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Data Challenge 1 (DC1) is the first synthetic data set produced by the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC). DC1 is designed to develop and validate data reduction and analysis and to study the impact of systematic effects that will affect the LSST data set. DC1 is comprised of r-band observations of 40 deg2 to 10 yr LSST depth. We present each stage of the simulation and analysis process: (a) generation, by synthesizing sources from cosmological N-body simulations in individual sensor-visit images with different observing conditions; (b) reduction using a development version of the LSST Science Pipelines; and (c) matching to the input cosmological catalogue for validation and testing. We verify that testable LSST requirements pass within the fidelity of DC1. We establish a selection procedure that produces a sufficiently clean extragalactic sample for clustering analyses and we discuss residual sample contamination, including contributions from inefficiency in star-galaxy separation and imperfect deblending. We compute the galaxy power spectrum on the simulated field and conclude that: (i) survey properties have an impact of 50 per cent of the statistical uncertainty for the scales and models used in DC1; (ii) a selection to eliminate artefacts in the catalogues is necessary to avoid biases in the measured clustering; and (iii) the presence of bright objects has a significant impact (2-6) in the estimated power spectra at small scales (> 1200), highlighting the impact of blending in studies at small angular scales in LSST.

In the title compound, [Zn(C6H3FNO2)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, the ZnII atom is octahedrally coordinated in a ZnO4N2 environment by two 3-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylate (3-fpy4-cbx) ligands and four water molecules. The [Zn(3-fpy4-cbx)2(H2O)4] molecules form a three-dimensional network through strong O—H...O and weak O—H...F hydrogen bonds between 3-fpy4-cbx and water molecules. The crystal used for data collection was a twin, with the twin law corresponding to a 180° rotation about the real-space [001] axis. The major twin fraction refined to 0.795 (1).

In the title compound, {[Zn(SO4)(C8H6N4)]·H2O}n, the ZnII atom is in a distorted octahedral environment. The ZnII atoms are bridged by both 2,2′-bipyrimidine and sulfate ligands, thus forming a three-dimensional polymeric metal–organic solid that contains uncoordinated water molecules in the interstitial space. O—H...O hydrogen bonding consolidates the crystal structure.

In the centrosymmetric title complex, [Ni(C7H3FNO3S)2(H2O)4], the NiII atom exhibits a slightly distorted trans-NiN2O4 octahedral coordination. The nitrogen donors are provided by two 5-fluorosaccharinate ligands and the oxygen donors are provided by four water molecules. The crystal structure features O—H...O and bifurcated O—H...(F,O) hydrogen bonds, the latter involving the F atom of the 5-fluorosaccharinate ligand.

In general terms the changes at SBA-1 appear to reflect a broadening of the resource base, with fish and shellfish making up a greater share of the protein captured in the later period. This is in general agreement with the patterns predicted by regional theories dealing with environmental change and population growth in the Santa Barbara Channel region (Glassow 1980a: 14). Archaeological data (Glassow, Wilcoxon, and Erlandson n.d.) suggest that populations in the channel region were increasing during the periods in question. Such an increase in the number of people utilizing the region's resources would be likely to produce an intensification in the use of the marine environment as a result of the limitations on the terrestrial resources in the narrow coastal zone. The data from SBA-1 appear to show the effects of such intensification.

Since the 1970s, smoking has declined somewhat among adolescent males, but not among adolescent females. Many adolescents continue to smoke despite exposure to prevention programs and knowledge of its adverse [...], Part of the Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project, this study provides information on reasons reported by adolescents for their smoking behavior. A total of 1,615 10th grade students in 20 rural and suburban school districts in Washington state were asked why they currently smoke and why they first smoked. For beginning smoking, curiosity, social norms, and social pressure were the most frequently given reasons for smoking. For current smoking, pleasure and addiction were mentioned most often. A number of gender differences occurred with 10th grade students beginning and current smoking. More females than males reported social norms and social pressure as reasons for beginning to smoke, whereas for currently smoking, pleasure was given as a reason more frequently by females than males. When developing interventions, smoking prevention programs need to consider students' current and past smoking behavior, and the reasons they give for smoking. (J Sch Health. 1992;62(5):185-190)

Carboxylate containing pyridyl ligands, which have the characteristics of both the pyridyl donor group and the carboxylate group, have received increasing interests in the synthesis of new inorganic-organic materials. Our [...]

Attrition is of great concern to longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) because it can negatively affect internal and external validity, statistical validity and the perceived quality of a study. This case study considers the design process and results of a survey of nonrespondents to an initial survey used in the long-term follow-up of a hardto- reach cohort of young adults. The original study cohort consisted of 2,151 teenage smokers who participated in an RCT of an experimental smoking cessation intervention. A successful intervention impact, detected at one year post-high school, prompted a Wave 3 follow-up at seven years post-high school in order to determine if the impact persisted into young adulthood. Initial survey response in the Wave 3 follow- up fell well short of our minimum design goal of 80 percent. We used an analysis of nonrespondents, a review of the literature on increasing response rates and an internal incentive test to inform the design of a new questionnaire and survey procedures for a nonrespondent follow-up study. The nonresponse follow-up study achieved a response rate of 42.9 percent, which succeeded in raising the overall response for the Wave 3 follow-up from 68.6 percent to 81.5 percent. It also succeeded in making the final respondent sample more representative of the study cohort and reduced the potential for nonresponse bias in the study's most important end point. Most importantly, it allowed us to answer questions about the long-term impact of a cancer prevention intervention with increased validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital surveillance is widely utilized around the world and has evoked increasingly controversial debates regarding its benefits and drawbacks. People in different countries may view surveillance differently due to cultural, political, and social elements. In addition, teenagers may have different views than adults concerning surveillance. In this research, we attempted to answer the following research question: "Do teenagers in different countries view digital surveillance differently?" We conducted a survey in US and Chinese high schools to answer this question. The survey results suggest there is not much difference between students' attitudes in the two countries, however, we identified significant differences in several accounts between students in public and private schools in each country. Research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have been interested in the synthesis and chemistry of new mixed-metal inorganic organic hybrid materials. Specifically, we have solvothermally synthesized several new materials which contain a complex Bismuth halide [...]

In recent years, research targeting the synthesis of open or channel-containing metal-organic frameworks has interested chemists as such materials have found application in areas like gas absorbtion, size-selective separation, and [...]

The chemistry of the main group metal halides has been widely explored for several decades owing to the promising physical properties that such compounds often exhibit including semiconductivity, luminescence, and [...]

A new coordination polymer containing open channels has been prepared from the reaction of Co[(saccharinate).sub.2]6[H.sub.2]) with the bidentate ligand 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (L2) in a methylene chloride/ethanol solvent mixture. The compound crystallizes [...]

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostanoids have long been implicated in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Recently prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and its receptor EP(1) (EP(1)R) have emerged as key players in angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension (HTN) and related end-organ damage. However, the enzymatic source of PGE(2,) that is, COX-1 or COX-2, and its site(s) of action are not known. The subfornical organ (SFO) is a key forebrain region that mediates systemic Ang II-dependent HTN via reactive oxygen species (ROS). We tested the hypothesis that cross-talk between PGE(2)/EP(1)R and ROS signaling in the SFO is required for Ang II HTN. Radiotelemetric assessment of blood pressure revealed that HTN induced by infusion of systemic "slow-pressor" doses of Ang II was abolished in mice with null mutations in EP(1)R or COX-1 but not COX-2. Slow-pressor Ang II-evoked HTN and ROS formation in the SFO were prevented when the EP(1)R antagonist SC-51089 was infused directly into brains of wild-type mice, and Ang-II-induced ROS production was blunted in cells dissociated from SFO of EP(1)R(-/-) and COX-1(-/-) but not COX-2(-/-) mice. In addition, slow-pressor Ang II infusion caused a ≈3-fold increase in PGE(2) levels in the SFO but not in other brain regions. Finally, genetic reconstitution of EP(1)R selectively in the SFO of EP(1)R-null mice was sufficient to rescue slow-pressor Ang II-elicited HTN and ROS formation in the SFO of this model. Thus, COX 1-derived PGE(2) signaling through EP(1)R in the SFO is required for the ROS-mediated HTN induced by systemic infusion of Ang II and suggests that EP(1)R in the SFO may provide a novel target for antihypertensive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination polymer [Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O)(HgI 2)](H 2O) ( 1) was synthesized hydrothermally using the ligand 3,4′-bipyridine-6-carboxylic acid (ppca′). Structure 1 consists of square pyramidal copper (II) units linked by mercury (II) iodide into one-dimensional zigzag chains, which hydrogen bond into double chains. These ladders are further hydrogen bonded into a three-dimensional network that crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. In structure 1, a = 16.9058(10) Å, b = 11.2645(6) Å, c = 27.2707(15) Å, and β = 92.754(1)°. Graphical Abstract: The coordination polymer [Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O)(HgI 2)](H 2O) ( 1) was synthesized hydrothermally using the ligand 3,4′-bipyridine-6-carboxylic acid (ppca′). The coordination sphere about the copper (II) and mercury (II) ions in the coordination polymer [Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O)(HgI 2)](H 2O) ( 1). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = mercury (II), [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = copper (II), [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = iodide, [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = oxygen, [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = nitrogen, [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = carbon, and [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = hydrogen (where not hidden).[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination complex Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O) 2 ( 1) was synthesized hydrothermally using the ligand 3,4′-bipyridine-6-carboxylic acid (ppca′). Complex 1 consists of pseudo-octahedral copper (II) units hydrogen bonded into a three-dimensional network that crystallizes in the monoclinic P2 1/n space group. In complex 1, a = 5.3429(4) Å, b = 29.343(2) Å, c = 6.7940(5) Å, and β = 110.635(2)°. Graphical Abstract: The coordination complex Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O) 2 ( 1) was synthesized hydrothermally using the ligand 3,4′-bipyridine-6-carboxylic acid (ppca′). The coordination sphere about the copper (II) ion in the complex Cu(ppca′) 2(H 2O) 2 ( 1). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = nitrogen, [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = copper (II), [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = oxygen, [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = carbon, and [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]  = hydrogen.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking randomized trial was designed to rigorously evaluate a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aims Extending our earlier findings from a longitudinal cohort study, this study examines parents' early and late smoking cessation as predictors of their young adult children's smoking cessation. Design Parents' early smoking cessation status was assessed when their children were aged 8 years; parents' late smoking cessation was assessed when their children were aged 17 years. Young adult children's smoking cessation, of at least 6 months duration, was assessed at age 28 years. Setting Forty Washington State school districts. Participants and measurements Participants were 991 at least weekly smokers at age 17 whose parents were ever regular smokers and who also reported their smoking status at age 28. Questionnaire data were gathered on parents and their children (49% female and 91% Caucasian) in a longitudinal cohort (84% retention). Findings Among children who smoked daily at age 17, parents' quitting early (i.e. by the time their children were aged 8) was associated with a 1.7 times higher odds of these children quitting by age 28 compared to those whose parents did not quit [odds ratio (OR) 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23, 2.36]. Results were similar among children who smoked weekly at age 17 (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.41, 2.58). There was a similar, but non-significant, pattern of results among those whose parents quit late. Conclusions Supporting our earlier findings, results suggest that parents' early smoking cessation has a long-term influence on their adult children's smoking cessation. Parents who smoke should be encouraged to quit when their children are young. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our data collection procedure for young adult (YA) follow-up surveys precedes the survey with a request to the parent for locator information on the YA. We tested how providing a token prepaid cash incentive to their parents would affect both parent response and subsequent (i.e., "downstream") survey response from the YAs. Parents were randomly assigned to one of three incentive conditions: $0 (N = 97), $1 (N = 98), and $2 (N = 97). We found strong evidence for a parent incentive effect on parent response during the parent mail/phone sequence, and mild evidence at the end of the parent effort. We found no parent incentive effect on final YA survey response. We did, however, find an effect on early YA survey response. For example, at 30 days following the initial survey mailing, YA survey response was 46.4 percent, 61.2 percent, and 58.8 percent for those whose parents received $0, $1, and $2, respectively (p = .03). Also, we found that giving $1 or $2 to parents increased the speed of YA survey response by 34 percent (p = .02). We found no evidence for a differential parent incentive effect on the speed of survey response between female and male YAs. The increase in the YA survey response speed imparted by a $1 or $2 incentive to parents can more than pay for itself by substantially reducing the proportion of YAs requiring intensive follow-up efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of longitudinal studies have explored the role of friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking in children's smoking acquisition. A reasonable implication of this previous research is that intervention efforts could be beneficially directed toward countering the potential influence of friends' and possibly older siblings' smoking but not parents' smoking. However, methodological limitations of this previous research motivated our reevaluation of the role of friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking in children's smoking. Close friends' smoking status was assessed when children were in 5th grade, whereas parents' and older siblings' smoking status was assessed when children were in 3rd grade. The outcome, children's daily smoking status, was assessed in 12th grade. The setting was 40 Washington state school districts that participated in the long‐term Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project. Participants were the 4,576 families for whom close friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking status as well as children's smoking status were available. The probability that each close friend's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 9% (95% CI = 6%–12%), the probability that each parent's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 11% (95% CI = 9%–14%), and the probability that each older sibling's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 7% (95% CI = 1%–13%). These results suggest that close friends', parents', and siblings' smoking were similarly important influences on children's smoking. Family‐focused interventions could be a valuable future direction of prevention research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To use a novel social epidemic probability model to investigate longitudinally the extent to which parents’ and older siblings’ smoking predict children's smoking transitions. Design Parents’ and older siblings’ smoking status was assessed when children were in 3rd grade (baseline). Three smoking transitions were assessed over the period of child/adolescent smoking acquisition (up to 12th grade): (1) transition from never smoking to trying smoking, (2) transition from trying to monthly smoking and (3) transition from monthly to daily smoking. Setting Forty Washington State school districts participating in the long term Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project (HSPP). Participants and measurements Participants were the 5520 families for whom data on both parents’ and older siblings’ baseline smoking status, as well as on children's smoking transitions, were available. Findings The probability that a smoking parent influenced their child to make the first transition to trying smoking was 32% (95% CI: 27%, 36%); to make the second transition from trying to monthly smoking, 15% (95% CI: 10%, 19%); and to make the third transition from monthly to daily smoking, 28% (95% CI: 21%, 34%). The probability that an older sibling influenced a child to make the first transition to trying smoking was 29% (95% CI: 17%, 39%); to make the second transition from trying to monthly smoking, 0% (95% CI: 0%, 8%); and to make the third transition from monthly to daily smoking, 20% (95% CI: 4%, 33%). Conclusions In contrast to previous research, the results provide new evidence suggesting that family smoking influences both initiation and escalation of children's smoking. Results also quantify, in terms of probabilities, the importance of parents’ and older siblings’ smoking on children's three major smoking transitions. Parents’ smoking, as well as older siblings’ smoking, are important behaviors to target in preventing adolescents from making smoking transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated whether parents' antismoking actions mediated the prospective relationship between parental smoking cessation and children's smoking. Smoking status of parents (predictor) was assessed when their children were in 3rd grade, parental antismoking actions (mediators) were assessed when their children were in 11th grade, and children's smoking status (outcome) was assessed when they were in 12th grade. In 20 Washington state school districts, data were collected from 1,600 children (49% female, 91% White) and from their parents. Results showed that children's odds of daily smoking were reduced by 39% (95% CI = 24%–51%) for those whose parents had quit smoking, compared with those whose parents were current smokers. Asking to sit in nonsmoking sections of public establishments was a significant ( p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new microporous coordination polymer, [Co(saccharinate)2(L1)(H2O)2]n solvate, has been prepared from the reaction of the N,N' bidentate ligand 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (L1) with [Co(saccharinate)2·4H2O]·2H2O in a methylene chloride/ethanol solvent mixture. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, with lattice parameters a = 7.6893(5) Å, b = 11.0169(7) Å, c = 11.2369(7) Å, α = 66.2610(10)°, β = 74.4160(10)°, γ = 74.6740(10)°. The structure consists of one-dimensional chains composed of octahedrally coordinated Co(II) centers linked by L1. The packing of these chains, along with intrachain and interchain hydrogen bonds, generates a 3-D framework with infinite channels that are occupied by disordered guest molecules. The compound was further characterized by IR spectroscopy and DTA/TGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although parental smoking is clearly one important influence on children's smoking, it is still unclear what are the many mechanisms by which parents influence their children's smoking. Antismoking actions are one potential mechanism. Objective To determine whether parental antismoking actions including having rules about smoking in one's home, using nonsmoking sections of public establishments, or asking others not to smoke in one's presence are associated with adolescents' adoption of smoking. Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting Rural and suburban communities in western Washington State. Participants Population-based cohort of 3555 adolescents and their parents. Main Outcome Measure Daily smoking in 12th grade. Results Adolescents of parents who report having rules about smoking in one's home, using nonsmoking sections of public establishments, or asking others not to smoke in one's presence were significantly less likely to smoke than adolescents of parents who did not engage in antismoking actions. This association of antismoking action and reduced smoking was found for children of both smoking and nonsmoking parents. Conclusion Parents' antismoking actions may help prevent smoking by their teenaged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: PurposeTo explore the hypothesis that older siblings’ smoking, after controlling for parents’ smoking, influences children’s smoking.: MethodsStudy participants were 2981 students in the control cohort of a school-based smoking prevention randomized trial for whom parents’ smoking and older siblings’ smoking data were collected at 3rd grade and daily smoking data was assessed 9 years later through a self-report questionnaire at the 12th grade. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression and likelihood ratio tests.: ResultsFor families in which no parent smoked, the 12th grade prevalence of daily smoking was 31% when at least one older sibling smoked compared to 18% when no older sibling smoked. For families in which at least one parent smoked, the 12th grade prevalence of daily smoking was 41% when at least one older sibling smoked compared to 29% when no older sibling smoked. There was a substantial increase in the odds (OR = 1.60, p = .004) of children’s daily smoking at 12th grade when their older siblings smoked, even after adjusting for parents’ smoking.: ConclusionsOlder siblings’ smoking is associated with increased risk of children’s smoking after adjusting for parents smoking. Furthermore, there was no evidence to suggest that the influence of older siblings’ smoking was different in families where no parent smoked compared to those where at least one parent smoked. Also, there was no evidence that the influence of older siblings’ smoking was different in boys vs. girls. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines the use of the Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project to determine the impact of the social-influences approach on school-based smoking prevention for youth in Washington. Difficulties in school-based trials; Risk factors for smoking inhalation and escalation; Goals for researches in smoking initiation and prevention.

The article examines the ability of computer-based mapping tool called a geographic information system, to present the inter-spatial variations in economic indicators in symbol-coded thematic maps. The use of thematic maps, the graphical portrayals of economic data on a map, in the teaching of economics enhances the ability of students in understanding and remembering relationships contained in the data. It is capable of inducing a variety of teaching technique useful to economics teachers and encourages the use of active learning exercises.

For students to realize the benefits of behavior change curricula for disease prevention, programs must be implemented effectively. However, implementation failure is a common problem documented in the literature. In this article, teacher training is conceptualized as a behavior change process with explicit teacher motivation components included to help effect the intended behavior (i.e., implementation). Using this method, the Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project, a randomized controlled trial in school-based smoking prevention, conducted 65 in-service programs, training nearly 500 teachers (Grades 3-10) from 72 schools. Implementation was monitored by teacher self-report and classroom observations by project staff. The results were favorable. All eligible teachers received training, virtually all trained teachers implemented the research curriculum, and 89% of observed lessons worked as intended. It is concluded that teacher training conceptualized as a behavior change process and including explicit teacher motivation components can promote effective implementation of behavior change curricula in public school classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which detailed the operational experience acquired with a photovoltaic hybrid system installed as a line extension alternative at a residence located in northern New York State. Description of the system; Overall energy production and utilization; Experimental results; Conclusions and recommendations.

Compares Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) with the Oxford Group in the late 1930s as the two movements were separating. International origins of Alcoholics International; Social context for religious movements in 1900; China mission and development of the Buchman method; Parallel between sin and alcoholism being an illness or disease; More.

A variant of the common acceptance-rejection method for generating random variables guarantees that steps are not repeated. This approach affords considerable flexibility in tailoring the method efficiently to the specified density. An algorithm for generating Cauchy random variables illustrates the use of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]