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Introduction and Objectives: There are a few reports in the literature about the successful use of sugammadex in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions caused by rocuronium; however, the pathophysiological mechanism is still unknown. This study aims to investigate the changes caused by rocuronium in the lung and the effect of sugammadex on these changes with biochemical, light microscopic and immunohistochemical parameters on a rat model., Materials and Methods: For the study, 28-male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided, seven of each, into four groups. Group C (control) received only 0. 9 % NaCl without any drug. Group R received rocuronium alone 1mg/kg. Group S received sugammadex alone 96 mg/kg. Group RS received rocuronium 1mg/kg and sugammadex 96 mg/kg. After 24 h later, the animals were sacrificed and their tissues were removed. Biochemical (IgE/CRP), light microscopic and immunohistochemical findings were recorded., Results: Immunoglobulin E and CRP levels, peribronchial, alveolar septal lymphocytic infiltration, thickening of the alveolar membranes and bleeding sites in Group R were significantly higher than all the other groups. In Group RS, while these parameters were significantly lower than that of Group R and Group S, it was significantly higher than that of Group C. Total mast cells and tryptase-positive mast cells counts were significantly higher in Group R than in all other groups. In Group RS, these parameters were statistically lower than that of Group R and Group S, but higher than that of Group C., Conclusions: This study shows that allergic inflammatory changes due to rocuronium in the lungs of rats are reduced with sugammadex. These results support cases of anaphylaxis due to rocuronium which improved with sugammadex.

Background: Data about percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertions in small infants are limited, and most studies include older children. We aimed to evaluate the safety of PEG placement in infants weighing ≤5 kg together with their follow-up results., Methods: A retrospective evaluation was made of records between January 2005 and December 2019., Results: A total of 43 infants were ≤5 kg at the time of PEG insertion. The mean age was 5 ± 3 (19 days-16 months) months and the mean weight was 4.3 ± 0.6 (2.7-5.0) kg. The primary diagnoses were neurological disorders in 25, metabolic disorders in nine, cleft palates in four, muscular disorders in four, and a cardiac disorder in one. All procedures were completed successfully. A self-resolving pneumoperitoneum developed in one (2.3%). The tube was extruded in six (14%) patients postoperatively which required suture-approximation of the skin and subcuticular tissues. The tube was removed in four (9%) patients with achievement of oral feeds on the long-term. Eighteen (42%) died of primary diseases. The tubes were in situ for a median of 12.4 (17 days-73 months) months in these patients. A total of 20 (46.5%) patients are currently being followed up and their tubes are in situ for a median of 50.3 (4.7 month-9.8 years) months., Conclusions: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement is safe in small infants with associated morbidities. Complications related to the procedure are within acceptable limits. The accidental extrusion of the tube was a special consideration in this patient group. The overall mortality was high because of underlying primary diseases., (© 2020 Japan Pediatric Society.)

Objective: Anesthesia induction is usually achieved with sevoflurane for pediatric patients without vascular access. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum intravenous access time and to evaluate the corresponding bispectral index (BIS) value in pediatric patients after sevoflurane induction., Method: This prospective study included 100 children enrolled between January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2018 at Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital. Anesthesia was induced with 8% sevoflurane and oxygen. Measurements included mask adaptation time, time to loss of the ciliary reflex, time to recovery of regular breathing, and optimal timing of intravenous access time with the corresponding BIS values, as well as the time elapsed for the BIS value to fall below 60., Results: The mean mask adaptation time was 27.8±28.4 s, time to loss of the ciliary reflex was 39.7±10.3 s, and time to reach regular respiration was 88.5±116.9 s, with mean BIS value of 80.4±16.9, 70.2±10.4, and 52.4±12.1, respectively. The mean time for BIS to fall below 60 was 72.54±24.41 s. The mean time required for the the iniation of optimal intravenous access was 104.92±36.45 s, with a mean BIS value of 30±10.1., Conclusion: Following anesthesia induction with sevoflurane in children, the BIS value below 60 which is the upper limit for surgical anesthesia, was found to be insufficient for intravenous intervention. For pediatric patients undergoing sevoflurane induction it has been concluded that, the BIS value below 30 or an average waiting time of 104.9 s is ideal for initiation of optimal intravenous access., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine.)

Objective: Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in increased homocysteine levels in the body. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes a predisposition to venous and arterial thrombosis and ischaemic insults. The incidence of the deficiency is around 40% in some countries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of anaesthetic agents in children with MTHFR deficiency., Methods: Twelve paediatric patients with an MTHFR enzyme deficiency who underwent surgery in a ten-month period in a single centre were retrospectively evaluated. Demographic data, homocysteine levels before and after surgery, anaesthesia management and postoperative complications were recorded., Results: In four patients, propofol was used both for anaesthesia induction and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Eight patients received sevoflurane for both induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) was not used in any patients. There was not a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative homocysteine levels (p>0.05). Twenty-four hours after the surgery, the homocysteine levels were within normal limits. No complications were observed., Conclusion: Sevoflurane and propofol have no deleterious effects on homocysteine levels in patients with MTHFR deficiency. Avoidance of N 2 O is the key point for anaesthetic consideration regarding these patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Nigella sativa in protection of jejunal mucosa against harmful effects of gamma radiation., Methods: Radiotherapy group received abdominal gamma radiation of 15Gy in addition to physiological saline. Radiotherapy+Nigella sativa treatment group received abdominal gamma radiation of 15Gy in addition to Nigella sativa treatment in the amount of 400mg/kg. Radiotherapy and treatment groups were sacrificed 3 days after the exposure to irradiation. Then, jejunum samples were harvested for biochemical and histological assessment of mucosal injury., Results: Nigella sativa treatment was found to significantly lower elevated tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and, to raise reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in intestinal tissues samples. Single dose 15Gy gamma-irradiation was noted to result in a marked jejunal mucosal injury. Three days after exposure to irradiation, the villi and Lieberkühn crypts were observed as denuded, and villous height diminished. Concomitantly with inflammatory cell invasion, capillary congestion and ulceration were observed in the atrophic mucosa. Nigella sativa treatment significantly attenuated the radiation induced morphological changes in the irradiated rat jejunal mucosa., Conclusion: Nigella sativa has protective effects against radiation-induced damage, suggesting that clinical transfer is feasible., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the potential beneficial effects of low-intensity exercise on histopathological changes of sciatic nerves in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats., Study Design: The rats were allotted randomly into 3 experimental groups: A (control), B (diabetic untreated), and C (diabetic treated with low-intensity exercise); each group contained 8 animals. Groups B and C received STZ. Diabetes was induced in 2 groups by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg, freshly dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.2). Two days after STZ treatment, diabetes in 2 experimental groups was confirmed by measuring blood glucose levels. Rats with blood glucose levels ≥ 250 mg/dL were considered to be diabetic. Animals in the exercise group were made to run the treadmill once a day for 4 consecutive weeks. Exercise started 3 days prior to STZ administration., Results: The treatment of low-intensity exercise caused a sharp decrease in the elevated serum glucose and an increase in the lowered serum insulin concentrations in STZ-induced diabetic rats. STZ induced a significant decrease in the area of insulin-immunoreactive β cells. Low-intensity exercise treatment resulted in increased area of insulin-immunoreactive β cells signficantly. Myelin breakdown decreased significantly after treatment with low intensity exercise. The ultrastructural features of degenerated axons also showed remarkable improvement., Conclusion: We believe that further preclinical research into low-intensity exercise may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment for peripheral neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Objective: To investigate the possible protective effects of Vitamin E (Vit E) on oxidative stress and jejunal damage in the rat intestinal mucosa after methotrexate (MTX)-induced enterotoxicity., Study Design: Rats were divided into 3 groups: control, MTX, and MTX+ Vit E; each group contained 8 animals. The control group was given physiological serum in addition to sunflower oil for 3 days. The second group was given sunflower oil with intragastric tube daily, followed by MTX injection (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). To the third group, starting 3 days before injection, Vit E was given dissolved in sunflower oil (600 mg/kg orally) in addition to MTX injection. Four days after MTX injection the anesthetized rats were sacrificed, and the tissue samples obtained from their jejunums were investigated for histological and biochemical analysis., Results: Vit E treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue malondialdehyde levels and increased the reduced glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in comparison to the MTX-treated group. MTX treatment caused severe histopathological injury including mucosal erosions, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, and villous congestion. Vit E treatment significantly attenuated the severity of intestinal injury caused by MTX via inhibiting induced nitric oxide synthase levels and NF-κB p65 activation., Conclusion: Because of its reconstructing and antioxidant effects, Vit E pretreatment may have protective effects in the intestinal tissue of MTX-treated rats.

Background: Epidural anesthesia is one of the best options for lower abdominal and lower limb surgery. However, there have been insufficient reports regarding the use of epidural anesthesia for pilonidal sinus surgery. The present study was performed to compare the clinical profiles of epidural block performed with 0.75% levobupivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine in this procedure., Methods: Thirty patients undergoing pilonidal sinus surgery were randomly allocated into two groups: one group received levobupivacaine and the other received ropivacaine at 0.75% in a volume of 10 ml. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, the onset time of analgesia and duration of block, highest sensory block level, perioperative and postoperative side effects, and patients' and surgeons' satisfaction were recorded., Results: Hemodynamic stability was maintained in both groups throughout surgery. The onset time of analgesia (the time from epidural injection of local anesthetic to reach L2 sensorial block) was 6.26 ± 3.49 min in the levobupivacaine group and 4.06 ± 1.75 min in the ropivacaine group (P = 0.116). The duration of sensorial block (time for regression of sensory block to L2) was 297.73 ± 70.94 min in group L and 332.40 ± 102.22 min in group R (P = 0.110). Motor block was not seen in any of the patients in the study groups. Patients' and surgeons' satisfaction with the anesthetic technique were mostly excellent in both groups., Conclusions: In patients undergoing pilonidal sinus surgery, both levobupivacaine and ropivacaine produce rapid and excellent epidural block without leading to motor block or significant side effects. Although not statistically significant, the onset time of anesthesia was shorter and the duration of effect was longer with ropivacaine than with levobupivacaine in this study.

This study aimed to address the relationship between the timing of colistin therapy and the outcome, defined as all-cause mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). A retrospective study was undertaken in a 16-bed ICU of a 750-bed tertiary care hospital. A total of 46 patients who had been administered intravenous colistin treatment for colistin-susceptible-only Acinetobacter infections were included in the study. Colistin treatment was initiated in 26 (56.5 %) patients within 24 h of the diagnosis (early administration of colistin), whereas the rest of the patients had obtained delayed treatment (delayed administration of colistin). Of the 46 patients, 21 (45.6 %) died. With univariate analysis, age, age greater than 65 years, APACHE II score more than 20 at baseline, and delayed administration of colistin were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between delayed administration of colistin [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 5.06; confidence interval (CI), 1.18-21.67], and adverse outcome. Other variables included in the final model were underlying disease (OR, 2.81; CI, 1.15-6.84) and APACHE II score at baseline >20 (OR, 3.81; CI, 0.77-18.75). This study found that delayed administration of colistin and underlying disease were independently associated with adverse outcome.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effects of propofol infusion versus sevoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia with respect to hemodynamics, recovery characteristics, nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy., Methods: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients, aged between 22 and 65 years were randomly divided to receive either intravenous anesthesia with propofol (group P) or sevoflurane (group S). Cardiovascular variables, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), bispectral index (BIS) and train-of-four (TOF) values were recorded at intervals throughout the procedure. Time to spontaneous respiration, eye opening, extubation, obey commands, hand squeezing, Aldrete Score > 9 and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded., Results: Early recovery times [spontaneous respiration (P = 0.002), eye opening (P = 0.006), extubation (P = 0.013), obey commands (P < 0.05), hand squeezing (P = 0.005)] were significantly longer in group P. The incidence of vomiting was significantly higher in group S (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic parameters, levels of SpO2, ETCO2, and BIS and TOF values were not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The present study which adjusted sevoflurane concentration and propofol infusion rate according to BIS values revealed that maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane is associated with faster recovery than anesthesia with propofol. Propofol resulted in a significantly lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Hemodynamic parameters and levels of SpO2 and ETCO2 were comparable between the groups during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.