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Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est en nette augmentation partout dans le monde. La prise en charge nutritionnelle demeure une question centrale qui fait l’objet de travaux permanents ayant pour but la prévention des complications métaboli-ques, endocriniennes et osseuses qui augmentent avec la réduction du débit de filtra-tion glomérulaire (DFG). Parmi les mesures diététiques préconisées pour préserver la fonction rénale, retarder le début du traitement de suppléance et maintenir les patients dans un état de santé satisfaisant: la restriction protidique de 0,5 à 0,28 g/kg/j selon le stade de l’IRC, une limitation du sodium, la prévention de l'hyperkaliémie, la correction de l'acidose, la lutte contre l'hyperparathyroïdie secondaire par une supplémentation calcique précoce et un régime pauvre en phosphore, traitement de l’anémie et la dyslipi-démie. Le dépistage de ces troubles doit être systématique. L’efficacité est assurée lors-qu’une bonne coopération existe entre le néphrologue et le diététicien. [Chronic kidney failure (CKF) is on the rise all over the world. Nutritional care remains a key issue and is the subject of ongoing work aimed at preventing metabolic, endocrine and bone complications that increase with the reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Among the dietary measures recommended to preserve kidney function, delay the start of replacement therapy, and maintain patients in a satisfactory health state: protein restriction of 0.5 to 0.28g/kg/d, depending on the CKF stage, sodium limitation, hyperkalaemia prevention, acidosis correction, fight against secondary hyperparathyroidism by early calcium supplementation and low phosphorus diet, treatment of anemia and dyslipidemia. Screening for these disorders should be syste-matic. Effectiveness is ensured when good cooperation exists between nephrologist and dietitian.]

Abstract: The age-related change in the importance of nutrition for muscle health starts at the age of 50. Considering its effects on the mobility and physical independence of older people, the aging of the musculoskeletal system represents one of the greatest public health challenges and tasks for a demographically aging Switzerland. In particular sarcopenia, a pathological decrease in muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle function beyond the physiological age-related changes, correlates with a significantly increased risk of falls as well as increasing morbidity and mortality. Common chronic diseases related to old age not only promote additional muscle loss but also frailty, leading to an additional decline of the quality of life. General practitioners play a crucial role in the initial assessment of changing life circumstances and activity profiles of older people. Thanks to their medical care over many years they are able to identify functional impairments of their aging patients at an early stage and address them in time. This is important because the combination of a high-protein diet and exercise may be extremely effective for improving muscle health and function. Eating more proteins (taking into account the newly revised and increased daily protein requirement for healthy seniors of 1,0–1,2g/kg body weight (bw)) can significantly slow down age-related muscle loss. Depending on age and comorbidities, the daily protein requirement might be even higher (1,5 to 2,0g/kg bw). According to current studies, a minimal protein amount of 25–35g per main dish is recommended for optimal muscle growth stimulation among older individiuals. Thanks to their highly potent boosting power on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates the amino acid L-leucine and L-leucine-rich foods play an important role in elderly people's diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers Victoriens & Edouardiens is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Human Proteome Project (HPP) is an international project that aims to revolutionize our understanding of the human proteome through a coordinated effort by numerous research laboratories around the world. It has been structured into two branches: the C-HPP organized into as many groups as there are human chromosomes and the B/D-HPP organized into initiatives whose main goal is to apply proteome analysis technologies to better understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie physiological and pathophysiological processes. The two main objectives of the HPP are to establish a comprehensive inventory of proteins encoded by the human genome and to characterize the functions of these proteins and their numerous proteoforms. In this mini-review we will discuss the state of progress of the HPP, the upcoming project, called HPP Grand Challenge and the interest for the community of researchers and clinicians in Reproductive Biology to participate in this new endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les dattes de Deglet Nour à différents stades de maturation ont été analysées pour connaître leur principale composition chimique en lipides, acides gras, protéines et acides aminés. Les valeurs suivantes (sur la base du poids sec) ont été obtenues pour les cinq stades de maturation, respectivement pour lipides : de 1,25 % Ms au stade Loulou à 6,33 % de Ms au stade Kh’lal, 3,65 % Ms au stade B’sser, 2,56 % Ms pour le stade Martouba et 1,97 % Ms au stade T’mar. Les acides gras révélés sont surtout les acides myristique et palmitique. L’analyse des protéines indique des valeurs de 2,63 % Ms au stade Kh’lal pour atteindre 1,25 % Ms au stade T’mar. Parmi les acides aminés identifiés, seulement cinq s’avèrent être présents à des teneurs importantes (glycine, acide -amino butyrique, arginine, valine et lysine). Il s’avère difficile d’après ces résultats, de négliger l’importance de la fraction lipidique et protéique de la datte dans la formation de pigments et d’arômes spécifiques.

Copyright of Algerian Journal of Arid Environment (AJAE) is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deglet Nour dates at different stages of ripening were analyzed for their main chemical composition in lipids, fatty acids, proteins and amino acids. The following values (based on dry weight) were obtained for the five stages of ripening, respectively for lipids: from 1.25 % Ms at the Loulou stage to 6.33 % Ms at the Kh'lal stage, 3.65 % Ms at the B'sser stage, 2.56 % Ms at the Martouba stage and 1.97 % Ms at the T'mar stage. The fatty acids revealed are mainly myristic and palmitic acids. Protein analysis indicates values of 2.63 % Ms at the Kh'lal stage and 1.25 % Ms at the T'mar stage. Among the amino acids identified, only five were found to be present in significant amounts (glycine, -amino butyric acid, arginine, valine and lysine). From these results, it is difficult to overlook the importance of the lipid and protein fraction of the date in the formation of specific pigments and flavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crushing industry is called upon to modify its processing methods in response to a rising demand for vegetable proteins, while at the same time increasing transparency and naturality. Changing the processes without taking this request into account would mean risking rejection and failure. The social sciences have shown that the collective unconscious inextricably links the notion of naturalness to healthy eating, respect for the environment, and social honesty. However, this notion goes beyond what's rational and proves difficult to pin down when it comes to evaluating products. France does not recognize the ISO data sheet that defines what a “natural” ingredient is. Yet we do need a standard, if only to make informed choices between different possible technological paths. This standard of reference could be inspired by available norms in related fields, or it could be based on the best available technologies within a framework that takes into account both societal aspirations and the technical and economic possibilities of the industrial world. To achieve this, the sector's representative bodies, the State, and consumer advocate groups should engage in a collective approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The move towards more sustainable production and consumption patterns is a goal shared by a large part of society. In the oil-mill sector, whether it be animal feed or human food, this development should make it possible to improve the protein autonomy of the territories and to use proteins more efficiently. Current methods make some of the rapeseed proteins indigestible and leave most of the undesirable compounds from the seeds in resulting meals. Residual oil, fibrous envelopes, glucosinolates, phytic acid, phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides, as well as overcooking, however, have negative effects on the value of proteins. An important part of the article is devoted to reviewing these effects. Their extraction, combined with milder heat treatments, would provide excellent quality proteins to the market and generate value for the entire value chain. Efficient dehulling and mechanical extraction would be the prerequisites for this development. An ethanolic extraction revisited to exploit the secondary metabolites would then complete this process with, however, a limited effect on phytic acid. All these technologies have the advantage of not posing major acceptability problems. This development requires new investments in applied research to make this new approach to processing oilseeds possible and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revised version of Canada's Food Guide, released in January 2019, issued new guidance by combining meat and alternatives with milk and alternatives into a single group called "protein foods" and emphasized selecting plant-based foods from this category more often. Though the changes represent a simple depiction of a healthy plate, the new Food Guide has opened knowledge gaps about protein foods and exposed new concerns about the interpretation and implementation of the Food Guide among vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly. To address key knowledge and research gaps, nutrition leaders need to reach a consensus on key messages to best inform the development of tools and resources to support practitioners in translating messages to consumers, including foodservice standards. Among consumers, families with young children are a primary target for these resources as they develop their life-long habits to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to select, prepare, and consume nutrient-rich protein foods. The new Food Guide provides an opportunity to address the existing knowledge gaps, develop tools and resources to support health professionals, and design interventions that will help Canadian families choose, prepare, and eat nutrient-rich protein foods. Novelty * An updated Canadian regulatory framework is needed for protein labelling and content/health claims. * There are knowledge gaps about protein foods consumption and food literacy needed to optimize nutritional health. * Mandatory nutrition policies are needed to safeguard the provision of high-quality protein foods across institutions that serve children and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is global increase in demand for good health and nutrition. The objective of this study was to formulate nutritious composite flours from cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) roots, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves, and millet (Pennisetum glaucum), especially for children and expectant women. A Nutrisurvey software was used to formulate three flour products, namely 20:50:30, 10:50:40 and 15:60:25 of cassava roots, cowpea leaves, and millet, respectively to achieve more than 40% daily requirement of protein, iron and zinc for the expectant woman. The products were subjected to a sensory panel and evaluated against a standard commercial flour (Famila) sold in the Kenyan market. The flours were also subjected to accelerated shelf-life study based on physico-chemical properties and growth of yeast and molds. Results indicated that 20:50:30 and 10:50:40 had the highest colour scores on a 7-point hedonic scale, 5.2±1.35 and 5.2±1.48 (P<0.05). The score indicates a near equal acceptability of the flour based on colour for both the standard. The green porridge (15:60:25) was the least accepted flour and had the highest total aerobic count of 3.7 log cfu g-1 after four months of storage. The acid value of the flours ranged from as low as 1.84±0.01mg KOH g-1 for the 20:50:30 at day zero and as high as 12.9±1.73 mg KOH g-1 after six months of storage. The formulated 20:50:30 flours had protein (8.0%), fat (3.5%) carbohydrates (70%), zinc (0.6 mg100 g-1), iron (0.6 mg100g-1) and vitamin C (0.3 mg100 g-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to increase the protein content of sunflower meal was developed that uses a combination of milling, sieving and gravity tables to separate fractions with higher and lower protein content. The investigation allowed to compare different mills' ability to break down the lumps of raw sunflower meal and allow a suitable mechanical separation with sieving and gravity separation. Different settings of the mills were tested with or without material pre-sieving. Sieve mesh sizes were investigated in the range 250 to 500 mm that allowed the production of high protein fine material and a good performance of the gravity table separation. Sunflower meal was successfully enriched in protein to a level similar to low protein soybean meal by utilising the process described in this work. In particular proteins were increased on average by 7% to a level of 43.5%. The yield of the separation can justify industrial applications of this process whereby the high protein material can have a potential use in feed and food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le vieillissement s'accompagne d'une diminution des performances musculaires en rapport avec une diminution de la masse et de la qualité musculaire, et des altérations de la transmission neuromusculaire. Les mécanismes sont complexes et interdépendants associant baisse de l'activité physique, apports protidiques insuffisants, résistance anabolique postprandiale, insulinorésistance, lipotoxicité, facteurs endocrines, dysfonction mitochondriale, dénervation musculaire, inflammation. Les comorbidités de plus en plus fréquentes avec l'âge potentialisent le déclin fonctionnel musculaire progressif qui est accéléré lors des épisodes aigus. La sarcopénie définie par une perte progressive de la force et de la masse musculaire s'accompagne d'une augmentation du risque de chute et d'entrée dans la dépendance, d'une altération de la qualité de vie et d'une surmortalité. Elle s'accompagne fréquemment d'une augmentation concomitante de la masse grasse définissant l'obésité sarcopénique qui potentialise la morbi-mortalité. Afin d'améliorer le dépistage et le diagnostic de la sarcopénie, les critères européens ont récemment été révisés incluant un dépistage par auto-questionnaire et une évaluation première par la mesure de la force. La prise en charge doit surtout être préventive et multimodale reposant sur l'optimisation des apports en protéines, en vitamine D et en acides gras omega-3 ainsi que sur le maintien d'une activité physique régulière. De nouveaux traitements spécifiques pourraient prochainement voir le jour pour enrichir les stratégies thérapeutiques. Aging is associated with low physical performance in relation to low muscle quantity or quality as well neuromuscular transmission defect. There are several mechanisms that may be involved, included low physical activity, inadequate intake of protein, anabolic resistance, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, endocrine factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, muscular denervation, inflammation. Increasing comorbidities with ageing potentiate the progressive muscular functional decline that is accelerated during acute episodes. Sarcopenia defined as a progressive loss of strength and muscle mass is associated with an increased risk of fall and disability, alteration of quality of life and an excess of mortality. It is frequently accompanied by a concomitant increase in fat mass defining sarcopenic obesity, which potentiates morbidity and mortality. To improve screening and diagnosis, European criteria have recently been revised, including self-questionnaire for case-finding and strength measurement as primary indicator. Interventions should be preventive and multimodal based on optimal protein, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids intakes, as well as maintaining regular physical activity. New specific treatments could soon enrich the therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La préservation de la fonction musculaire constitue un enjeu majeur de prévention du déclin fonctionnel chez les patients âgés. Chez les sujets âgés optimiser les apports en protéines est le prérequis pour éviter ou limiter la perte de la masse musculaire observée au cours du vieillissement. Les études épidémiologiques observationnelles établissent une relation étroite entre la quantité de protéines apportées par l'alimentation et les différents paramètres de la sarcopénie (masse et force musculaire, performances fonctionnelles). Les apports protéiques des patients âgés sont souvent inférieurs aux recommandations, indépendamment des situations de dénutrition, ce qui laisse envisager l'intérêt d'une supplémentation protéique afin de prévenir les conséquences fonctionnelles de la sarcopénie. Les données de la littérature restent actuellement parcellaires, notamment chez les sujets véritablement sarcopéniques, et ne permettent pas de conclusions définitives. Toutefois, Il n'existe pas actuellement d'arguments scientifiques suffisants pour affirmer que la supplémentation en protéines de façon isolée, sans combinaison notamment avec un programme d'activé physique, permet un gain significatif sur la masse musculaire et/ou la force musculaire. La supplémentation en acides aminés essentiels comme la leucine a montré des bénéfices qui restent à démontrer chez le sujet âgé à court comme à long terme. Le meilleur niveau de preuve est apporté par l'association exercice-nutrition mais là encore, les données restent rares chez les sujets âgés fragiles. Minimum levels of protein intake are essential for the preservation of muscle mass and function, which is a major preventive issue of successful aging. Epidemiological studies suggest strong associations between protein intake and the different elements of sarcopenia, namely maintenance of lean mass and muscle strength. Most often, protein intakes among older patients are below requirements, independently from situations of under nutrition. This opens the path for nutritional interventions to prevent the consequences of sarcopenia in older patients. Isolated amino-acids such as leucine have shown positive effects in the short term only. The positive effects of protein supplementations on muscle strength and function are currently not established in the absence of concomitant exercise training. The highest level of evidence supports interventions combining exercise and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huit variétés de sésame (EF153, EF147, LC162, LC164, HB168, 32-15, 38-1-7 et Birkan) qui, selon le Centre d’Étude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS), sont les mieux appréciées sur le plan agro-morphologique, ont fait l’objet de cette étude. Les teneurs en protéines, en matières grasses et en éléments minéraux de chacune d’elles ont été déterminées. L’étude des éléments minéraux a porté sur le calcium, le phosphore, le magnésium, le fer et le zinc. Les résultats ont montré que, pour les huit variétés de sésame étudiées, les teneurs en protéines varient de 22,59 % à 29,37 % tandis que celles en matières grasses s’établissent dans une fourchette de 48,65 % à 52,45 %. L’étude montre aussi que toutes les variétés sont riches en éléments minéraux. Cependant, le calcium demeure l’élément le plus important dans toutes les variétés étudiées, suivi du phosphore, du magnésium, du fer et du zinc. Les meilleures teneurs minérales obtenues, pour tous les minéraux étudiés, sont avec la variété 38-1-7 : magnésium 455,04 mg/100 g ; phosphore 711,17 mg/100 g ; calcium 973,22 mg/100 g de ; fer 10,86 mg/100 g et le zinc 7,88 mg/100 g. L’étude statistique des teneurs en protéines, en matières grasses et en composition minérale des variétés a permis d’identifier trois variétés plus appréciées, mais aussi d’indiquer leurs domaines potentiels d’utilisation. Ainsi, les variétés LC162 et 38-1-7 pourraient être utilisées respectivement comme additifs en protéines et en éléments minéraux dans les aliments destinés aux enfants. Quant à la variété EF147, elle pourrait être recommandée pour la consommation d’huile.

Western Europe oleoproteaginous species like rapeseed mainly accumulate oil and protein in their seeds. To become competitive with soybean, seed protein quantity and quality should be improved in rapeseed. The negative correlation existing between seed protein and oil content apparently prevents the possibility to increase protein content without affecting oil content. Exploration of natural and induced genetic variability in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana allows the identification of several genotypes impaired in this negative correlation. Different genetic approaches have been undertaken in order to isolate genetic factors responsible for the tight control of seed oil and protein homeostasis and this negative correlation. Once isolated in this model plant, such genetic determinants will be identified in important crops such as rapeseed or other oilseed crops in order to manipulate both components independently and thus produce on purposed seeds. In the long term, this research will help breed new varieties that could contribute to reduce Europe's dependence on US soybean import. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé But de l’étude Les effets des protéines extraites des co-produits (PCo-S) et du filet (PF-S) de la sardine sont évalués sur la pression artérielle, l’équilibre glycémique, le transport inverse du cholestérol, la peroxydation lipidique et la capacité antioxydante, chez le rat obèse. Ces effets sont comparés à ceux de la caséine (Cas). Matériel et méthodes Dix-huit rats mâles sont soumis pendant trois mois à un régime hyperlipidique Les rats rendus obèses sont ensuite répartis en trois groupes et consomment chacun pendant 28 jours, le même régime hyperlipidique auquel on ajoute 20 % de PCo-S, de PF-S ou de Cas. Résultats Les PCo-S et PF-S réduisent les pressions diastolique (−14 %, −11 % p < 0,05) et systolique (−12 %, −8 % p < 0,05), la glycémie (−24 %, −21 % p < 0,05), l’hémoglobine glyquée (−28 %, −21 % p < 0,05), l’insulinémie (−29 %, −18 % p < 0,05) et l’indice HOMA-IR (−29 %, −18 % p < 0,05). Elles améliorent le transport inverse du cholestérol en augmentant l’activité de la lécithine : cholestérol acyltransférase (LCAT) (+43 %, +30 %, p < 0,05) et les esters de cholestérol des lipoprotéines de haute densité (+108 %, +88 %, p < 0,05), et réduisent les rapports d’athérogénicités et la fluidité membranaire ( p < 0,05). De plus, les PCo-S et PF-S induisent une réduction des concentrations des substances réactives à l’acide thiobarbiturique dans le cœur (−45 %, −25 % p < 0,05), aorte (−62 %, −41 % p < 0,05), foie (−40 %, −21 % p < 0,05) et tissu adipeux (−50 %, −37 % p < 0,05) et augmentent la capacité antioxydante. Conclusion Les protéines de la sardine, en particulier celles extraites des co-produits en raison de leurs propriétés hypotensive, hypoglycémiante, anti-athérogène et antioxydante, pourraient avoir des effets protecteurs contre le risque cardiovasculaire associé à l’obésité. Aim of the study The effects of sardine by-products (SBy-P) and fillet proteins (SF-P) were compared to casein (Cas) ; these effects were assessed on blood pressure, glycemic control, reverse cholesterol transport, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in obese rats. Materials and methods Eighteen male Wistar rats were subjected for three months, to a high-fat diet. The obese rats were divided into three groups and consumed the same high-fat diet for 28 days after addition of either, 20% SBy-P, SF-P or Cas. Results The sardine proteins (SBy-P and SF-P) compared respectively to Cas, reduced diastolic (−14%, −11% P < 0.05) and systolic pressures (−12%, −8% P < 0.05), blood glucose (−24%, −21% P < 0.05), glycated hemoglobin (−28%, −21% P < 0.05), insulinemia (−29%, −18% P < 0.05) and HOMA-IR index (−29%, −18% P < 0.05). They improve the reverse cholesterol transport by increasing the lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity (+43%, +30% P < 0.05) and high-density lipoproteins in cholesterol esters (+108%, +88% P < 0.05), and decreasing the atherogenicity ratios and membrane fluidity ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, SBy-P and SF-P induced a reduction of reactive thiobarbituric acid substances concentrations in heart (−45%, −25% P < 0.05), aorta (−62%, −41% P < 0.05), liver (−40%, −21% P < 0.05) and adipose tissue (−50%, −37% P < 0.05) with an improvement in antioxidant capacity. Conclusion Sardine proteins, in particular those extracted from by-products, because of their hypotensive, hypoglycemic, anti-atherogenic and antioxidant properties, may have protective effects against the cardiovascular risk associated with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le patient obèse à l’hôpital ne reçoit pas toujours des apports alimentaires lui permettant de couvrir ses besoins nutritionnels. La prise en charge nutritionnelle a pour objectif principal le maintien de la masse maigre car la perte de celle-ci peut être plus rapide chez le sujet obèse que chez le sujet de poids normal. Elle doit également être adaptée à la pathologie ayant motivé l’hospitalisation, notamment en fonction de la présence ou non d’une agression métabolique (chirurgie digestive, affections aiguës, réanimation). Dans tous les cas, l’apport protéique est important à considérer. Comme première intervention, l’adaptation de l’alimentation par l’enrichissement, le fractionnement et la prise de compléments nutritionnels oraux (CNO) a tout son sens. En cas d’obésité massive, une approche multidisciplinaire systématique impliquant une équipe spécialisée dans l’obésité est indispensable pour assurer une prise en charge nutritionnelle adaptée. At hospital, nutritional intakes of obese patients are often not covering their nutritional needs. The aim of nutrition support is to maintain the lean body mass, since lean body mass loss may be faster in obese than in non-obese patients. Nutrition support must be adapted to the disease, and particularly to the presence or not of metabolic stress (GI surgery, acute diseases, critical illness…). In all cases, protein intakes are important to consider. As a primary nutrition therapy, food adaptation with frequent and enriched meals, and oral nutritional supplements (ONS), are indicated. In case of morbid obesity, a multidisciplinary systematic approach involving a specialized team in obesity management is pivotal to ensure adequate nutritional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new extraction process using ethanol at a temperature above boiling point is assessed from an economic point of view. The study was based on an assessment of the main operating costs adjusted by Lang's factor. Operating costs were assessed based on energy consumption calculated using a model of the process developed from experimental results, and for a hypothetical unit with a 160 000 t/year rapeseed crushing capacity. The processing cost was estimated at 47.4 € per ton of processed seed. Amortization represented 35% of this cost, energy 32% and manpower 10%. Uncertainty about investment is the main factor that could lead to significant error in this cost, but this uncertainty could be offset by an adjustment of the amortization duration, most of the equipment being durable. Profit generated by the process relies principally on a better valuation of the meal: higher value comes from higher protein content and quality on the market for GM-free high protein feedstuffs. Oil quality is also improved by a lower oleic acidity, low phospholipid content and pigment concentration. This gain was estimated at 2.5% of the crude oil value. Unlike the conventional hexane process, hot ethanol extraction produces molasses in small proportions. Molasses value was set at 70% of corn price. The process profitability appears sufficiently positive to justify further research to test the hypothesis underlying our model. The main uncertainty lies in the performance of the process in real conditions of counter-flow extraction and solvent regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iron deficiency has ergolytic effects on athletic performance. Exercise-induced inflammation impedes iron absorption in the digestive tract by upregulating the expression of the iron regulatory protein, hepcidin. Limited research indicates the potential of specific macro- and micronutrients on blunting exercise-induced hepcidin. Therefore, we investigated the effects of postexercise supplementation with protein and carbohydrate (CHO) and vitamins D3 and K2 on the postexercise hepcidin response. Ten highly trained male cyclists (age: 26.9 ± 6.4 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 67.4 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1 completed 4 cycling sessions in a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded, triple-crossover study. Experimental days consisted of an 8-min warm-up at 50% power output at maximal oxygen uptake, followed by 8 × 3-min intervals at 85% power output at maximal oxygen uptake with 1.5 min at 60% power output at maximal oxygen uptake between each interval. Blood samples were collected pre- and postexercise, and at 3 h postexercise. Three different drinks consisting of CHO (75 g) and protein (25 g) with (VPRO) or without (PRO) vitamins D3 (5000 IU) and K2 (1000 μg), or a zero-calorie control drink (PLA) were consumed immediately after the postexercise blood sample. Results showed that the postexercise drinks had no significant ( p ≥ 0.05) effect on any biomarker measured. There was a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in hepcidin and interleukin-6 following intense cycling intervals in the participants. Hepcidin increased significantly ( p < 0.05) from baseline (nmol·L-1: 9.94 ± 8.93, 14.18 ± 14.90, 10.44 ± 14.62) to 3 h postexercise (nmol·L-1: 22.27 ± 13.41, 25.44 ± 11.91, 22.57 ± 15.57) in VPRO, PRO, and PLA, respectively. Contrary to our hypothesis, the drink compositions used did not blunt the postexercise hepcidin response in highly trained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics determine the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis. We recently demonstrated that body position during feeding can modulate the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid availability. Here we investigated whether protein ingestion in an upright sitting body position accelerates gastric emptying and improves dietary protein digestion and subsequent amino acid absorption compared with feeding in a supine lying body position. In a crossover design, 8 young males (age, 26 ± 1 years; body mass index, 24.0 ± 0.9 kg·m−2) ingested 20 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled milk protein plus 1.5 g paracetamol while sitting in an upright position or lying down in a supine position. Blood samples were collected frequently during a 5-h postprandial period. Gastric emptying rates and dietary protein digestion and absorption were assessed using plasma paracetamol and amino acid concentrations as well as plasma l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments. Peak plasma leucine concentrations were higher when protein was ingested in an upright sitting versus lying position (213 ± 15 vs 193 ± 12 μmol·L−1, P < 0.05), which was accompanied by a trend for a greater overall leucine response (13 989 ± 720 vs 11 875 ± 1073 AU, respectively; P = 0.05). Peak plasma paracetamol concentrations were higher in the sitting versus lying treatment (11.6 ± 0.5 vs 9.3 ± 0.6 mg·L−1, P < 0.05). Protein ingestion in an upright sitting position accelerates gastric emptying and increases the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid availability by increasing protein digestion and amino acid absorption rates. Therefore, feeding in an upright body position as opposed to a lying position is an important prerequisite to allow proper postprandial muscle protein accretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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L’oléochimie est une science très ancienne dont l’objectif est de transformer les corps gras animaux ou les huiles végétales pour produire des molécules chimiques, telles que des alcools gras, des acides gras, des esters plus ou moins complexes, entrant dans de multiples applications telles que les savons, les lubrifiants, les tensio-actifs, les agents de rhéologie, et bien d’autres applications. Depuis le début des années 90, grâce au développement des technologies et notamment à la transposition dans le domaine des huiles et corps gras de technologies préalablement développées pour la pétrochimie (comme la métathèse par exemple (Poels EK, Moulijn JA, Sibeijn MJ. 1994. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71 : 553)), cette science évolue pour produire des molécules de plus en plus complexes, et notamment des intermédiaires de synthèse qui entrent dans la préparation de polymères (par exemple des acides dimères, ou des diacides, qui sont modifiés -ou pas- en diols ou diamines ou autres molécules bifonctionnelles de type amino-acides). La bioraffinerie quant à elle, à l’instar de la raffinerie, vise à développer le meilleur usage possible des différentes fractions d’une plante. Le premier exemple (et meilleur à ce jour) est l’amidonnerie, qui au-delà du développement des dérivés de l’amidon, fractionne complètement la graine de blé ou de maïs afin d’en tirer le maximum de valeur possible. Bien qu’un certain nombre de développements aient été menés depuis quelques années, les unités de trituration et raffinage des graines oléagineuses sont encore loin de s’apparenter à ce degré de fractionnement. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que même si les développements successifs des usages faisables à partir des corps gras et des huiles ont suivi des choix parfois politiques, il n’en reste pas moins que ces choix ne peuvent être considérés que comme des « déclencheurs » et qu’à termes c’est la capacité que ces unités auront à générer de la valeur qui permettra d’assurer leur pérennité dans le temps.

The Impact of Nutrition on Muscle Health in Older Individuals Abstract: The age-related change in the importance of nutrition for muscle health starts at the age of 50. Considering its effects on the mobility and physical independence of older people, the aging of the musculoskeletal system represents one of the greatest public health challenges and tasks for a demographically aging Switzerland. In particular sarcopenia, a pathological decrease in muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle function beyond the physiological age-related changes, correlates with a significantly increased risk of falls as well as increasing morbidity and mortality. Common chronic diseases related to old age not only promote additional muscle loss but also frailty, leading to an additional decline of the quality of life. General practitioners play a crucial role in the initial assessment of changing life circumstances and activity profiles of older people. Thanks to their medical care over many years they are able to identify functional impairments of their aging patients at an early stage and address them in time. This is important because the combination of a high-protein diet and exercise may be extremely effective for improving muscle health and function. Eating more proteins (taking into account the newly revised and increased daily protein requirement for healthy seniors of 1,0-1,2g/kg body weight (bw)) can significantly slow down age-related muscle loss. Depending on age and comorbidities, the daily protein requirement might be even higher (1,5 to 2,0g/kg bw). According to current studies, a minimal protein amount of 25-35g per main dish is recommended for optimal muscle growth stimulation among older individiuals. Thanks to their highly potent boosting power on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates the amino acid L-leucine and L-leucine-rich foods play an important role in elderly people's diet.

Malgrat que els insectes constitueixen una font de proteïnes molt prometedora i es consumeixen en països arreu del món, acostumen a ser rebutjats per al consum alimentari en les societats occidentals. El rebuig d'un menjar té l'origen en diversos factors, però entre tots, el fàstic sol ser el més important. Aquest problema és el que va abordar el taller "Insectes, menjar i disseny" que es va dur a terme a ELISAVA, amb la finalitat de canviar la percepció sobre aquesta qüestió. El taller va consistir en una primera exploració sobre la manera de cuinar insectes, seguida d'una fase d'ideació per buscar propostes que, en tant que fos possible, fessin atractius els insectes per al seu consum.

Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement (DS) use by U.S. Army soldiers differ from the civilian population. Longitudinal trends in use of DSs by civilians have been examined, but are unavailable in subpopulations such as military service members. The present study examined longitudinal changes in DS use by soldiers. A standardized questionnaire on DS use was administered in 2006-2007 ( N = 989) and 2010-2011 ( N = 1196) to convenience samples of active duty soldiers. Data were weighted for total population demographics of age, sex, and rank. Regular use of DSs by soldiers increased significantly (56% ± 1.6% vs. 64% ± 1.7%; p ≤ 0.001) over the 4 years primarily because of an increase of DS use among the youngest 18- to 24-year-old soldiers (43.0% ± 2.5% vs 62.3% ± 2.4%; p ≤ 0.01). Protein (22% ± 1.4% vs. 26% ± 1.5%; p ≤ 0.001) and combination (10.0% ± 1.0% vs. 24% ± 1.4%; p ≤ 0.001) product consumption also increased over the 4 years. Individual vitamin and mineral use - including iron, magnesium, selenium, and vitamins A, B6, B12, and D - significantly increased as well ( p ≤ 0.05). In addition, expenditures on DSs by soldiers increased over time ( p < 0.01). Reasons reported by soldiers for DS use suggest use increased to meet the occupational demands of military service. Educational interventions to minimize inappropriate use of DSs by soldiers are necessary to reduce adverse events resulting from unnecessary use of DSs and the financial burden associated with their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The continuous world population growth induces a total protein demand increase based mainly on plant sources. To meet these global nutritional challenges, existing and innovative dry and wet fractionation processes will have to be combined to better valorise plant protein fraction from pulses and oilseeds. The worldwide success of soy protein isolates originate from the intrinsic qualities of soybean proteins but also from a continuous R&D effort since mid-twenty century. Therefore, the soy protein development model can be applied to protein isolates from diverse pulses and oilseeds meals as rapeseed which has already been recognised as novel food protein in Europe. To boost the delivery of plant proteins, agrofood-industries and academics must pool their respective expertise. Innovative and issue solving R&D projects have to be launched to better valorise pulses and oilseed proteins by (i) creating oil extraction processes which preserve native proteins structure; (ii) developing novel protein extraction processes from lab up to industrial pilot scale; (iii) producing plant protein isolates having comparable foaming, emulsifying or gelling functionality than animal; and (iv) generating hydrolysed proteins with high digestibility adapted to human nutrition. It is also essential to initiate research programs to innovate in wet and dry fractionations of plants or to design in vitro models to evaluate proteins digestibility and allergenicity. The increased awareness regarding plant protein valorisation resulted in the creation by agro-industries and academics of the open platform IMPR [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To study of the compositional breakdown of seed components between the integument and the germ and its variability according to genetic and environmental factors. Methods: The study used 19 rapeseed lots grown in two areas of contrasted agronomical potential harvested in 2011. Pure fractions of hulls and germs were mechanically separated by centrifuge impacts after freezing the seeds. Chemical composition of the whole seeds and the pure kernel and hull fractions was determined. The results were used to calculate the seed hull content. Results: Hull accounted for 18.2% of total seed content. Real oil content of the hulls (8.4% dry basis) was lower than in the literature. Hulls contained 2.9% of the oil, 11.2% of the proteins, 73% of the NDF; 80% of the ADF, 95% of the lignin and 6.0% of the glucosinolates of the whole seed. The percentage of hulls in total seed content shows low variability, although the oil and the protein content of the fractions were significantly affected by cultivar and to a lesser extent by geographic location of the crops. Conclusion: Completely dehulled seeds could result in a meal with 48.3% protein (dry basis) and low fiber content (10.8% NDF, 6.6% ADF, 0.5% ADL) but higher glucosinolate content (130% compared to defatted seeds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method has been developed to determine protein requirements, which is called indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO). This technique has been validated by comparison with the "gold standard" nitrogen balance. Using IAAO we have shown that minimum protein requirements have been underestimated by 30%-50%. The National Academy of Sciences has for macro-nutrients proposed "Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges", which for protein is 10% to 35% of total energy. In practice, we suggest 1.5-2.2 g/(kg·day) of a variety of high-quality proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial evidence supports the increased consumption of high-quality protein to achieve optimal health outcomes. A growing body of research indicates that protein intakes well above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance help to promote healthy aging, appetite regulation, weight management, and goals aligned with athletic performance. Higher protein intakes may help prevent age-related sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, and strength that predisposes older adults to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy. Higher protein diets also improve satiety and lead to greater reductions in body weight and fat mass compared with standard protein diets, and may therefore serve as a successful strategy to help prevent and/or treat obesity. Athletes can also benefit from higher protein intakes to maximize athletic performance given the critical role protein plays in stimulating muscle protein remodelling after exercise. Protein quality, per meal dose, and timing of ingestion are also important considerations. Despite persistent beliefs to the contrary, we can find no evidence-based link between higher protein diets and renal disease or adverse bone health. This brief synopsis highlights recent learnings based on presentations at the 2015 Canadian Nutrition Society conference, Advances in Protein Nutrition across the Lifespan. Current evidence indicates intakes in the range of at least 1.2 to 1.6 g/(kg·day) of high-quality protein is a more ideal target for achieving optimal health outcomes in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Introduction Dans la prise en charge de l’obésité, de grandes études récentes ont précisé l’efficacité de différents régimes utilisables à long terme, dont celui modérément enrichi en protéines. Or ce régime augmente l’oxydation des lipides à l’exercice, ce qui pose la question d’une synergie amaigrissante de l’exercice ciblé sur l’oxydation des lipides et de l’enrichissement de la ration en protéines. Matériels et méthodes Afin de comprendre si l’activité physique en endurance à faible intensité agit en synergie avec l’enrichissement modéré de la ration en protéines, nous avons comparé les pertes de poids obtenues en soumettant une population de femmes obèses résistantes à l’amaigrissement, à trois stratégies différentes pendant un an : réentraînement ciblé sur l’oxydation des lipides, enrichissement en protéines purifiées de blanc d’œuf (lovamine) et association des deux démarches. Résultats Les sujets LIPOXmax ont perdu 3,93 ± 0,33 kg (3,57 % de leur poids initial) en moyenne et ceux qui prenaient seulement la supplémentation modérée en protéines ont perdu en moyenne 3,54 ± 0,17 kg, soit 4,92 % de leur poids initial. Cette différence n’est pas significative, les pertes de poids sous LIPOXmax seul ou enrichissement modéré en protéines seul sont similaires ( p = 0,05). Ceux associant LIPOXmax avec un supplément de protéines ont perdu 6,17 ± 0,34 kg, soit 8,18 % de leur poids initial en moyenne. La différence de perte de poids entre les sujets simplement réentraînés au LIPOXmax et les sujets réentraînés au LIPOXmax et recevant une supplémentation modérée en protéines est significative ( p = 0,026). Conclusion Ce travail montre que la supplémentation en protéines de blanc d’œuf semble être un complément intéressant à l’activité physique en endurance douce ciblée sur l’oxydation des lipides. Summary Purpose Both endurance exercise targeted on fat oxidation and moderate protein enrichment of diet have been demonstrated to be efficient weight-reducing procedures. In addition, protein enrichment has been shown to increase fat oxidation during exercise. We investigated whether these two strategies are synergistic for weight loss. We compared the weight loss profiles of obese women with diet-resistant obesity submitted to 3 weight-reducing strategies: exercise targeted at the level of maximal lipid oxidation (LIPOXmax), moderate protein enrichment of diet, or the association of both. Subjects trained at the LIPOXmax lost on the average 3.93 ± 0.33 kg (3.57% of their initial weight), and those who only received moderate protein supplements lost an average of 3.54 ± 0.17 kg or 4.92% of their initial weight. Weigh losses induced by only training at LIPOXmax or only protein enrichment were similar ( P = 0.05), while the association of the two methods resulted in an average loss of 6.17 ± 0.34 kg i.e. 8.18% of initial, which was significantly higher than the effect of either of the methods used individually ( P = 0.026). Conclusion Therefore, this preliminary study shows that supplementation with egg protein seems to be an attractive addition to physical activity targeted on endurance soft lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower seed quality, in particular the characteristics of hullability and protein content, has a significant impact on the protein content of the resulting meal. Seeds dehulled before crushing produce a meal with a protein content of approximately 36%; without dehulling, the protein content is typically in the range of 27-29%. This study seeks to assess the effect of sunflower variety on hullability and protein content. Genetic effects were studied by means of seed samples obtained from a network of variety evaluation trials undertaken across the production area in France for sunflowers. For both characteristics, significant differences between cultivars were observed; as a consequence, the potential protein content of their dehulled meals also ranged widely (34-44%). Genetic selection, which provides substantial improvements in both oil content and fatty acid composition, should therefore be expected to enhance the quality of sunflower meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La définition d’apports conseillés en protéines repose sur l’analyse des besoins protéiques. Un ANC avec comme objectif mesuré le maintien de la masse des protéines corporelles, a été fixé à 0,8 g de protéines de bonne qualité par kg de poids et par jour. Toutefois le besoin protéique est beaucoup plus complexe en raison de la diversité de la nature des nutriments requis pour le satisfaire (azote, acides aminés, peptides, protéines) et de la multiplicité de leurs fonctions. L’ANC en protéines intègre en grande partie cette diversité et constitue un repère simple qui permet de s’assurer globalement de la couverture des besoins protéiques d’une large population. Sa simplicité en limite cependant la pertinence pour des sous-populations ayant des besoins plus spécifiques.

Les modifications chimiques des protéines alimentaires sont réalisées dans le but d’ améliorer leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Elles sont également pratiquées pour des études fondamentales des relations structure/fonction des protéines. Les principales modifications chimiques des protéines alimentaires sont présentées ainsi que leurs incidences sur les propriétés fonctionnelles telles les propriétés émulsifiantes, moussantes, visqueuses, d’hydratation et de gélification.

La densité énergétique et protéique est l’attente principale des fabricants d’aliments composés vis-à-vis de l’amélioration qualitative des matières premières rentrant dans les formulations. À cette attente, l’amélioration des plantes peut proposer des réponses : réduction des teneurs en fibres peu ou pas digérées par les monogastriques, accroissement des taux en protéines et en acides aminés indispensables. L’amélioration de la digestibilité du phosphore est également travaillée depuis quelques années. L’objectif est essentiellement environnemental : éviter l’excrétion dans le milieu extérieur de trop grandes quantités de phosphore et les conséquences sur la qualité des eaux. Pour les acides gras, les ratios mono/poly-insaturés peuvent être modifiés.

L’augmentation de la demande mondiale pour les protéines végétales animales à destination de l’alimentation humaine est une véritable opportunité pour la production bovine. En France, les niveaux d’autonomie massique, protéique et énergétique varient d’un système de production laitière à l’autre mais restent plutôt un niveau élevé (88 %, 77 % et 87 % respectivement). Ces niveaux élevés d’autonomie sont fortement impacté par un lien important avec le sol de l’élevage français. Cependant, des voies d’amélioration restent possibles comme l’utilisation de toute l’herbe disponible, en utilisant les ressources de protéines locales (coproduits) et en intégrant les légumineuses dans les rotations de cultures.

L’aviculture européenne est dépendante d’approvisionnements en soja essentiellement en provenance du Brésil. Cette matière première riche en protéines est intéressante d’un point de vue nutritionnel pour l’alimentation des volailles mais pose des problèmes importants notamment en termes de prix et de conséquences environnementales. Les matières premières riches en protéines produites en France (oléo-protéagineux et coproduits de l’amidonnerie et de la distillerie) ne remplacent qu’en partie le soja importé du fait d’équilibres nutritionnels moins propices. Les protéagineux sont de plus très peu disponibles sur le marché. L’aviculture européenne, et plus largement l’élevage et l’agriculture, sont ainsi face à des enjeux importants d’ordre économique, social et environnemental. Les contraintes et leviers relatifs à la formulation d’aliments destinés aux volailles sont analysés et différentes voies de progrès sont envisagées à plus ou moins long terme : développer l’alimentation de précision afin d’améliorer l’ajustement des apports aux besoins des animaux en fonction des objectifs fixés, disposer de matières premières adaptées (process, mis en œuvre de filières adaptées, nouvelles matières premières et additifs, sélection variétale) mais aussi d’animaux adaptables. Une plus grande coordination entre acteurs, amont et aval, apparaît indispensable pour relever ces défis.

L’Union européenne est un acteur important du marché international des oléagineux. Ses besoins en protéines et en huiles végétales sont extrêmement élevés. Bien que, entre 1980 et 1994, cette zone ait sensiblement augmenté ses surfaces en oléagineux, elle reste un producteur mondial modeste et doit importer de pays tiers l’essentiel de ses besoins en graines, tourteaux et huiles. L’Amérique du Nord et celle du Sud constituent ses principaux fournisseurs, de même que certains pays asiatiques comme la Malaisie ou l’Indonésie, mais les échanges à l’intérieur de l’UE et avec les PECOS se sont nettement développés. Le faible taux de couverture de l’Europe, particulièrement en tourteaux, rend cette zone très vulnérable aux aléas du marché mondial et aux décisions qui peuvent être prises à l’étranger et tout particulièrement aux États-Unis. Alors que la mise en place de l’Agenda 2000, caractérisée par un net recul des surface dès la première année d’application, pose de nouveaux problèmes de compétitivité à ces cultures dans un contexte de faibles prix mondiaux, le maintien de cette filière demeure un bien collectif pour les différents acteurs : consommateurs, agriculteurs, transformateurs et citoyens.

Résumé L’escarre est une lésion cutanée d’origine ischémique dont la constitution résulte de la compression des tissus mous entre un plan dur et les saillies osseuses et de l’hypoperfusion capillaire. Il s’agit donc d’abord d’une lésion vasculaire, mais escarres et dénutrition sont souvent associées, surtout chez les malades âgés polypathologiques et dépendants. La dénutrition représente un facteur de risque d’apparition des escarres et de nombreux nutriments sont indispensables au processus de cicatrisation. Les études interventionnelles concernant l’effet de la prise en charge nutritionnelle sur la survenue des escarres et sur la qualité de la cicatrisation sont rares et de méthodologie parfois discutable. Pour autant, il semble bien que la prise en charge nutritionnelle limite le risque d’apparition des escarres chez les patients à risque (malades âgés hospitalisés pour un épisode médical aigu, ou fracture de l’extrémité supérieure du fémur par exemple). Par ailleurs, des apports énergétiques d’au moins 30–35 kcal/kg par jour, voire 40 kcal/kg par jour, et des apports protéiques de 1,2–1,5 g/kg par jour sont associés à une accélération de la cicatrisation. L’alphacétoglutarate d’ornithine, précurseur de l’arginine et de la glutamine, semble avoir un effet positif, mais les résultats des études sont encore insuffisants pour établir des recommandations. Il est difficile d’évaluer l’effet des supplémentations à dose physiologique ou supraphysiologique des micronutriments. Enfin, les compléments nutritionnels oraux formulés pour la cicatrisation des escarres montrent des résultats encourageants, mais le schéma expérimental des études ne permet pas toujours de distinguer les effets des apports protéinoénergétiques des apports en arginine ou en micronutriments. Pressure sores result from the compression of soft tissue between a hard surface and the bony prominences and from capillary hypoperfusion. It is therefore predominantly a vascular injury, but pressure sores and malnutrition are often associated, especially in multiple diseases and dependent elderly patients. Malnutrition is a risk factor for onset of pressure sores and many nutrients are essential to the healing process. Intervention studies on the effect of nutritional management on the occurrence of pressure ulcers and quality of healing are scarce and sometimes present with questionable methodology. However, it seems that the nutritional management reduces the risk of occurrence of pressure ulcers in at risk patients (for example, elderly patients hospitalized for an acute medical episode or fracture of the proximal femur). Furthermore, energy intake of at least from 30 to 35 kcal/kg per day, or 40 kcal/kg per day, and protein intakes of 1.2–1.5 g/kg per day were associated with faster healing. The ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate, the precursor to arginine and glutamine, seems to have a positive effect, but the results of the studies are still insufficient to establish recommendations. It is difficult to assess the effect of supplementation on physiological or supraphysiological dose micronutrients. Finally, oral nutritional supplements formulated for healing show encouraging results, but the design of the studies does not allow distinguishing the effects of protein-energy intakes from those of arginine or micronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acute effects of drinks rich in protein (PRO) versus carbohydrate (CHO) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and reactivity are uncertain. A randomized crossover design was used to compare 400-mL isoenergetic (1.1 MJ) drinks containing whey protein (PRO; 44 g) or carbohydrate (CHO; 57 g) versus 400 mL of water in 14 healthy men. The primary and secondary outcomes were changes in cardiac output, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and digital volume pulse measured prior to and 30 min following consumption at rest, during 12 min of multi-stage bicycle ergometry, and 15 min postexercise. The mean change (95% confidence interval (CI)) in resting cardiac output at 30 min was greater for CHO than for PRO or water: 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0), 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.40), and 0.0 (-0.3 to 0.3) L/min ( P < 0.001), respectively; the higher cardiac output following CHO was accompanied by an increase in stroke volume and a lower SVR. The mean increments (95% CI) in cardiac output during exercise were CHO 4.7 (4.4 to 5.0), PRO 4.9 (4.6 to 5.2), and water 4.6 (4.3 to 4.9) L/min with the difference between PRO versus water being significant ( P < 0.025). There were no other statistically significant differences. In summary, a CHO-rich drink increased cardiac output and lowered SVR in the resting state compared with a PRO-rich drink or water but the effect size of changes in these variables did not differ during or after exercise between CHO and PRO. Neither protein nor carbohydrate affected blood pressure reactivity to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term resistance training has consistently demonstrated gains in muscular strength, but not hypertrophy. Post-resistance training protein ingestion is posited to augment the acute anabolic stimulus, thus potentially accelerating changes in muscle size and strength. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of resistance training with protein supplementation on strength and muscle morphology changes in untrained men. Participants (mean ± SD; N = 18; age, 22.0 ± 2.5 years; body mass index, 25.1 ± 5.4 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to a resistance training + protein group ( n = 9; whey (17 g) + colostrum (3 g) + leucine (2 g)) or a resistance training + placebo group ( n = 9). One-repetition maximum (1RM) strength in the leg press (LP) and leg extension (LE) exercises, maximal isometric knee extensor strength (MVIC), and muscle morphology (thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle) of the dominant rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed before and after training. Participants performed LP and LE exercises (3 × 8-10; at 80% 1RM) 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Four weeks of resistance training resulted in significant increases in LP ( p < 0.001), LE ( p < 0.001), MVIC ( p < 0.001), RF MT ( p < 0.001), RF CSA ( p < 0.001), VL MT ( p < 0.001), and VL CSA ( p < 0.001). No between-group differences were observed. Although nutrition can significantly affect training adaptations, these results suggest that short-term resistance training augments muscle strength and size in previously untrained men with no additive benefit from postexercise protein supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]