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'Left behind places' has become the leitmotif of geographical inequalities since the 2008 crisis. Yet, the term's origins, definition and implications are poorly specified and risk obscuring the differentiated problems and pathways of different kinds of areas. This paper explicates the geographical etymology and spatial imaginary of 'left behind places'. It argues that the appellation and its spatial expression have modified how geographical inequalities are understood and addressed by recovering a more relational understanding of multiple 'left behind' conditions, widening the analytical frame beyond only economic concerns, and opening up interpretations of the 'development' of 'left behind places' and their predicaments and prospects. While renewing interest in fundamental urban and regional concerns, what needs to endure from the ascendance of the 'left behind places' label is the terminology and spatial imaginary of reducing geographical inequalities and enhancing social and spatial justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the history and current state of regional governance in North East England. The search for a solution to the region's economic crisis dates back to the 20th century, with various proposals for regional government being debated over the years. Devolution in the region has taken the form of two mayoral combined authorities, with the Tees Valley Combined Authority and the North of Tyne Combined Authority being established in 2016 and 2019 respectively. The article highlights the controversies and challenges surrounding these mayoral authorities, as well as the ongoing issues of poverty and deprivation in the region. [Extracted from the article]

The UK's industrial strategy, with local variants, aims to support manufacturing in 'traditional industrial regions' (TIRs). Using novel data for advanced manufacturing (AM) industries over several decades, we examine long-term changes in their geography by regions and local authority districts. These industries have shifted away from large urban regions, and local authority districts in TIRs have lost ground relative to those in other regions, although there are variations between industries. Foreign direct investment has tended to locate in non-TIR locations. AM industries have not shifted decisively towards research-intensive regions. We consider the implications for policy initiatives seeking to spark clusters around innovation districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2022, the UK government published its White Paper on Levelling Up the UK, arguably the most important spatial policy document for more than 80 years. There is much that is innovative in the White Paper, but also some key limitations and weaknesses. At a time of economic and political upheaval in the UK, it is imperative that the levelling up agenda in the White Paper is not de-prioritized or submerged by other challenges, but is used as the foundation for a truly radical approach to reducing geographical economic inequalities across the country. Our focus in this article, therefore, is one of constructive criticism, to argue how some of the fundamental aspects of the White Paper need to be reinforced and emboldened if the policy is not to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic concept of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is to selectively target tumour cells with small molecule cytotoxic drugs to maximise cell kill benefit and minimise healthy tissue toxicity. An ADC generally consists of an antibody that targets a protein on the surface of tumour cells chemically linked to a warhead small molecule cytotoxic drug. To deliver the warhead to the tumour cell, the antibody must bind to the target protein and in general be internalised into the cell. Following internalisation, the cytotoxic agent can be released in the endosomal or lysosomal compartment (via different mechanisms). Diffusion or transport out of the endosome or lysosome allows the cytotoxic drug to express its cell-killing pharmacology. Alternatively, some ADCs (e.g. EDB-ADCs) rely on extracellular cleavage releasing membrane permeable warheads. One potentially important aspect of the ADC mechanism is the 'bystander effect' whereby the cytotoxic drug released in the targeted cell can diffuse out of that cell and into other (non-target expressing) tumour cells to exert its cytotoxic effect. This is important as solid tumours tend to be heterogeneous and not all cells in a tumour will express the targeted protein. The combination of large and small molecule aspects in an ADC poses significant challenges to the disposition scientist in describing the ADME properties of the entire molecule. This article will review the ADC landscape and the ADME properties of successful ADCs, with the aim of outlining best practice and providing a perspective of how the field can further facilitate the discovery and development of these important therapeutic modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the UK economy's slow and unbalanced growth, this paper discusses the degree to which recent Conservative Governments in the UK have moved towards the adoption of a strategic and coherent set of industrial policies to enhance economic performance across the country. It starts by outlining the priorities and principles of new forms of industrial strategy which emphasises the importance of cross-sectoral goals, intensive dialogue between government and the private sector, co-ordination between different policies and levels of government, directions to address societal and environmental challenges and the role of place-based policy making. The paper discusses the degree to which these principles have shaped, or been largely absent from, recent industrial policy development in the UK and particularly the interface between industrial and regional policies. It discusses the May Government's move to set up an Industrial Strategy with a place 'pillar' and the influence of a mission approach. It then reviews the Johnson's Government's 'Plan for Growth' industrial policy agenda, focussing on the recent Levelling Up White Paper and examines how far and in what ways it has embedded these reforming principles. It finds that despite reflecting some of these principles in its rhetoric, the current government programme has substituted innovation and infrastructure policies for an actual industrial strategy, and continues to rely mainly on a top-down and technologically driven type of approach. The agenda lacks the capacity to deliver its levelling up goals due to inadequate funding, an incomplete devolution agenda and insufficiently developed place-based capacities and policies. Future development needs to move the principles from rhetoric into industrial policy direction and design, and to remedy the continuing lack of local and regional collaboration and co-ordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of local and regional development, its context, geographies, varieties, principles, and values, are analyzed. Local and regional development now incorporates economic, social, environmental, political, and cultural issues.

Issues concerning regional studies, such as theory, methodology, and governance are discussed. The concept of region has come under intense scrutiny in the face of globalization, methodologies have been less effective in testing concepts, and governance structures have become more complex.

Recent research has identified the potential of the metropolitan scale, and indeed metropolitan bodies, in achieving greater coordination and more effective land-use management. In this paper, we have undertaken a systematic scoping review of the English-language literature (2014–2019) on metropolitanisation and metropolitan governance, with a view to understanding the potential relationship with more sustainable land management. Our scoping review identified several dominant trends within current research on metropolitanisation and metropolitan governance illustrating the complexity between sustainable land management and issues of territorial politics, resourcing, and power relations. The centrality of collaborative working relationships in supporting sustainable land management is identified, yet collaboration and effective metropolitan scale governance is not always an easy task or readily implemented. The paper identifies a series of challenges and concludes that while there is general consensus that the metropolitan arena may be an appropriate scale through which to support more sustainable land management, there is no agreement on the mechanisms to enable this. Steering and more strongly directing metropolitanisation processes through either formal metropolitan governance structures or other tools could provide a potential approach but will require significant adaptation in power and funding structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent wave of populism has focused attention on 'left behind' places as hotspots of discontent. Seeking to remedy their neglect in urban and regional studies, the aim of this paper is to engage with the problems of 'left behind' places and to stimulate fresh thinking about alternative approaches. Reflecting the complex and inter-connected issues facing such places, it argues that a new conception is required to address issues of belonging and attachment. The paper outlines the basis of an expanded neo-endogenous development approach, identifying the foundational economy, income and livelihoods, social infrastructures and social innovation as key policy concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PIKE A. (2002) Post-devolution blues? Economic development in the Anglo-Scottish Borders, Reg. Studies 36, 1069-1084. Uneven regional development on each side of the Anglo-Scottish Border has underpinned a 'post-devolution blues' in North East England. The situation has been compounded by the economic development crisis in the Anglo-Scottish Borders region in the late 1990s. Rather than being a simplistic outcome of devolution, the 'post-devolution blues' are complicated by the particular nature of border(s) regions, the pre-devolution history of cross-border differences and the as yet inconclusive evidence of the impact of devolution on the Anglo-Scottish Borders. Future development and an antidote to the 'post-devolution blues' may require both a needs-based reform of the territorial distribution of public expenditure and a political settlement for the English regions at the national (UK) level. Devolution North East England Scotland Anglo-Scottish borders Economic development

In the aftermath of the confrontation between Andy Burnham and the government, Boris Johnson was reported to be cooling on the idea of strengthening local government in England. Graph: © Eddie Keogh / Alamy Stock Photo Boris Johnson has promised to "level up" England. Fragmented, incoherent and under-resourced The government has promised a UK Shared Prosperity Fund to replace EU Structural Funds but, so far, the government's efforts to formulate policies for levelling up have been fragmented, incoherent and under-resourced. Within government, more power than ever has been concentrated in Downing Street. [Extracted from the article]

'Levelling up' is the new UK government mantra to describe its ambitions for addressing longstanding local and regional inequalities and, especially, for tackling the problems of 'left‐behind' places. This article examines the thinking behind this slogan and the associated policy agenda. We identify a danger of misdiagnosis leading to policies that do little to ameliorate conditions in the places that most need help. The government's agenda appears, so far, to be driven by electoral calculation rather than a real engagement with tackling deep inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TERESA HAYTER and DAVID HARVEY (Eds), 1993 London: Mansell Publishing Ltd 308 pp., 40.00pounds hardback ISBN 0 7201 2139 2 This book recounts an episode from the interrelated development of [...]

An analytical framework based upon the central dimensions of heterodoxy, experimentation, context specificity, and governance is presented. It is argued that there is evidence of the emergence of the heterodox agenda, comprising genuine experimentation and innovation, coexisting and interrelating with substantial continuities and the extension and reinforcement of established practices.