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Drug-induced adverse effects are one of the main avoidable causes of hospitalization in older people. Numerous lists of potentially inappropriate medications for older people have been published, as national and international guidelines for appropriate prescribing in numerous diseases and for different age categories. The present review describes the general rules for an appropriate prescribing in older people and summarizes, for the main conditions encountered in older people, medications that are too often under-prescribed, the precautions of use of the main drugs that induce adverse effects, and drugs for which the benefit to risk ratio is unfavourable in older people. All these data are assembled in educational tables designed to be printed in a practical pocket format and used in daily practice by prescribers, whether physicians, surgeons or pharmacists., (Copyright © 2015 Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Nerve stimulation and ultrasound guidance are the most popular techniques for peripheral nerve blocks. However, the minimum effective anesthetic volume (MEAV) in selected nerves for both techniques and the consequences of decreasing the local anesthetic volume on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of nerve block remain unstudied. We designed a randomized, double-blind controlled comparison between neurostimulation and ultrasound guidance to estimate the MEAV of 1.5% mepivacaine and pharmacodynamics in median and ulnar nerve blocks., Methods: Patients scheduled for carpal tunnel release were randomized to ultrasound guidance (UG) or neurostimulation (NS) groups. A step-up/step-down study model (Dixon method) was used to determine the MEAV with nonprobability sequential dosing based on the outcome of the previous patient. The starting dose of 1.5% mepivacaine was 13 and 11 mL for median and ulnar nerves at the humeral canal. Block success/failure resulted in a decrease/increase of 2 mL. A blinded physician assessed sensory blockade at 2-minute intervals for 20 minutes. Block onset time and duration were noted., Results: The MEAV50 (SD) of the median nerve was lower in the UG group 2 (0.1) mL (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1, 96] to [2, 04]) than in the NS group 4 (3.8) mL (95% CI = [2, 4] to [5, 6]) (P = 0.017). There was no difference for the ulnar nerve between UG group 2 (0.1) mL (95% CI = [1, 96] to [2, 04]) and NS group 2.4 (0.6) mL (95% CI = [2, 1] to [2, 7]). The duration of sensory blockade was significantly correlated to local anesthetic volume, but onset time was not modified., Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance selectively provided a 50% reduction in the MEAV of mepivacaine 1.5% for median nerve sensory blockade in comparison with neurostimulation. Decreasing the local anesthetic volume can decrease sensory block duration but not onset time.

Purpose of Review: The present review highlights new insights into indications and guidance during procedures for continuous peripheral nerve blocks., Recent Findings: Continuous peripheral nerve blocks consistently provide better analgesia than traditional systemic opioid-based analgesia. The literature shows that continuous peripheral nerve blocks prolong site-specific local anesthetic delivery in the outpatient setting, allow optimal analgesia, have minimal side effects, and avoid premature regression of an analgesic block. Furthermore, an improvement in patients' health-related quality of life or outcome benefits has been demonstrated. It appears that continuous peripheral nerve blocks are generally superior to intraarticular local anesthetic infusion for immediate postoperative pain, but new data demonstrate that, apart from a multimodal analgesia regimen, periarticular and intraarticular application of local anesthetics can improve early postoperative analgesia and mobilization. Finally, it seems that, only for interscalene and popliteal sciatic nerve blocks, the use of stimulating catheters slightly decreases visual analog scale scores for postoperative pain and intravenous opioid rescue analgesia. Ultrasound guidance offers the potential advantage to confirm catheter tip location., Summary: Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are essential in the perioperative anesthetic management of in-hospital or ambulatory patients. Ultrasound guidance and stimulating catheters can help anesthetists during the procedure.