 11344) at the same time, using the same methods. The thermal diffusivity results of the irons show a relatively constant value for T > 100 K with a characteristic low‐temperature maxima at ∼5 K for the iron meteorites; by contrast, the diffusivities of the L chondrites fell by a factor of two over this range and reached low‐temperature maxima at ∼20 K. Thermal inertia values show a crossover behavior, with a strong increase in thermal inertia as temperatures drop below 55 K and a less dramatic change at higher temperatures. Our new diffusivity and inertia values cover a wider range of temperatures than previous literature data for iron meteorites. They also provide a useful ground truth in understanding remotely sensed thermal inertias of potentially metal‐rich asteroids, including 16 Psyche, target of the NASA Psyche mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dams and reservoirs present diverse hazards for riverine fishes, including slowed migration, reduced or blocked access to essential habitats, and direct and delayed mortality risks. Many of these hazards are evident for Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus in the heavily dammed Columbia River basin, where the species' distribution and abundance has sharply declined. In a 3‐year study, we used acoustic telemetry to investigate behavior and apparent survival of 784 adult Pacific Lampreys in Columbia River reservoirs and turbulent dam tailraces, two environments where previous monitoring efforts have been somewhat ineffectual. We released Pacific Lampreys upstream and downstream from Bonneville Dam to test whether Pacific Lamprey passage at one dam negatively affected upstream dam and reservoir passage metrics (i.e., delayed effects on migration rate or reach passage success) and whether upstream‐released groups migrated further than their downstream‐released counterparts. Overall, results showed that Pacific Lampreys migrated very rapidly (median rates = 50–62 km/d) in reservoir reaches and slowly (1–3 km/d) in reaches with tailraces or fishways. Pacific Lampreys also had much higher passage success in reservoir reaches (reach × year estimates = 0.93–0.99) than in reaches with tailraces or fishways (most estimates = 0.58–0.82). We found little statistical evidence for negative delayed effects of dam passage. Pacific Lampreys released in the Bonneville forebay were far more likely to pass upstream dams (~26–57%) than were those released in the Bonneville tailrace (~20–36%). We conclude that tailraces and fishways constrained the upstream distribution of adult Pacific Lampreys, that reservoirs were not associated with high mortality during active upstream migration, and that translocation past individual dams can increase the upstream migration distance of individuals and population distribution. Areas of continuing uncertainty include behavior and survival during overwintering (i.e., prespawn holding) and the potential delayed effects of tailrace and fishway passage on Pacific Lamprey fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Language that assumes gender and sex are binary and aligned is pervasive in medicine and is often used when teaching on physiology and pathology. Information presented through this lens oversimplifies disease mechanisms and poorly addresses the health of gender and sexually diverse (GSD) individuals. We developed a training session to help faculty reference gender and sex in a manner that would be accurate and inclusive of GSD health., Methods: The 1-hour session for undergraduate and graduate medical educators highlighted cisgender and binary biases in medical teachings and introduced a getting-to-the-root mindset that prioritized teaching the processes underlying differences in disease profiles among gender and sex subpopulations. The training consisted of 30 minutes of didactic teaching and 20 minutes of small-group discussion. Medical education faculty attended and self-reported knowledge and awareness before and after the training. Results were compared using paired t tests. Expenses included fees for consultation and catering., Results: Forty faculty participated (pretraining survey n = 36, posttraining survey n = 21). After the training, there was a significant increase in self-reported awareness of the difference between gender and sex ( p = .002), perceived relevance of gender to teachings ( p = .04), and readiness to discuss physiological drivers of sex-linked disease ( p = .005)., Discussion: Participants reported increased understanding and consideration of gender and sex in medical education; feedback emphasized a desire for continued guidance. This easily adaptable session can provide an introduction to a series of medical teachings on gender and sex., (© 2024 Crosby et al.)