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The past 25 years have seen major novel developments in the field of paediatric rheumatology. The concept of autoinflammation was introduced to this field, and medicine more broadly, with studies of familial Mediterranean fever, the most common autoinflammatory disease globally. New data on the positive evolutionary selection of familial Mediterranean fever-associated genetic variants might be pertinent to mild gain-of-function variants reported in other disease-associated genes. Genetic studies have unveiled the complexity of human heritability to inflammation and flourishing data from rare monogenic disorders have contributed to a better understanding of general disease mechanisms in paediatric rheumatic conditions. Beyond genomics, the application of other 'omics' technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, has generated an enormous dataset that can be applied to the development of new therapies and in the practice of precision medicine. Novel biomarkers for monitoring disease activity and progression have also emerged. A surge in the development of targeted biologic therapies has led to durable remission and improved prognosis for many diseases that in the past caused major complications. Last but not least, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected paediatric rheumatology practice and has sparked new investigations into the link between viral infections and unregulated inflammatory responses in children., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: John M. Opitz, a towering figure in both stature and scientific achievement, left an indelible mark on the fields of genetics, pediatrics, and embryology. Born in 1935 in Hamburg to a Jewish family, Opitz's early life was marked by adversities. Despite these challenges, he pursued a remarkable career, immigrating to the United States at 15 years and becoming a renowned scientist in institutions like Iowa State University and the University of Wisconsin, where he made groundbreaking contributions to clinical genetics., Main Body: A testament to his compassionate nature, Opitz dedicated himself to understanding and treating rare genetic disorders, earning him eponymous recognition in several medical conditions. His impact extended beyond academia, as evidenced by his collaborative efforts with Sicilian universities to advance clinical genetics in Italy. Opitz's teaching style emphasized simplicity, empathy, and meticulous clinical examination, leaving an indelible mark on students and colleagues., Conclusion: John M. Opitz's towering intellect, compassionate demeanor, and profound impact on medicine and genetics made him a figure of enduring significance. His legacy lives on through the countless lives he touched, the knowledge he transmitted, and the enduring friendships he forged. In remembering John Opitz, we honor not only a man, but also a myth-a symbol of resilience, humanity, and scientific excellence., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Body mass index (BMI) is a tool that is commonly used to screen for obesity. There are advantages and limitations of the use of BMI in the pediatric population. It is an inexpensive and easily implemented tool that can provide insight for clinicians, patients, and caregivers. It may help guide the discussion of the potential health impacts of weight, although there are both practical and philosophical limitations to its use. Clinicians should be aware of the nuances of the use of BMI in practice. This article covers a brief history of the BMI, how it is used in pediatrics, its advantages and limitations, as well as strategies for using BMI to facilitate discussions with patients and families. [ Pediatr Ann . 2024;53(8):e275-e277.] .

The International Society of Paediatric Surgical Oncology (IPSO) was officially inaugurated in 1991 through the creativeness and inspiration of a collective dynamic group of paediatric surgeons committed to advancing childhood cancer. This article traces the origins and birth of IPSO tracking its modern day development to a growing world community of paediatric surgeon oncology members. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Section on Surgery of the American Academy of Pediatrics celebrates its 75th anniversary in 2023. To continue the tradition begun 25 years ago with analyses of the first two 25 years timespans of the organization, this examination focuses on the most recent quarter century. To frame this review, we begin with the seminal beginnings with the work of the section's founder, Herbert E Coe and reflect upon the twenty charter members of the organization. Then we explore the important accomplishments and challenges of the organization to the current time. Finally, we conclude with a glimpse of what the future holds for the first home of pediatric surgeons. TYPE OF STUDY: Review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The author has no competing or conflicts of interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Er Ke Cuo Yao (The Pediatric Summary) is the first monograph on pediatrics of Western medicine translated and introduced in the late Qing Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of the development of modern pediatrics and modern Western medicine in China. Edited by American missionary Mary Hannah Fulton and translated by Chinese Western medicine scholar Yin Duanmo, the book consists of 2 volumes and 14 books, including general discussion of pediatrics, diagnosis of pediatric diseases, and discussion on teething, throat diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, worms, liver diseases, abdominal epimesis, and new infectious diseases, etc. covering the diagnosis, treatment, maintenance and other knowledge of Western medical pediatrics. The source of Er Ke Cuo Yao is not yet available, but it may be a synthesis of various materials, and the translation uses paraphrasing, transliteration, and traditional Chinese medicine terminology, and the language is easy to understand. Er Ke Cuo Yao reflects the level of development of pediatrics in Western medicine in the early modern period, makes up for the lack of pediatrics knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine, and plays an active role in the diagnosis and treatment of common pediatric diseases, epidemiological diseases, surgical diseases, and malnutrition prevention.

Introduction: Pediatric urology is a subspecialty of urology that emerged from a culture in which children with urological disorders were cared for by general urologists and general pediatric surgeons. The development of pediatric urology as a subspecialty was years in the making, highlighted by individuals who recognized that children with urological conditions were not just "small adults," but required special experience and training. Subspecialization was initiated by persistent visionaries who recognized the need for a trained cadre of experts to provide better care for children. It took the coordinated effort of all subgroups and leaderships in pediatric urology to push these efforts over the goal line. The focus of this review is to highlight certain individuals who played major roles in this vision and to document the efforts of many to coordinate the pathways to sub-specialization., Methods: The careers of Meredith F. Campbell and Frank B. Bicknell were researched to identify their rationale and roles in developing pediatric urology as a distinct medical specialty in the United States. In addition, the minutes of the meetings of the Pediatric Urology Advisory Council (PUAC) with the American Board of Urology (ABU) were reviewed. The origins of the Society for Pediatric Urology (SPU) and the American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Urology (AAP-SOU) were researched. The contributions of each to the certification of pediatric urology as a distinct subspecialty was delineated., Results: Campbell was Chair of Urology at the New York University (NYU) School of Medicine and wrote prolifically about pediatric urology. He published one of the first practical textbooks in pediatric urology, almost completely self-written, in 1937. Bicknell, a general urologist in Michigan on the faculty at Wayne State University School of Medicine, led the initiative to create the Society for Pediatric Urology (SPU) that first met at the 1951 annual American Urological Association (AUA) meeting in Chicago and included nine attendees. Subsequently, John Lattimer (College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University) organized a well-attended meeting of urologists interested in pediatrics at the 1964 annual AAP meeting in New York City. This led to the formation of the AAP Section on Urology. Integral to the justification for the development of a subspecialty was evidence of a published corpus of content. In addition to published textbooks devoted exclusively to pediatric urology, this was further fulfilled by the AAP Section on Urology Pediatric Supplement to the Journal of Urology, first published in 1986, and later with the Journal of Pediatric Urology in 2005. The SPU and the AAP Section on Urology came together to form the Pediatric Urology Advisory Council (PUAC) in 2000, which worked with the ABU to create subspecialty certification in pediatric urology with an independent exam, first administered in 2008 to 176 applicants., Conclusion: The metaphor "We have stood on the shoulders of giants" is apt for pediatric urology: Meredith Campbell, Frank Bicknell, David Innes Williams (Hospital for Sick Children, London), and J. Herbert Johnston (Alder Hay Hospital, Liverpool) come to mind among the first generation of pediatric urology pioneers, and others among their colleagues also had significant impact. Clearly this is a story of persistence and attention to detail on the part of those giants and those who followed. Pediatric urology became a distinct discipline after the SPU and AAP-SOU came together to create a robust cohort of pediatric urologists who through education and negotiation were able to help the ABU and the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) recognize that subspecialization would lead to better care for children with urologic disorders. This benchmark set a high bar for future subspecialization in urology and other fields., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The 75 years since Pediatrics was first published has witnessed an explosion of the scientific knowledge base informing child health. Yet, the path leading to the present has not been linear. We examine several articles that illustrate some of the unexpected twists and turns that have characterized our specialty's history. We hope that it will provide a reminder of the ever-changing nature of scientific knowledge and the need to continually re-evaluate how our own cultural assumptions shape medical practice., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Objective: To explore and document the life and urologic contributions of Dr. Frank B. Bicknell., Methods: We researched the life of Dr. Bicknell via his publications, archived documents from the Didusch Museum and through the description of his life and accomplishments by his colleagues including John K. Lattimer and Frank Hinman Jr., Results: Frank B. Bicknell (1907-1999) attended the University of Michigan (1925-1928) and Universityof Michigan Medical School (1928-1932) prior to his internship and urology residency at the Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (1932-1936). He served in the Merchant Marine in the 1930s, sailing around the world. He was a major in World War II and served as Professor of Urology at Wayne State University. In 1951 Dr. Bicknell got together a small group of eight urologists interested in pediatric urology during the AUA Annual Meeting. Drs. Campbell, Barber, Johnson, Mertz, Hinman Jr., Spence and Lattimer all met in Dr. Bicknell's Chicago hotel room and would form The Society for Pediatric Urology. At the time, Dr. Bicknell's brother-in-law had just become president of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Dr. John Lattimer with the help of Dr. Bicknell's brother-in-law was able to get a room at the AAP meeting which he filled with 2500 people, thought to be the largest collection of urologists in one room at the time. The success of the session led the AAP to develop a Section of Urology and impressed upon the AUA the magnitude of interest in pediatric urology. This allowed pediatric urologists to secure an exclusive session on the day before the main AUA meeting which has persisted since that time.Dr. Bicknell founded the History Forum in 1966 and chaired this very popular event during its first decade. The forum now occupies an entire afternoon during the AUA annual meeting, with papers presented on historic urologic topics. The highlight of this assembly is the annual lecture on the history of medicine. In 2000, this oration was renamed the Frank Bicknell History of Urology Oration to honor the founder of the History Forum., Conclusion: Dr. Frank Bicknell was an early leader in pediatric urology and urologic history who helped found The Society of Pediatric Urology and the AUA History Forum., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

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Dr. Anne Marie Lynn (1949-present), Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Pediatrics at the University of Washington, Seattle, was one of the most influential women in pediatric anesthesiology of her generation. Dr. Lynn embodies the spirit of discovery and advancement that have created the practice of pediatric anesthesiology as we know it today. A pioneer in pain medicine pharmacology, particularly morphine and ketorolac, her research transformed pediatric anesthesia, pediatric pain medicine, and pediatric intensive care medicine. Through her journal articles, book chapters, national and international lectures, mentoring of residents, fellows, and faculty, and leadership in the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia, she inspired a generation of women and men physicians by demonstrating that gender should not be a barrier to undertaking roles once only held only by men. In 2017, for her many contributions, she was awarded the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Myron Yaster lifetime achievement award., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)