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Effectors are small molecules, mostly proteins, produced by microorganisms that use them to interact with their hosts. Regarding plant hosts, effectors suppress plant immunity by interfering with microorganism perception, signaling, and biosynthesis of phytoregulators, among other processes. In recent years, interest in effectors in phytopathology has grown due to their contribution to phytopathogen virulence and, by extension, their impact on agricultural production. However, effector molecules are complex. On one hand, these molecules are secreted for the benefit of the phytopathogen and often trigger disease susceptibility. However, plants have evolved receptors that recognize some effectors, and this recognition can trigger disease resistance. Essentially, some effectors safeguard plant health, while others promote disease development. This review focuses on the effectors of phytopathogens and their functions, as well as the mechanisms that many of them use to overcome plant innate immunity, making them key players in phytopathology. Finally, the potential uses of effectors in the agricultural sector and the challenges associated with their application are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work evaluated physical-chemical properties of spraying syrup formulated with different water types and using or not tank-mixing pesticides. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (4 water types and 4 pesticide syrups + control, non-sprayed plant) in three sampling times (off-season corn, pre-planting soybean weed control, and soybean season) within one year. Water treatments consisted of deionized, well, river, and weir water. Product mixing consisted of herbicide (Glyphosate 925 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + insecticide (Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin 100+12.5 g a.i. ha-1), herbicide + fungicide (Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole 70+60 g a.i. ha-1), and herbicide + insecticide + fungicide. Weir water presented the worst physical quality. Spraying syrup prepared with tank-mixing herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide in various combinations decreased the effectiveness of the pesticide. When associating the three pesticides, less dissolution of the spray syrup and greater risk of syrup incompatibility leads to pesticide ineffectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar y establecer relaciones entre los diferentes indicadores de crecimiento entre plantas de vid con dos niveles de infestación (alto y leve) de Meloidogyne spp. El estudio se realizó en un viñedo cv Merlot, situado en Agrelo, Mendoza, donde se escogieron 2 parcelas, con y sin nematodos, con diferentes niveles de crecimiento vegetativo. Los indicadores a evaluar fueron: peso y número de racimos por planta, peso de poda, cantidad de entrenudos y área foliar de hojas y feminelas. El grado de infestación de nematodos de cada parcela se determinó mediante la técnica flotación - centrifugación. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de wilcoxon (Mann Whitney U) y el test de student. Además, mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, se comprobó si existía relación entre los indicadores evaluados y la densidad de población de Meloidogyne spp. expresado en número de estados juveniles (J2) presentes en el suelo. Los resultados indicaron que la parcela con menor densidad poblacional de juveniles de Meloidogyne spp., presentó mayor peso promedio de madera de poda, así como también un área foliar de hojas y feminelas superior. Con respecto al peso promedio de racimos por planta, dicha parcela también superó a aquella con alta concentración de nematodos.

Meloidogyne incognita afecta significativamente al cultivo de vid en Argentina. Actualmente se dispone de pocas herramientas para su control. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el efecto de extractos acuosos de bulbillos de ajo, de compost inmaduro de alperujo de aceituna, de compost inmaduro de orujo de uva fresco y de compost inmaduro de orujo de uva agotado, sobre el índice de agallamiento (IA), el índice de reproducción de huevos y juveniles J2 (IR) y la población final de hembras de M. incognita (H), en plantas de vid, cv Chardonnay. La experiencia fue realizada en invernáculo, con plantas en maceta. El único tratamiento que presentó diferencias significativas respecto del control fue el extracto de bulbillos de ajo; mientras que los extractos de compost inmaduro de alperujo de aceituna, de compost inmaduro de orujo de uva fresco y de compost inmaduro de orujo de uva agotado, no afectaron los parámetros evaluados. El extracto de bulbillos de ajo disminuyó un 73% el IA, un 80% el IR y un 94% de H, lo que permite esperar que en el futuro pueda desarrollarse a partir de este material vegetal, un nematicida orgánico y de bajo impacto ambiental.

Meloidogyne incognita, significantly affects the grapevines in Argentina. Currently there are few tools available to control this pest. The objective of this work was to compare the nematicidal effects of aqueous extracts of garlic bulbils, immature compost of olive mill waste, immature compost of fresh grape pomace and immature compost of spent grape pomace on the galling index (IA), the rate of reproduction of the eggs and juveniles J2 (IR) and the final population of M. incognita females (H) in grapevines, cv Chardonnay. The experiments were performed with potted plants of grapevines cv Chardonnay, in greenhouse conditions. The only treatment that showed statistically differences compared to the control, was the extract of garlic bulblets; while the extracts of immature compost of olive mill waste, immature compost of fresh grape pomace and immature compost of spent grape pomace, did not affect the evaluated parameters. The extract of garlic bulblets decreased by 73% the IA, 80% the IR and 94% H, therefore the development from this material of an organic nematicide with low environmental impact could be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)