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Difference is not an epiphenomenon of socio-spatial relations, but a genuine worldmaking driving-force, provided that it is the handling of difference that paves the way to specific interactions that end up shaping society and, ultimately, space. There exists not merely ‘a world of difference’ but a world because, and out of, differences. This article offers a neo-Hegelian analysis of the spatial basis of politico-economic and ethnic-social differences, making use of the striking example of anti-difference violence suffered by indigenous peoples under the hegemony of financial-rentier capitalism. There are two main pillars of socio-spatial difference, ethnicity and class, which co-determine each other and eventually result in hybrid, ethnoclass differences held by all humans and according to their specific and general circumstances. The socio-spatial trajectory of the Guarani-Kaiowa indigenous nation, in the center of Brazil, is emblematic of the dialectical basis of ethnoclass differences, and also of the political potentiality of difference.

This article discusses some of the long-term tendencies of the Paraguayan political economy, focusing, in particular, on impacts on indigenous peoples and, because of the ongoing agribusiness expansion in the northeast of the country, on the Paĩ Tavyterã nation. This analysis is warranted because of the growing recognition of the importance of land-related disputes affecting indigenous peoples, particularly in countries such as Paraguay that rely heavily on agribusiness exports and on the exploitation of natural resources. It is based on more than six years of research dedicated to the land struggles of the Paĩ Tavyterã (and members of the same ethnic group in Brazil, called Guarani-Kaiowa). Instead of a comparative study, this is a relational storytelling text that draws insights from various actors, communities and situations that were obtained through a qualitative and participative methodology, involving indigenous communities as co-participants and co-investigators in the study. Empirical results demonstrate that, despite the fact that Paraguay is a major exporter of agribusiness commodities the accumulation of multiple forms of subtraction is a prevailing geographical force. The reaction of indigenous peoples is in the form of anti-subtraction. The main implication of this research is that the process of decolonisation is, first and foremost, an anti-subtraction movement that aims to revert the deficit caused by the systemic subtraction of socio-economic and socio-ecological opportunities.

O presente artigo examina como a emergência política de Donald Trump e Jair Bolsonaro em seus respectivos países impactou os rumos da relações entre os Estados Unidos e o Brasil. O trabalho e a pesquisa que o sustenta se valeram de metodologias várias, incluindo a análise do discurso histórico e de dados qualitativos e quantitavos. Em seu conjunto, nossa estudo nos permite afirmar que as condições de possibilidade que permitiram a ascensão de tais figuras tão idiosincráticas estão ligadas a uma crise mais ampla da ordem liberal criada no pós-Segunda Guerra. Da mesma forma, nosso estudo aponta que, apesar de interligadas como expressões de um movimento neofascista mais amplo, tais figuras não foram capazes de redefinir os rumos da relações bilaterais de maneira consequente dadas as condições específicas de cada país e da natureza assimétrica do relacionamento

Indigenous schools are spaces for the convergence of different worldviews and to demonstrate how the creativity of each ethnic group challenges exogenous and established concepts and methodologies. This article examines main trends and pending gaps related to indigenous education in Brazil between the years 2007 and 2019. Issues such as the characterisation of indigenous schools, teachers and students are analysed, with a focus on the evolution of the number of students enrolled, infrastructure, language and pedagogic approaches. The analysis is focused on the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, which has a large indigenous population and an economy based on export-oriented agribusiness, and São Paulo, the main economic, demographic and political centre of Brazil with a much smaller indigenous population. The results demonstrate concrete improvements, especially the expansion of the number of schools and the student population. A growing number of schools are now dedicated to serve indigenous populations and make use of specific teaching material (although this material is of uneven quality). However, many problems remain unresolved, including threats to funding and uncertain administrative support from public authorities, a situation that has been aggravated in recent years with the growing adoption of elitist, anti-indigenous government policies.

The decade of 1950s was a crucial period of the industrialization of the Brazilian economy. The dominant school of thought was the national-developmentalism, which was not restricted to the sphere of economic production but also encompassed political and socio-cultural processes of change. Combining repression, persuasion and paternalism, the national state took a significantly political and economic responsibility in the social, material and symbolic modernization during the Vargas and Kubitschek administrations. However, internal disputes, foreign demands and a long legacy of socio-spatial inequalities prevented the achievement of more socially inclusive goals, leading a legacy of unanswered questions that still have currency today.

Os modelos climáticos e seus cenários são importantes ferramentas para descrever como poderão ser os padrões climáticos no contexto das nações e seus territórios, além destes modelos serem importantes ferramentas técnicas para o desenvolvimento de ações estratégicas territoriais. Seguindo este princípio, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar possíveis cenários futuros para a Escócia, ao longo do século XXI. A Escócia é uma importante nação que integra o Reino Unido e possui um significativo potencial hídrico na Europa, especialmente em termos qualitativos. No mais, este país possui uma política hídrica avançada, fortemente relacionada às regras da Diretiva das Águas da Europa. Para o desenvolvimento de um conciso relatório climático sobre a Escócia, este artigo descreverá os principais resultados de dois modelos climáticos Europeus inseridos no AR5, modelos estes criados por Collins at al. apud IPCC (2013) e Christensen & Kanicharla apud IPCC (2013).

PAST AND PRESENT OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN BRAZIL. Throughout the country’s history, but particularly with the 20th century’s rapid industrialisation, economic development led to Brazilian society’s gradual estrangement from the environment. Industrialisation called for a mode of production that exploits water and society as tools for the accumulation of capital. Escalating water scarcity and uneven access to water are symptomatic of this growing antagonism between society and nature. Recent legal and institutional changes have promoted a new approach to water management. One of the new policy instruments is charging for bulk water use in order to improve efficiency and recover investment costs. Charges on water have been supported by a strategic alliance between market forces and conservative environmentalists. However, in practice, the new management framework only reproduces the same previous rationale of water commodification that in the past generated serious socio-environmental distortions.

Copyright of Revista NERA is the property of Revista NERA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista NERA is the property of Revista NERA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista NERA is the property of Revista NERA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anthropogenic climate change is expected to have serious socioecological consequences around the globe, in particular for wetland areas. That is the case of the Pantanal, a large tropical wetland located in the Upper Paraguay River Basin (UPRB), in the centre of South America, where a range of responses are being devised to cope with the negative impacts of climate change. After a review of the most common approaches discussed in the literature, the results of an empirical study conducted in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay are presented. The research attested that most responses have so far evolved around the principles of systematic adaptation (e.g. technology amelioration) and climate scepticism (e.g. postponement of responses) and, more recently, under the influence of marketisation measures (e.g. carbon trading). However, there is also growing enthusiasm, particularly in Bolivia, for the inclusion of initiatives associated with the architecture of entitlements (e.g. improved access to resources) and climate justice (e.g. compensation for the negative impacts of conventional development). Two important factors that seem to undermine the efficacy of the responses to climate change in the region: the hegemonic influence of the agribusiness sector and the relatively low importance of the UPRB for national and trilateral environmental policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal series of 102 cases (in five years) where the interposed loop was employed in gastric and duodenal surgery is presented. The behaviour of the transposed jejunal segment is discussed on the basis of radiological study using direct videography.

The diagnostic possibilities in cancer of the head of the pancreas offered by radiography, angiography, isotopic and endoscopic investigations (with respective accuracy percentages) are examined and a new technique based on the use of ultrasounds is presented. Echography exploits the different structures of tissues by reflecting the ultrasound beam which strikes them in a different way, providing a bidimensional tomographic picture of the surface explored with echostructural profiles and characteristics of the organs. The personal series, together with pictures and percentages of correct diagnosis, is presented. It is concluded that the technique is one of the most suitable for exploring the pancreatic region.

Experience in the management of the complications of varicose diseases is described. The series consists of 173 patients with chronic venous insufficiency (including 30 with post-phlebitis syndromes). In 90% of cases, interruption of the communicating vessels according to Linton gave final cure of ulcere and eczematous dermatitis.

31 patients suffering from isolated obliteration of the popliteal artery were selected for reporting from a series of 1500 peripheral angiographies. It is pointed out that the lesion is due principally to a segmentary localization of atherosclerosis. A case of adventitial cyst and one of muscular pincer syndrome have also been encountered. Attentive study of angiographic pictures showed up a number of behaviour modalities of the collateral circulation. The surgical approaches available in such circumstances are also reported.

Up to 50% of the neonates operated during the first hours of life for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia die. The presence of a severe lung hypoplasia, which is at the origin of hypoxia, acidosis, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right to left shunt, explains the poor clinical results, in spite of surgical success and intensive therapy. A modern approach to the problem includes treatment with pulmonary vasodilator drugs, whose effects are still discussed. Perhaps the prenatal recognition of the defect could improve prognosis. Lots of experience are needed to know more on the subject. This could be obtained with an experimental approach on newborn animals with a CDH. The article relates authors experience in the creation of a CDH in a foetus of sheep, by means of a surgical intervention during its intrauterine life.

A modified method for transhepatic tube stenting is presented. The use of a No. 25 gauge music wire (1.5 millimeters in diameter) allows for different surgical maneuvers to be performed without parenchymal splitting. This technique can also be used in a slightly dilated biliary tree.

50 cases of interposition of jejunal loop (32 for gastric cancer and 18 for ulcerous pathology) carried out over the last 3 years are reported. From a technical point of view and as an alternative to degastroenteroanastomosis, interposition of the loop is preferred in partial oral end-to-end on the stomach. In neoplastic lesions, Mouchet-Camey type reconstruction was adopted as a routine measure. After describing the complications of the operation and analyzing the causes, the long-term results are evaluated using absorption curves with 131-I labelled oleic acid. The excellent weight increase in the inflammatory forms, and the lack of reflow and dumping in patients subjected to total gastrectomy for cancer, confirm the value of the technique.

Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid gland, while rare, is the most common cause of death from thyroid cancer. Ten cases from a teaching department of surgery have been reviewed, with two-year follow up. Steps in pathological behaviour and management of this lesion are discussed. From the review, it seems that the only logical option in the treatment of anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid gland, is total thyroidectomy.