28 results on '"Phillips, Shaun M."'
Search Results
2. Changes in perceived mental fatigue, physical fatigue and mood state during a 4‐day national junior orienteering competition preparation camp.
- Author
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Lam, Hui Kwan Nicholas, Sproule, John, Turner, Anthony P., and Phillips, Shaun M.
- Subjects
EXPERIMENTAL design ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,RUNNING ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PHYSICAL training & conditioning ,PEARSON correlation (Statistics) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,REPEATED measures design ,FATIGUE (Physiology) ,ATHLETIC ability ,DATA analysis software ,MENTAL fatigue - Abstract
Mental fatigue (MF) has been shown to acutely impair the psychological responses and endurance running performance of orienteers. This study aimed to explore MF levels experienced by orienteers during a 4‐day competition preparation camp that consisted of simulated sprint, middle‐distance, long‐distance, relay and night races. Eleven national junior orienteers participated in the study (age: 15–17 years, height: 1.69 ± 0.07 m and body mass: 59.9 ± 5.22 kg). Subjective ratings of MF, motivation, stress, physical fatigue (PF) and tiredness were measured using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was utilized to assess the mood state of the orienteers. The self‐report measures were taken within 30 min of waking, immediately after the post‐training session, and after 24 and 48 h following the final training session. The pre–post orienteering training combined analysis showed that there was a moderate increase in perceived MF (ES = 1.06 [0.66, 1.45]), PF (ES = 1.07 [0.69, 1.45]) and BRUMS fatigue (ES = 0.74 [0.4, 1.1]) after orienteering training. At 48 h post the final training session, MF remained moderately elevated (ES = 0.86 [−0.07, 1.75]), while PF also remained elevated to a small extent (ES = 0.46 [−0.46, 1.39]) compared to the pre‐training values. A moderate impairment was still observed in BRUMS vigor (ES = −1.02 [−1.65, −0.36]), but BRUMS confusion scores were moderately lower (ES = −0.85 [−1.71, 0.04]) than pre‐training values. This study found that orienteering training induced acute MF, persisting for at least 48 h after the final session. Highlights: National junior orienteers experienced perceived mental fatigue during an orienteering training camp, and recovery of psychological responses was incomplete after 48 h.There was a moderate correlation between changes in perceived mental fatigue and physical fatigue during the orienteering training camp, suggesting that while being related they represent distinct constructs of fatigue.Perceived mental fatigue did not recover to its pre‐training value on the following training day, suggesting a progressive accumulation effect that persisted until the completion of the training camp.After the training camp, the ratings of perceived mental fatigue, stress, and physical fatigue, as well as the scores from the Brunel Mood Scale (vigor and fatigue), remained impaired for 48 h compared to their pre‐training value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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3. The impact of sprint, middle-distance, and long-distance orienteering races on perceived mental fatigue in national level orienteers.
- Author
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Nicholas Lam, Hui Kwan, Sproule, John, Turner, Anthony P., and Phillips, Shaun M.
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COGNITION disorders ,GLOBAL Positioning System ,STATISTICS ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SELF-perception ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,VISUAL analog scale ,WEARABLE technology ,PHYSICAL training & conditioning ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,COOLDOWN ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REPEATED measures design ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,HEART beat ,SPORTS events ,FATIGUE (Physiology) ,DATA analysis ,SPRINTING ,MENTAL fatigue ,ELITE athletes ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Experiencing mental fatigue (MF) before an orienteering race can lead to a slower completion time. This study aimed to explore the changes in perceived MF, mood and other psychological responses during an orienteering competition. Sixteen national level orienteering athletes (20.8 ± 4.9 years) provided informed consent and completed the online surveys, before and immediately after each race, and 24- and 48-hours post competition (48POST). This study measured MF, physical fatigue, stress, tiredness and motivation using 0–100 Visual Analogue Scale, and the mood was assessed using The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). A moderate to large increase in MF (ES = 0.93 [0.54 to 1.31]), BRUMS fatigue (ES = 0.61 [0.3 to 0.92]), and PF (ES = 1.21 [0.81 to 1.61]) was reported following orienteering races. A small increase in tiredness and BRUMS confusion, and a small decrease in motivation, stress and BRUMS vigour was also reported. There was a delay in recovering from the MF elicited by competition, with a small increase in MF (ES = 0.54 [0.08 to 1.15]) at 48POST compared to the pre-competition value. This study found that orienteers experience MF during competition and have a delayed recovery that can last up to two days after the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Leg Press Training on Lower Body Strength and Power and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Rugby Players.
- Author
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Xiang Zhao, Turner, Anthony P., Sproule, John, and Phillips, Shaun M.
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VERTICAL jump ,ATHLETIC ability ,RUGBY football players ,TEENAGE boys ,TEENAGERS - Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 5 weeks of unilateral and bilateral leg press training on lower body strength, linear sprinting and vertical jumping performance in adolescent rugby players. Twenty-six male adolescent rugby players (age = 15.3 ± 0.4 years) were assigned via stratified block randomization to unilateral (n = 9), bilateral (n = 9) and control (n = 8) groups. Training consisted of either the unilateral or the bilateral leg press twice weekly over five weeks, with the control group maintaining habitual training. Lower body unilateral and bilateral strength, vertical jump and linear sprint performance were assessed before and after training. After 5 weeks of training, both training groups significantly increased the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press (unilateral group = 8.9%, d = 0.53; bilateral group = 10.9%, d = 0.55, p < 0.01) and the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press (unilateral group = 20.2%, d = 0.81; bilateral group = 12.4%, d = 0.45, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the size of improvement in unilateral and bilateral groups in the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press, but the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press increased significantly more in the unilateral group (p < 0.05). No significant training effects were found for vertical jump or linear sprint performance. The results indicated that unilateral leg press training was as effective as bilateral leg press training in improving bilateral strength and more effective in improving unilateral strength in adolescent rugby players. However, strength improvement did not transfer to athletic performance improvements in either group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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5. International orienteering experts' consensus on the definition, development, cause, impact and methods to reduce mental fatigue in orienteering: A Delphi study.
- Author
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Lam, Hui Kwan Nicholas, Sproule, John, Turner, Anthony P., Murgatroyd, Paul, Gristwood, Graham, Richards, Hugh, and Phillips, Shaun M.
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RUNNER'S high ,CONSENSUS (Social sciences) ,ATHLETES ,DECISION making ,NATURE ,ATHLETIC ability ,SPORTS events ,MENTAL fatigue ,DELPHI method ,PHYSICAL education - Abstract
Orienteering is an outdoor activity wherein participants use a map and compass to locate control points and choose the quickest path to the next control point in a natural environment. Attentional focus, rapid decision-making, and high aerobic fitness may influence orienteering performance. Therefore, this research aimed to seek international orienteering expert consensus regarding the definition, development, causes, influences and methods to reduce mental fatigue (MF) in orienteering based on practical experience. Following ethical approval, a three-round Delphi survey was conducted online with twenty-four orienteering coaches and athletes (or former athletes) from 10 different countries with international orienteering competition experience. The threshold of consensus was ≥ 70% agreement among respondents. The experts agreed that MF exists in daily life and orienteering with a substantial negative effect on their conscious decision-making performance and psychological responses. The experts disagreed that the form of MF that athletes experienced in orienteering training are similar to the competition. However, there was no agreement that MF would impact endurance and high-speed running performance during orienteering. This research refines the definition of MF and summarises the distinctions in what causes MF in orienteering training and competition, implying that MF should be addressed separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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6. Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise in Adolescents: Research Findings, Ethical Issues and Suggestions for the Future
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Phillips, Shaun M.
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- 2012
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7. Beverage carbohydrate concentration influences the intermittent endurance capacity of adolescent team games players during prolonged intermittent running
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Phillips, Shaun M., Turner, Anthony P., Sanderson, Mark F., and Sproule, John
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- 2012
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8. Carbohydrate gel ingestion significantly improves the intermittent endurance capacity, but not sprint performance, of adolescent team games players during a simulated team games protocol
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Phillips, Shaun M., Turner, Anthony P., Sanderson, Mark F., and Sproule, John
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- 2012
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9. Carbohydrate Ingestion during Team Games Exercise: Current Knowledge and Areas for Future Investigation
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Phillips, Shaun M., Sproule, John, and Turner, Anthony P.
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- 2011
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10. Ingesting a 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution improves endurance capacity, but not sprint performance, during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running in adolescent team games players aged 12–14 years
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Phillips, Shaun M., Turner, Anthony P., Gray, Shirley, Sanderson, Mark F., and Sproule, John
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- 2010
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11. Carbohydrate Concentration Influences Intermittent Endurance Capacity During Prolonged Intermittent High-Intensity Shuttle Running in Adolescents: 2244: Board #121 June 2 3:30 PM - 5:00 PM
- Author
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Phillips, Shaun M., Turner, Anthony P., Gray, Shirley, Sanderson, Mark F., and Sproule, John
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- 2011
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12. A systematic review and meta-analysis of affective responses to acute high intensity interval exercise compared with continuous moderate- and high-Intensity exercise.
- Author
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Niven, Ailsa, Laird, Yvonne, Saunders, David H., and Phillips, Shaun M.
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PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,META-analysis ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SPORTS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EXERCISE intensity ,HIGH-intensity interval training ,MEDLINE ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems - Abstract
There is evidence for the physical health benefits of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE), but its public health potential has been challenged. It is purported that compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) the high intensity nature of HIIE may lead to negative affective responses. This systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42017058203) addressed this proposition and synthesised research that compares affective responses to HIIE with MICE and vigorous intensity continuous exercise (VICE), during-, end-, and post-exercise. Searches were conducted on five databases, and findings from 33 studies were meta-analysed using random effects models or narratively synthesised. A meta-analysis of affect showed a significant effect in favour of MICE vs HIIE at the lowest point, during and post-exercise, but not at end, and the narrative synthesis supported this for other affective outcomes. Differences on affect between VICE vs HIIE were limited. Pooled data showed arousal levels were consistently higher during HIIE. For enjoyment there was a significant effect in favour of HIIE vs MICE, no difference for HIIE vs VICE at post-exercise, and mixed findings for during-exercise. Although the findings are clouded by methodological issues they indicate that compared to MICE, HIIE is experienced less positively but post-exercise is reported to be more enjoyable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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13. The effects of two weeks low-volume self-regulated high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise enjoyment, and intentions to repeat.
- Author
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CAMPBELL, JENNIFER and PHILLIPS, SHAUN M.
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This study investigated the effect of low-volume self-regulated high-intensity interval training (SR-HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), exercise enjoyment, and intentions to repeat. Ten untrained, physically active adults (five males and five females, age: 20.3 ± 0.5 years) undertook a 2-week control period followed by 2-weeks SR-HIIT (6 x 10 min cycle ergometer sessions). Sessions involved alternate bouts at a rating of perceived exertion of 17 (work) and 11 (recovery), with bout durations self-regulated by the participant. Maximal aerobic capacity showed a small increase from post-control (3.14 ± 1.03 L.min-1) to post-training (3.45 ± 1.14 L.min-1; X̅ diff 0.31, 95%CI 0.06 L.min-1, d = 0.28, 95%CL 0.11, 0.45). First ventilatory threshold showed a large increase from post-control (65.6 ± 2.1% VO2max) to post-training (68.0 ± 2.4% VO2max; X̅diff 2.4, 95%CI 1.2%, d = 0.96, 95%CL 0.27, 1.62). Post-exercise enjoyment showed small (X̅ diff 3.5, 95%CI 8.1 AU, d = 0.31) and medium (X̅ diff 6.9, 95%CI 6.7 AU, d = 0.68) increases from SR-HIIT session 1-3 and 3-6, respectively. There were trivial to medium increases in intention to repeat SR-HIIT once per week (d = 0.06 to 0.63) and three times per week (d = 0.28 to 0.60). Low-volume SR-HIIT elicits meaningful improvements in CRF, is enjoyable, and facilitates good intentions to repeat, and may be an additional option for implementing HIIT to improve general population health and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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14. Continuous walking and time- and intensity-matched interval walking: Cardiometabolic demand and post-exercise enjoyment in insufficiently active, healthy adults.
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Francis, Kate, Williamson, Tom, Kelly, Paul, and Phillips, Shaun M.
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ENERGY metabolism ,PLEASURE ,WALKING ,OXYGEN consumption ,EXERCISE intensity ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
We compared cardiometabolic demand and post-exercise enjoyment between continuous walking (CW) and time- and intensity-matched interval walking (IW) in insufficiently active adults. Sixteen individuals (13 females and three males, age 25.3 ± 11.1 years) completed one CW and one IW session lasting 30 min in a randomised-counterbalanced design. For CW, participants walked at a mean intensity of 65–70% predicted maximum heart rate (HR
max ). For IW, participants alternated between 3 min at 80% HRmax and 2 min at 50% HRmax . Expired gas was measured throughout each protocol. Participants rated post-exercise enjoyment following each protocol. Mean HR and V˙O2 showed small positive differences in IW vs. CW (2, 95%CL 0, 4 beat.min−1 ; d = 0.23, 95%CL 0.06, 0.41 and 1.4, 95%CL 1.2 ml.kg−1 .min−1 , d = 0.36, 95%CL 0.05, 0.65, respectively). There was a medium positive difference in overall kcal expenditure in IW vs. CW (25, 95%CL 7 kcal, d = 0.58, 95%CL 0.33, 0.82). Post-exercise enjoyment was moderately greater following IW vs. CW (9.1, 95%CL 1.4, 16.8 AU, d = 0.62, 95%CL 0.06, 0.90), with 75% of participants reporting IW as more enjoyable. Interval walking elicits meaningfully greater energy expenditure and is more enjoyable than CW in insufficiently active, healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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15. Self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise influences affective responses to and intentions to engage with high-intensity interval exercise.
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Bradley, Claire, Niven, Ailsa, and Phillips, Shaun M.
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CYCLING ,INTENTION ,SPRINTING ,SELF-efficacy ,SELF-evaluation ,TIME ,SPORTS participation ,COOLDOWN ,EXERCISE intensity ,EXERCISE tolerance ,HIGH-intensity interval training - Abstract
This study investigated the effect of self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise on affective responses to, self-efficacy for and intention to repeat low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Thirty-six healthy participants (mean age 21 ± 2 years) were split into high tolerance (HT; n = 19), low tolerance (LT; n = 9), and very low tolerance (VLT; n = 8) of exercise intensity groups. Participants completed 10 × 6 s cycle sprints with 60 s recovery. Affective valence and perceived activation were measured before exercise, after sprints 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 20 min post-HIIE. Intention and self-efficacy were assessed 20 min post-HIIE. Affective valence was significantly lower in VLT vs. LT (P = 0.034, d = 1.01–1.14) and HT (P = 0.018, d = 1.34–1.70). Circumplex profiles showed a negative affective state in VLT only. The VLT group had lower intentions to repeat HIIE once and three times per week than HT (P < 0.001, d = 1.87 and 1.81, respectively) and LT (P = 0.107, d = 0.85; P = 0.295, d = 0.53, respectively). Self-efficacy was not influenced by tolerance. Self-reported tolerance of exercise intensity influences affective responses to and intentions to engage with HIIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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16. Interval running with self-selected recovery: Physiology, performance, and perception.
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McEwan, Gary, Arthur, Rosemary, Phillips, Shaun M, Gibson, Neil V, and Easton, Chris
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ATHLETIC ability ,DECISION making ,EXERCISE tests ,HEART beat ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY ,RUNNING ,TIME ,TREADMILLS ,AEROBIC capacity ,COOLDOWN ,EXERCISE intensity ,MALE athletes - Abstract
This study (1) compared the physiological responses and performance during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session incorporating externally regulated (ER) and self-selected (SS) recovery periods and (2) examined the psychophysiological cues underpinning SS recovery durations. Following an incremental maximal exercise test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 14 recreationally active males completed 2 HIIT sessions on a non-motorised treadmill. Participants performed 12 × 30 s running intervals at a target intensity of 105% MAS interspersed with 30 s (ER) or SS recovery periods. During SS, participants were instructed to provide themselves with sufficient recovery to complete all 12 efforts at the required intensity. A semi-structured interview was undertaken following the completion of SS. Mean recovery duration was longer during SS (51 ± 15 s) compared to ER (30 ± 0 s; p < .001; d = 1.46 ± 0.46). Between-interval heart rate recovery was higher (SS: 19 ± 9 b min
−1 ; ER: 8 ± 5 b min−1 ; p < .001; d = 1.43 ± 0.43) and absolute time ≥90% maximal heart rate (HRmax ) was lower (SS: 335 ± 193 s; ER: 433 ± 147 s; p = .075; d = 0.52 ± 0.39) during SS compared to ER. Relative time ≥105% MAS was greater during SS (90 ± 6%) compared to ER (74 ± 20%; p < .01; d = 0.87 ± 0.40). Different sources of afferent information underpinned decision-making during SS. The extended durations of recovery during SS resulted in a reduced time ≥90% HRmax but enhanced time ≥105% MAS, compared with ER exercise. Differences in the afferent cue utilisation of participants likely explain the large levels of inter-individual variability observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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17. Comparison of affective responses during and after low volume high-intensity interval exercise, continuous moderate- and continuous high-intensity exercise in active, untrained, healthy males.
- Author
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Niven, Ailsa, Thow, Jacqueline, Holroyd, Jack, Turner, Anthony P., and Phillips, Shaun M.
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CONVALESCENCE ,CYCLING ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,TIME ,WARMUP ,EXERCISE intensity - Abstract
This study compared affective responses to low volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity continuous exercise (HICE). Twelve untrained males (
48.2 ± 6.7 ml·kg −1 ·min−1 ) completed MICE (30 min cycle at 85% of ventilatory threshold (VT)), HICE (cycle at 105% of VT matched with MICE for total work), and HIIE (10 x 6 s cycle sprints with 60 s recovery). Affective valence and perceived activation were measured before exercise, post warm-up, every 20% of exercise time, and 1, 5, 10, and 15 min post-exercise. Affective valence during exercise declined by 1.75 ± 2.42, 1.17 ± 1.99, and 0.42 ± 1.38 units in HICE, HIIE, and MICE, respectively, but was not statistically influenced by trial (P = 0.35), time (P = 0.06), or interaction effect (P = 0.08). Affective valence during HICE and HIIE was consistently less positive than MICE. Affective valence post-exercise was not statistically influenced by trial (P = 0.10) and at 5 min post-exercise exceeded end-exercise values (P = 0.048). Circumplex profiles showed no negative affect in any trial. Affective responses to low volume HIIE are similar to HICE but remain positive and rebound rapidly, suggesting it may be a potential alternative exercise prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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18. THE EFFECT OF A CARBOHYDRATE MOUTH RINSE ON UPPER-BODY MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE.
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DUNKIN, JAMES E. and PHILLIPS, SHAUN M.
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EXERCISE , *CARBOHYDRATE content of food , *HEART beat , *LONGITUDINAL method , *MOUTHWASHES , *MUSCLE strength , *MUSCLE strength testing , *PHYSICAL fitness , *PLACEBOS , *PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing rapidly increases corticomotor output and maximal muscle force production, which could enhance muscular strength and endurance during resistance exercise. However, previous research has found no effect of CHO rinsing on muscular strength or endurance. The current study altered the CHO rinse composition and frequency and the muscular endurance test to further investigate the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on upper-body muscular strength and endurance. Twelve recreationally resistance-trained men (mean ± SD age 22 ± 1 year, height 179.2 ± 1.8 cm, body mass 80.9 ± 6.1 kg) completed a bench press protocol (1 repetition maximum [RM] test followed by repetitions to failure at 40% of 1RM) on 3 occasions. Subjects rinsed 25 ml of an 18% CHO solution or a placebo for 10 seconds before 1RM and repetitions to failure and completed a no-rinse control condition. Felt arousal (FA) was measured before and after each rinse, heart rate (HR) was measured before and after both exercise protocols, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after repetitions to failure. Rinsing did not influence 1RM (p = 0.680, ηp² = 0.03), repetitions to failure (p = 0.677, ηp² = 0.04), or exercise volume (load x reps; p = 0.600, ηp² = 0.05). There were no significant treatment effects on heart rate (p = 0.677, ηp² = 0.04), FA (p = 0.674, ηp² = 0.04) or rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.604, ηp² = 0.05). A CHO mouth rinse does not improve upper-body muscular strength or endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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19. Reliability and sensitivity of the 6 and 30 second Wingate tests in physically active males and females.
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Kavaliauskas, Mykolas and Phillips, Shaun M.
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ANALYSIS of variance , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *RELIABILITY (Personality trait) , *ANAEROBIC exercises , *ERGOMETRY , *PHYSICAL activity , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *INTRACLASS correlation - Published
- 2016
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20. OVERESTIMATION OF REQUIRED RECOVERY TIME DURING REPEATED SPRINT EXERCISE WITH SELF-REGULATED RECOVERY.
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PHILLIPS, SHAUN M., THOMPSON, RICHARD, and OLIVER, JON L.
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ANALYSIS of variance , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *CLINICAL trials , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *STATISTICAL correlation , *CYCLING , *EXERCISE physiology , *FATIGUE (Physiology) , *HEART beat , *MATHEMATICS , *SENSORY perception , *PROBABILITY theory , *RELIABILITY (Personality trait) , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SELF-management (Psychology) , *SPORTS sciences , *STATISTICS , *TIME , *DATA analysis , *EFFECT sizes (Statistics) , *COOLDOWN , *BODY movement , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *INTER-observer reliability , *REPEATED measures design , *BLIND experiment , *EXERCISE intensity , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The article discusses research which was conducted to investigate the reliability and accuracy of self-regulated recovery time and performance during repeated sprinting. Researchers evaluated 14 men who performed 10x6 second cycling sprints. They found that while self regulated sprinting is potentially a reliable training tool, overestimation of required recovery time during sprints does occur and can lead to reduced improvements in performance.
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- 2014
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21. Hydration Status and Fluid Balance of Elite European Youth Soccer Players during Consecutive Training Sessions.
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Phillips, Shaun M., Sykes, Dave, and Gibson, Neil
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ANALYSIS of variance , *DEHYDRATION , *HEART beat , *LONGITUDINAL method , *SPECIFIC gravity , *PERSPIRATION , *PROBABILITY theory , *SOCCER , *T-test (Statistics) , *URINE , *URINALYSIS , *WATER-electrolyte balance (Physiology) , *SAMPLE size (Statistics) , *EFFECT sizes (Statistics) , *PHYSICAL training & conditioning , *BODY mass index , *PRE-tests & post-tests , *ELITE athletes , *REPEATED measures design , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the hydration status and fluid balance of elite European youth soccer players during three consecutive training sessions. Fourteen males (age 16.9 ± 0.8 years, height 1.79 ± 0.06 m, body mass (BM) 70.6 ± 5.0 kg) had their hydration status assessed from first morning urine samples (baseline) and pre- and post-training using urine specific gravity (USG) measures, and their fluid balance calculated from pre- to post-training BM change, corrected for fluid intake and urine output. Most participants were hypohydrated upon waking (USG >1.020; 77% on days 1 and 3, and 62% on day 2). There was no significant difference between first morning and pre-training USG (p = 0.11) and no influence of training session (p = 0.34) or time (pre- vs. post-training; p = 0.16) on USG. Significant BM loss occurred in sessions 1-3 (0.69 ± 0.22, 0.42 ± 0.25, and 0.38 ± 0.30 kg respectively, p < 0.05). Mean fluid intake in sessions 1-3 was 425 ± 185, 355 ± 161, and 247 ± 157 ml, respectively (p < 0.05). Participants replaced on average 71.3 ± 64.1% (range 0-363.6%) of fluid losses across the three sessions. Body mass loss, fluid intake, and USG measures showed large inter-individual variation. Elite young European soccer players likely wake and present for training hypohydrated, when a USG threshold of 1.020 is applied. When training in a cool environment with ad libitum access to fluid, replacing ~71% of sweat losses results in minimal hypohydration (<1% BM). Consumption of fluid ad libitum throughout training appears to prevent excessive (≥2% BM) dehydration, as advised by current fluid intake guidelines. Current fluid intake guidelines appear applicable for elite European youth soccer players training in a cool environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
22. The Influence of Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Power Output during a Cycle Sprint.
- Author
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Phillips, Shaun M., Findlay, Scott, Kavaliauskas, Mykolas, and Grant, Marie Clare
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BLOOD sugar analysis , *ANALYSIS of variance , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *CROSSOVER trials , *CYCLING , *DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry , *ENERGY metabolism , *EXERCISE , *EXERCISE physiology , *EXERCISE tests , *CARBOHYDRATE content of food , *HEART rate monitoring , *LACTATES , *MOUTHWASHES , *SENSORY perception , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SPORTS sciences , *STATISTICS , *T-test (Statistics) , *TIME , *DATA analysis , *STATISTICAL significance , *ERGOGENIC aids , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *REPEATED measures design , *ERGOMETRY , *BLIND experiment , *EXERCISE intensity , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of serial administration of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on performance, metabolic and perceptual responses during a cycle sprint. Twelve physically active males (mean (± SD) age: 23.1 (3.0) years, height: 1.83 (0.07) m, body mass (BM): 86.3 (13.5) kg) completed the following mouth rinse trials in a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind fashion; 1. 8 x 5 second rinses with a 25 ml CHO (6% w/v maltodextrin) solution, 2. 8 x 5 second rinses with a 25 ml placebo (PLA) solution. Following mouth rinse administration, participants completed a 30 second sprint on a cycle ergometer against a 0.075 g·kg-1 BM resistance. Eight participants achieved a greater peak power output (PPO) in the CHO trial, resulting in a significantly greater PPO compared with PLA (13.51 ± 2.19 vs. 13.20 ± 2.14 W·kg-1, p < 0.05). Magnitude inference analysis reported a likely benefit (81% likelihood) of the CHO mouth rinse on PPO. In the CHO trial, mean power output (MPO) showed a trend for being greater in the first 5 seconds of the sprint and lower for the remainder of the sprint compared with the PLA trial (p > 0.05). No significant between-trials difference was reported for fatigue index, perceived exertion, arousal and nausea levels, or blood lactate and glucose concentrations. Serial administration of a CHO mouth rinse may significantly improve PPO during a cycle sprint. This improvement appears confined to the first 5 seconds of the sprint, and may come at a greater relative cost for the remainder of the sprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
23. Adaptations to Swimming Training in Athletes with Down's Syndrome.
- Author
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González-Ravé, José María, Turner, Anthony P., and Phillips, Shaun M.
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- 2020
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24. Concussion in University Level Sport: Knowledge and Awareness of Athletes and Coaches.
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Kirk, Ben, Pugh, Jamie N., Cousins, Rosanna, and Phillips, Shaun M.
- Subjects
COLLEGE sports ,ATHLETES ,CROSS-sectional method ,REHABILITATION ,HEALTH risk assessment ,BRAIN injuries - Abstract
Using a cross-sectional survey concussion knowledge was evaluated among forty university-level athletes (n = 20, rugby union players; n = 20, Gaelic football players) and eight experienced team coaches (n = 2, rugby union; n = 2, Gaelic football; n = 1, soccer; n = 1, hockey; n = 1, netball; n = 1, basketball). Levels of knowledge of concussion were high across all participants. Coaches had higher knowledge scores for almost all areas; however, there was evidence of important gaps even in this group. Knowledge was not sufficient in identifying concussion, and when it is safe to return to play following a concussion. Impaired knowledge of how to recognise a concussion, and misunderstanding the need for rest and rehabilitation before return to play presents a hazard to health from second impact and more catastrophic brain injury. We discuss reasons for these guideline misconceptions, and suggest that attitude issues on the significance of concussion may underlie a willingness to want to play with a concussion. This suggests the current education on sport-related concussion needs to be expanded for the appropriate management of university-level contact sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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25. The impact of sprint, middle-distance, and long-distance orienteering races on perceived mental fatigue in national level orienteers.
- Author
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Lam HKN, Sproule J, Turner AP, and Phillips SM
- Subjects
- Humans, Athletes psychology, Affect, Motivation, Physical Examination, Mental Fatigue, Running physiology
- Abstract
Experiencing mental fatigue (MF) before an orienteering race can lead to a slower completion time. This study aimed to explore the changes in perceived MF, mood and other psychological responses during an orienteering competition. Sixteen national level orienteering athletes (20.8 ± 4.9 years) provided informed consent and completed the online surveys, before and immediately after each race, and 24- and 48-hours post competition (48POST). This study measured MF, physical fatigue, stress, tiredness and motivation using 0-100 Visual Analogue Scale, and the mood was assessed using The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). A moderate to large increase in MF (ES = 0.93 [0.54 to 1.31]), BRUMS fatigue (ES = 0.61 [0.3 to 0.92]), and PF (ES = 1.21 [0.81 to 1.61]) was reported following orienteering races. A small increase in tiredness and BRUMS confusion, and a small decrease in motivation, stress and BRUMS vigour was also reported. There was a delay in recovering from the MF elicited by competition, with a small increase in MF (ES = 0.54 [0.08 to 1.15]) at 48POST compared to the pre-competition value. This study found that orienteers experience MF during competition and have a delayed recovery that can last up to two days after the competition.
- Published
- 2023
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26. The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Leg Press Training on Lower Body Strength and Power and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Rugby Players.
- Author
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Zhao X, Turner AP, Sproule J, and Phillips SM
- Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 5 weeks of unilateral and bilateral leg press training on lower body strength, linear sprinting and vertical jumping performance in adolescent rugby players. Twenty-six male adolescent rugby players (age = 15.3 ± 0.4 years) were assigned via stratified block randomization to unilateral (n = 9), bilateral (n = 9) and control (n = 8) groups. Training consisted of either the unilateral or the bilateral leg press twice weekly over five weeks, with the control group maintaining habitual training. Lower body unilateral and bilateral strength, vertical jump and linear sprint performance were assessed before and after training. After 5 weeks of training, both training groups significantly increased the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press (unilateral group = 8.9%, d = 0.53; bilateral group = 10.9%, d = 0.55, p < 0.01) and the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press (unilateral group = 20.2%, d = 0.81; bilateral group = 12.4%, d = 0.45, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the size of improvement in unilateral and bilateral groups in the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press, but the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press increased significantly more in the unilateral group (p < 0.05). No significant training effects were found for vertical jump or linear sprint performance. The results indicated that unilateral leg press training was as effective as bilateral leg press training in improving bilateral strength and more effective in improving unilateral strength in adolescent rugby players. However, strength improvement did not transfer to athletic performance improvements in either group., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © Academy of Physical Education in Katowice.)
- Published
- 2023
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27. Investigating Affective Responses to Remotely Delivered "At Home" Low Volume High Intensity Interval Exercise: A Non-Randomized Parallel Group Feasibility Study.
- Author
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Howard I, Niven A, Kelly P, and Phillips SM
- Abstract
Background: Low volume-high intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) has gained interest, due to its efficiency in invoking health and fitness benefits. However, little research has studied "at home" feasibility or effects of LV-HIIE. This study aimed to demonstrate that remote "at-home" LV-HIIE research is possible and to investigate if affective responses to the LV-HIIE protocol, subsequent intentions, and self-efficacy to repeat were related to self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise., Methods: Using self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise, 41 healthy, physically active participants (25 female and 16 male; age 21.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 2.9 kg.m
2 ) were divided into low tolerance (LT, n = 14), middle tolerance (MT, n = 15), and high tolerance (HT, n = 12) groups. Participants completed a 20-min LV-HIIE circuit training video [2 × (10 ×30 s work, 15 s rest)] at home. Participants reported ratings of perceived exertion, affective valence, and perceived activation at baseline, during the protocol, immediately post-protocol, and during the cool down. 20-min after completion, respondents answered questions on exercise task self-efficacy and intentions to repeat LV-HIIE., Results: The study recruited n = 65 individuals, of whom n = 50 passed screening. Ultimately n = 41 (82%) completed the exercise protocol and data collection. Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between groups ( p = 0.56), indicating similar perceptions of task difficulty. There was no significant effect of tolerance on affective valence ( p = 0.36) or felt arousal ( p = 0.06). There was evidence of high individual variability in affective responses within and between participants. Subsequent intentions and self-efficacy to repeat the exercise protocol did not seem to be related to affective valence during or after the protocol., Discussion: Recruitment and data collection indicated that research into "at home" LV-HIIE is possible. High individual differences in affective responses suggest that LV-HEII may be appropriate for some but not all as an exercise option. Assessing self-reported tolerance of intensity of exercise may not appropriately identify whether or not LV-HIIE will be suitable for an individual., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Howard, Niven, Kelly and Phillips.)- Published
- 2022
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28. Affecting Effects on Affect: The Impact of Protocol Permutations on Affective Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pooled Individual Participant Data.
- Author
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Metcalfe RS, Williams S, Fernandes GS, Astorino TA, Stork MJ, Phillips SM, Niven A, and Vollaard NBJ
- Abstract
Responses to sprint interval exercise (SIE) are hypothesized to be perceived as unpleasant, but SIE protocols are diverse, and moderating effects of various SIE protocol parameters on affective responses are unknown. We performed a systematic search to identify studies (up to 01/05/2021) measuring affective valence using the Feeling Scale during acute SIE in healthy adults. Thirteen studies involving 18 unique trials and 316 unique participant (142 women and 174 men) affective responses to SIE were eligible for inclusion. We received individual participant data for all participants from all studies. All available end-of-sprint affect scores from each trial were combined in a linear mixed model with sprint duration, mode, intensity, recovery duration, familiarization and baseline affect included as covariates. Affective valence decreased significantly and proportionally with each additional sprint repetition, but this effect was modified by sprint duration: affect decreased more during 30 s (0.84 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.74-0.93) and 15-20 s sprints (1.02 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.93-1.10) compared with 5-6 s sprints (0.20 units/sprint; 95% CI: 0.18-0.22) (both p < 0.0001). Although the difference between 15-20 s and 30 s sprints was also significant ( p = 0.02), the effect size was trivial ( d = -0.12). We observed significant but trivial effects of mode, sprint intensity and pre-trial familiarization, whilst there was no significant effect of recovery duration. We conclude that affective valence declines during SIE, but the magnitude of the decrease for an overall SIE session strongly depends on the number and duration of sprints. This information can be applied by researchers to design SIE protocols that are less likely to be perceived as unpleasant in studies of real-world effectiveness., Systematic Review Registration: Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/sbyn3., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Metcalfe, Williams, Fernandes, Astorino, Stork, Phillips, Niven and Vollaard.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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