Search

Background: To standardize the reporting pattern across various institutions, recently the international system for reporting serous fluid cytology (ISRSFC) was introduced. The objective of the present study was to classify serous fluids into various categories as per the ISRSFC, derive the risk of malignancy for each category and determine the diagnostic efficacy of fluid cytology when ISRSFC was applied. Methodology: Cross-sectional study involving 235 cases of serous effusion over a duration of two years. All the cases were reclassified as per ISRSFC into five categories. Descriptive statistics was derived. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) was determined in 74 cases wherein final diagnosis was confirmed by clinical findings, radiology, or cell block. Results: Out of total 235 cases of fluid examined, distribution of cases in the diagnostic categories were as follows, 11 (4.6%) in nondiagnostic (ND), 208 (88.51%) in negative for malignancy (NFM), 5 (2.12%) in atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 2 (0.85%) in suspicious for malignancy (SFM) and 9(3.82%) in malignant (MAL)category. Out of 208 cases of NFM, mesothelial cells were seen in only 8 (3.8%) cases. The risk of malignancy was 0% each in ND and NFM, 40% in AUS, 100% each in SFM and MAL. Sensitivity and specificity of fluid cytology was 100% and 96.6% respectively while PPV and NPV was 81.81% and 100 % respectively. Conclusion: ISRSFC is easy to apply and has high diagnostic efficacy. Most of the serous effusions fall in negative for malignancy category. Mesothelial cells are not important for specimen adequacy.

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare Schwannian neoplasm, known to mimic carcinomas. GCT typically presents in the tongue but has also been reported at unusual sites with only 2% of cases said to be malignant. We report an unusual case of GCT presenting in the right breast of a 61-year-old female. Ultrasound-guided FNAC revealed scanty cellularity and fibroadipose tissue. Trucut biopsies revealed a combination of atypical cells and fibrocollagenous tissue. Histopathological examination of excision specimen with axillary clearance demonstrated large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, peripherally placed nuclei, and pustulo-ovoid bodies of Milian. Importantly, neither mitotic activity nor pleomorphism were seen. All the lymph nodes were free of tumor. Given its rarity and diverse clinical presentation, GCT poses many diagnostic challenges. A holistic approach encompassing clinical, radiological, and histopathological assessments is paramount for accurate diagnosis and management of this neoplasm. Follow up is mandatory to monitor recurrence.

The main objective of the present research work is to assess the biological properties of the aqueous plant extract (ACAE) synthesised silver nanoparticles from the herbal plant Ageratum conyzoides, and their biological applications. The silver nanoparticle syntheses from Ageratum conyzoides (Ac-AgNPs) were optimised with different parameters, such as pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and varied silver nitrate concentration (1 mM and 5 mM). Based on the UV–vis spectroscopy analysis of the synthesised silver nanoparticles, the concentration of 5 mM with the pH at 8 was recorded as the peak reduction at 400 nm; and these conditions were optimized were used for further studies. The results of the FE-SEM analysis recorded the size ranges (~30–90 nm), and irregular spherical and triangular shapes of the AC-AgNPs were captured. The characterization reports of the HR-TEM investigation of AC-AgNPs were also in line with the FE-SEM studies. The antibacterial efficacies of AC-AgNPs have revealed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. typhi to be within 20 mm. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of AC-AgNPs is shown to have an effective antiplasmodial property (IC50:17.65 μg/mL), whereas AgNO3 has shown a minimum level of IC50: value 68.03 μg/mL, and the Ac-AE showed >100 μg/mL at 24 h of parasitaemia suppression. The α-amylase inhibitory properties of AC-AgNPs have revealed a maximum inhibition similar to the control Acarbose (IC50: 10.87 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the AC-AgNPs have revealed a better property (87.86% ± 0.56, 85.95% ± 1.02 and 90.11 ± 0.29%) when compared with the Ac-AE and standard in all the three different tests, such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 scavenging assay, respectively. The current research work might be a baseline for the future drug expansion process in the area of nano-drug design, and its applications also has a lot of economic viability and is a safer method in synthesising or producing silver nanoparticles.