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Background Urinary incontinence often occurs in women aged 40-60 years and contributes to a significant impact on women's physical health and quality of life. Objective To explore the prevalence and influencing factors of urinary incontinence and its impact on quality of life in women aged 40-60 years in Guizhou Province. Methods From June 2022 to January 2023, women aged 40-60 years who underwent health checkups in 10 hospitals in 7 regions of Guizhou Province were selected as the study subjects. A self-designed general data questionnaire was used to collect the basic data of the study subjects, and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) and Incontinence Quality of Life Measure (I-QoL) were used to determine the severity of urinary incontinence and the level of quality of life of the study subjects, respectively. Different types of incontinence, including stress incontinence, urge incontinence, and mixed incontinence, were determined according to the diagnostic criteria established by the International Continence Society (ICS). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of urinary incontinence, and explore the effects of different types and severity levels of urinary incontinence on patients' quality of life. Results A total of 3 000 questionnaires were distributed, and 2 966 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid recovery rate of 98.9%. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among the 2 966 study subjects was 33.4% (991/2 966), including 20.1% (596/2 966) for stress incontinence, 2.0% (58/2 966) for urge incontinence, and 11.4% (337/2 966) for mixed incontinence. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that physical exercise, menstrual status, parity, history of pelvic organ prolapse, perineal laceration, and lateral episiotomy were the influencing factors of stress incontinence (P

Background Carotid plaque is an important early predictive signal of clinical carotid atherosclerosis, the association between homocysteine (Hcy) and carotid plaque is well recognized, however, the correlation between Hcy and carotid plaque in postmenopausal middle-aged women is not established. Objective To analyze the impact of Hcy within the normal reference range on the risk of carotid plaque in postmenopausal middle-aged women and determine the risk threshold. Methods A total of 1 465 postmenopausal women (Hcy

Background The associations of muscle and adipose tissue with bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal women has been studied, but there are differences in site distribution, which lead to that the effect of muscle and adipose tissue on BMD and the site of action are still unclear. Objective To analyze the relationships of BMD in lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and adipose, muscle tissue in perimenopausal women, and provide theoretical basis for improving the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly and preventing and treatment of osteoporosis (OP) . Methods 2 355 women aged 40-60 years who underwent medical examination in the Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively selected and divided into pre-menopausal women (n=1 261) and post-menopausal women (n=1 094) according to whether they were menopausal or not. BMD of lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip were measured by Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) . Adipose and muscle tissue were measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) . To explore the association of adipose and muscle tissue with BMD of different site in perimenopausal women by Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of appendicular lean mass (ALM) for postmenopausal OP. Results Pearson correlation analysis showed that adipose mass, total body muscle mass, trunk muscle mass and ALM were positively correlated with BMD of lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip in premenopausal, postmenopausal and overall women (P

Dry deposition of aerosols from the atmosphere is an important but poorly understood and inadequately modeled process in atmospheric systems for climate and air quality. Comparisons of currently used aerosol dry deposition models to a compendia of published field measurement studies in various landscapes show very poor agreement over a wide range of particle sizes. In this study, we develop and test a new aerosol dry deposition model that is a modification of the current model in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The new model agrees much better with measured dry deposition velocities across particle sizes. The key innovation is the addition of a second inertial impaction term for microscale obstacles such as leaf hairs, microscale ridges, and needleleaf edge effects. The most significant effect of the new model is to increase the mass dry deposition of the accumulation mode aerosols in CMAQ. Accumulation mode mass dry deposition velocities increase by almost an order of magnitude in forested areas with lesser increases for shorter vegetation. Peak PM2.5 concentrations are reduced in some forested areas by up to 40% in CMAQ simulations. Over the continuous United States, the new model reduced PM2.5 by an average of 16% for July 2018 at the Air Quality System monitoring sites. For summer 2018 simulations, bias and error of PM2.5 concentrations are significantly reduced, especially in forested areas. Plain Language Summary: Aerosol dry deposition is an important sink for atmospheric particles that are a health hazard and a significant climate forcer. Uncertainties in modeling aerosol dry deposition hamper accurate predictions of air quality and climate. A new aerosol dry deposition model is developed that better agrees with observations of aerosol dry deposition velocity for a variety of vegetation such as forests, grasslands, and water surfaces. This improved aerosol dry deposition model when incorporated into air quality and climate models will improve the accuracy of model predictions. Key Points: New aerosol deposition velocity model agrees better with observations than current modelsImpaction on microscale obstacles such as leaf hairs is key processNew aerosol deposition velocity model increases dry deposition of PM2.5 compared to the current Community Multiscale Air Quality model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have an increased fracture risk despite having higher areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured by DXA. This apparent paradox might be explained by the overestimation of BMD by DXA due to the higher fat mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Volumetric BMD (vBMD) as assessed by quantitative CT (QCT) is not influenced by fat mass. We assessed the association of vBMD and fasting plasma glucose in a large cohort of Chinese subjects and compared the vBMD in healthy and diabetic subjects. In addition, we compared the relation between aBMD, vBMD, glucose and fat mass in a subset of this cohort. Materials and Methods: 10309 participants from the China Biobank project underwent QCT based on chest low dose CT to compute vBMD of L1 and L2 vertebrae and FPG measurements between 2018 and 2019. Among them, 1037 subjects also had spine DXA scans. Data was analyzed using linear regression models. Results: In the total cohort (5889 men and 4420 women, mean age 53 years, range 30-96), there was no significant association between vBMD and FPG after adjustment for age (women: p=0.774; men: p=0.149). 291 women and 606 men fitted the diagnostic criteria of diabetes. Both women and men with diabetes had lower vBMD compared to non-diabetic subjects, but this became non-significant after adjusting for age in the total cohort (women: p=0.817; men: p=0.288) and after propensity score matching based on age (women: p=0.678; men: p=0.135). In the DXA subcohort, aBMD was significantly higher in men with diabetes after adjusting for age and this difference disappeared after further adjusting for total fat area (p=0.064). Conclusion: We did not find any effect of fasting plasma glucose or diabetes on the volumetric BMD measured with QCT after adjustment for age. Therefore, vBMD measured with QCT might be a more reliable measurement to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk than aBMD measured with DXA in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) is leveraging recent advances in meteorological modeling to construct an air quality modeling system to allow consistency from global to local scales. The Model for Prediction Across Scales‐Atmosphere (MPAS‐A or MPAS) has been developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) as a global complement to the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Patterned after a regional coupled system with WRF, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been coupled within MPAS to explore global‐to‐local chemical transport modeling. Several options were implemented into MPAS for retrospective applications. Nudging‐based data assimilation was added to support continuous simulations of past weather to minimize error growth that exists with a weather forecast configuration. The Pleim‐Xiu land‐surface model, the Asymmetric Convective Model 2 boundary layer scheme, and the Pleim surface layer scheme were added as the preferred options for retrospective air quality applications with WRF. Annual simulations were conducted using this EPA‐enhanced MPAS configuration on two different mesh structures and compared against WRF. MPAS generally compares well with WRF over the conterminous United States. Errors in MPAS surface meteorology are comparable to WRF throughout the year. Precipitation statistics indicate MPAS performs slightly better than WRF. Solar radiation in MPAS is higher than WRF and measurements, suggesting fewer clouds in MPAS than WRF. Upper‐air meteorology is well‐simulated by MPAS, but errors are slightly higher than WRF. These comparisons lend confidence to use MPAS for retrospective air quality modeling and suggest ways it can be further improved in the future. Plain Language Summary: The US EPA analyses and performs research on the past, present and future air quality of the United States using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). Historically, the modeling was focused on the U.S. as regulations and impact are first order local issues. Global modeling is becoming more attainable and common as computer potential has increased, modeling systems advanced and air quality viewed as a global issue. This research demonstrates that we now have a meteorological modeling system that is capable of modeling air quality from global to local scales. The more comprehensive air quality modeling will directly address research issues on the link between air quality and human/ecological health. Specific results presented with this work indicate that the meteorology from the new global model is on par with the meteorology we have been using for the last decade. This suggests that the global air quality simulations will not be significantly restricted by poor driving meteorology and we can move forward with some confidence. Key Points: Pleim‐Xiu land‐surface model, Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2) planetary boundary layer model, and Pleim surface layer scheme from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) were added as options to the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) modelErrors over the United States were substantially reduced in MPAS by using the Pleim‐Xiu Land Surface Model (P‐X LSM), ACM2 and Pleim surface layer configurationThe magnitude of errors in MPAS are comparable to WRF, so MPAS is suitable for driving retrospective air quality models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.3 (CMAQ53), released to the public in August 2019 and followed by version 5.3.1 (CMAQ531) in December 2019, contains numerous science updates, enhanced functionality, and improved computation efficiency relative to the previous version of the model, 5.2.1 (CMAQ521). Major science advances in the new model include a new aerosol module (AERO7) with significant updates to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry, updated chlorine chemistry, updated detailed bromine and iodine chemistry, updated simple halogen chemistry, the addition of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) chemistry in the CB6r3 chemical mechanism, updated M3Dry bidirectional deposition model, and the new Surface Tiled Aerosol and Gaseous Exchange (STAGE) bidirectional deposition model. In addition, support for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's hybrid vertical coordinate (HVC) was added to CMAQ53 and the Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) version 5.0 (MCIP50). Enhanced functionality in CMAQ53 includes the new Detailed Emissions Scaling, Isolation and Diagnostic (DESID) system for scaling incoming emissions to CMAQ and reading multiple gridded input emission files. Evaluation of CMAQ531 was performed by comparing monthly and seasonal mean daily 8 h average (MDA8) O 3 and daily PM 2.5 values from several CMAQ531 simulations to a similarly configured CMAQ521 simulation encompassing 2016. For MDA8 O 3 , CMAQ531 has higher O 3 in the winter versus CMAQ521, due primarily to reduced dry deposition to snow, which strongly reduces wintertime O 3 bias (2–4 ppbv monthly average). MDA8 O 3 is lower with CMAQ531 throughout the rest of the year, particularly in spring, due in part to reduced O 3 from the lateral boundary conditions (BCs), which generally increases MDA8 O 3 bias in spring and fall (∼0.5 µgm-3). For daily 24 h average PM 2.5 , CMAQ531 has lower concentrations on average in spring and fall, higher concentrations in summer, and similar concentrations in winter to CMAQ521, which slightly increases bias in spring and fall and reduces bias in summer. Comparisons were also performed to isolate updates to several specific aspects of the modeling system, namely the lateral BCs, meteorology model version, and the deposition model used. Transitioning from a hemispheric CMAQ (HCMAQ) version 5.2.1 simulation to a HCMAQ version 5.3 simulation to provide lateral BCs contributes to higher O 3 mixing ratios in the regional CMAQ simulation in higher latitudes during winter (due to the decreased O 3 dry deposition to snow in CMAQ53) and lower O 3 mixing ratios in middle and lower latitudes year-round (due to reduced O 3 over the ocean with CMAQ53). Transitioning from WRF version 3.8 to WRF version 4.1.1 with the HVC resulted in consistently higher (1.0–1.5 ppbv) MDA8 O 3 mixing ratios and higher PM 2.5 concentrations (0.1–0.25 µgm-3) throughout the year. Finally, comparisons of the M3Dry and STAGE deposition models showed that MDA8 O 3 is generally higher with M3Dry outside of summer, while PM 2.5 is consistently higher with STAGE due to differences in the assumptions of particle deposition velocities to non-vegetated surfaces and land use with short vegetation (e.g., grasslands) between the two models. For ambient NH 3 , STAGE has slightly higher concentrations and smaller bias in the winter, spring, and fall, while M3Dry has higher concentrations and smaller bias but larger error and lower correlation in the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia surface flux is bidirectional; that is, net flux can be either upward or downward. In fertilized agricultural croplands and grasslands there is usually more emission than deposition especially in midday during warmer seasons. In North America, most of the ammonia emissions are from agriculture with a significant fraction of that coming from fertilizer. A new bidirectional ammonia flux modeling system has been developed in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which has close linkages with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) agricultural ecosystem model. Daily inputs from EPIC are used to calculate soil ammonia concentrations that are combined with air concentrations in CMAQ to calculate bidirectional surface flux. The model is evaluated against surface measurements of NH3 concentrations, NH4+ and SO42− aerosol concentrations, NH4+ wet deposition measurements, and satellite retrievals of NH3 concentrations. The evaluation shows significant improvement over the base model without bidirectional ammonia flux. Comparisons to monthly average satellite retrievals show similar spatial distribution with the highest ammonia concentrations in the Central Valley of California (CA), the Snake River valley in Idaho, and the western High Plains. In most areas the model underestimates, but in the Central Valley of CA, it generally overestimates ammonia concentration. Case study analyses indicate that modeled high fluxes of ammonia in CA are often caused by anomalous high soil ammonia loading from EPIC for particular crop types. While further improvements to parameterizations in EPIC and CMAQ are recommended, this system is a significant advance over previous ammonia bidirectional surface flux models. Plain Language Summary: Ammonia is one of many pollutants that are added to the air by human activities. Ammonia contributes to degraded air quality mainly because it adds to the concentration of very fine particles suspended in the air that are called aerosols. Hazy conditions with poor visibility are often the result of high concentrations of aerosols. Also, breathing air with high amounts of aerosols is bad for human health. Ammonia can get into water bodies where it contributes to algae growth and fish kills due to low oxygen. Much of the ammonia that gets into the air comes from fertilizer in agricultural fields. This paper is about improved methods for modeling the ammonia from agricultural fertilizer by linking together an air quality computer model with an agricultural management model. The agricultural model predicts the amount and types of fertilizer that farmers use and the amount of ammonia in the soil. The air quality model then uses information from the agriculture model to predict how much ammonia gets into the air. The study describes these models and shows how well they predict the amount of ammonia in the air compared to ground‐based and satellite measurements. Key Points: Bidirectional ammonia surface fluxes are modeled in an air quality model coupled to an agricultural ecosystem modelAmmonia fluxes are strongly influenced by soil ammonia loading, soil pH, and soil moistureSatellite ammonia concentration retrievals show that the model simulates realistic monthly average ammonia concentrations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes and implements an integrated, multimedia, process-based system-level approach to estimating nitrogen (N) fate and transport in large river basins. The modeling system includes the following components: (1) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ), (2) Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), (3) Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC), and (4) Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The previously developed Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for CMAQ (FEST-C), an advanced user interface, integrated EPIC with the WRF model and CMAQ. The FEST-C system, driven by process-based WRF weather simulations, includes atmospheric N additions to agricultural cropland and agricultural cropland contributions to ammonia emissions. This study focuses on integrating the watershed hydrology and water quality model with FEST-C system so that a full multimedia assessment on water quality in large river basins to address impacts of fertilization, meteorology, and atmospheric N deposition on water quality can be achieved. Objectives of this paper are to describe how to expand the previous effort by integrating the SWAT model with the FEST-C (CMAQ/WRF/EPIC) modeling system, as well as to demonstrate application of the Integrated Modeling System (IMS) to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) to simulate streamflow and dissolved N loadings to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). IMS simulation results generally agree with US Geological Survey (USGS) observations/estimations; the annual simulated streamflow is 218.9 mm and USGS observation is 211.1 mm and the annual simulated dissolved N is 2.1 kg ha -1 and the USGS estimation is 2.8 kg ha -1. Integrating SWAT with the CMAQ/WRF/EPIC modeling system allows for its use within large river basins without losing EPIC's more detailed biogeochemistry processes, which will strengthen the assessment of impacts of future climate scenarios, regulatory and voluntary programs for N oxide air emissions, and land use and land management on N transport and transformation in large river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes and implements an integrated, multimedia, process-based system-level approach to estimating nitrogen (N) fate and transport in large river basins. The modeling system includes the following components: 1) Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ); 2) Water Research and Forecasting (WRF); 3) Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC); and 4) Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The previously developed Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (FEST-C) system integrated EPIC with the WRF model and CMAQ. FEST-C, driven by process-based WRF weather simulations, includes atmospheric N additions to agricultural cropland, and agricultural cropland contributions to ammonia emissions. Watershed hydrology and water quality models need to be integrated with the system (FEST-C), however, so it can be used in large river basins to address impacts of fertilization, meteorology, and atmospheric N deposition on water quality. Objectives of this paper are to describe how to expand the previous effort by integrating a watershed model with the FEST-C (CMAQ/WRF/EPIC) modeling system, as well as demonstrate application of the Integrated Modeling System (IMS) to the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) to simulate streamflow and dissolved N loadings to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). IMS simulation results generally agree with USGS observations/estimations; the annual simulated streamflow is 218.9 mm and USGS observation is 211.1 mm and the annual simulated dissolved N is 2.1 kg/ha. and the USGS estimation is 2.8 kg/ha. Integrating SWAT with the CMAQ/WRF/EPIC modeling system allows for its use within large river basins without losing EPIC’s more detailed biogeochemistry processes, which will strengthen assessment of impacts of future climate scenarios, regulatory and voluntary programs for nitrogen oxide air emissions, and land use and land management on N transport and transformation in large river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many gasses and aerosols, dry deposition is an important sink of atmospheric mass. Dry deposition fluxes are also important sources of pollutants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The surface fluxes of some gases, such as ammonia, mercury, and certain volatile organic compounds, can be upward into the air as well as downward to the surface and therefore should be modeled as bi-directional fluxes. Model parameterizations of dry deposition in air quality models have been represented by simple electrical resistance analogs for almost 30 years. Uncertainties in surface flux modeling in global to mesoscale models are being slowly reduced as more field measurements provide constraints on parameterizations. However, at the same time, more chemical species are being added to surface flux models as air quality models are expanded to include more complex chemistry and are being applied to a wider array of environmental issues. Since surface flux measurements of many of these chemicals are still lacking, resistances are usually parameterized using simple scaling by water or lipid solubility and reactivity. Advances in recent years have included bi-directional flux algorithms that require a shift from pre-computation of deposition velocities to fully integrated surface flux calculations within air quality models. Improved modeling of the stomatal component of chemical surface fluxes has resulted from improved evapotranspiration modeling in land surface models and closer integration between meteorology and air quality models. Satellite-derived land use characterization and vegetation products and indices are improving model representation of spatial and temporal variations in surface flux processes. This review describes the current state of chemical dry deposition modeling, recent progress in bi-directional flux modeling, synergistic model development research with field measurements, and coupling with meteorological land surface models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many naturally occurring and human-induced activities result in the emission of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds into the atmosphere. Precipitation is an important process by which compounds are scavenged from the atmosphere and deposited onto the earth's surface. The purpose of this paper is to compare the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in each of the 48 contiguous states in the USa with measured wet deposition of nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate (SO42-) in each state for the year 1990. With one exception (Vermont),wet deposition of N as nitrate was less than emissions of N as nitrogen oxides on a statewide basis in 1990. The median wet N deposition/emission value was 0.21. Wet plus dry N deposition of nitrate was estimated to represent 43% of NOx emissions in North Carolina. Wet deposition of S was less than emissions in 1990 in all but fivestates (Vermont, Maine, Arkansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota). The median value of wet deposition of sulfate/SO2 emissions was0.34. In North Carolina, dry deposition of sulfate was estimated to represent an additional 21% of emissions, so that total deposition accounted for 60% of S emissions. Net transport of N and S is likely animportant part of the discrepancy between emissions and deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary sink of air pollutants and their precursors is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across chemical transport models, yet an understanding of the model spread is incomplete. Here, we introduce Activity 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative Phase 4 (AQMEII4). We examine 18 dry deposition schemes from regional and global chemical transport models as well as standalone models used for impact assessments or process understanding. We configure the schemes as single-point models at eight Northern Hemisphere locations with observed ozone fluxes. Single-point models are driven by a common set of site-specific meteorological and environmental conditions. Five of eight sites have at least 3 years and up to 12 years of ozone fluxes. The interquartile range across models in multiyear mean ozone deposition velocities ranges from a factor of 1.2 to 1.9 annually across sites and tends to be highest during winter compared with summer. No model is within 50 % of observed multiyear averages across all sites and seasons, but some models perform well for some sites and seasons. For the first time, we demonstrate how contributions from depositional pathways vary across models. Models can disagree with respect to relative contributions from the pathways, even when they predict similar deposition velocities, or agree with respect to the relative contributions but predict different deposition velocities. Both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake contribute to the large model spread across sites. Our findings are the beginning of results from AQMEII4 Activity 2, which brings scientists who model air quality and dry deposition together with scientists who measure ozone fluxes to evaluate and improve dry deposition schemes in the chemical transport models used for research, planning, and regulatory purposes., Competing Interests: Author contributions. OEC led the manuscript’s direction and writing, data processing and analysis, and coordination among authors. DS and CH contributed to the manuscript’s direction, data processing, and coordination among authors. JOB contributed CMAQ STAGE results and documentation. SB contributed DO3SE results and documentation. PC contributed GEM-MACH results and documentation. MC contributed data from Easter Bush and Auchencorth Moss. LE contributed DO3SE results and documentation and assisted with direction. JF contributed IFS results and documentation and assisted with direction. EF, QL, and ET contributed data from Ramat Hanadiv. SG assisted with direction. LG contributed MLC-CHEM results and documentation. OG, IG, and GM contributed data from Ispra. CDH assisted with direction and contributed GEOS-Chem results and documentation. LH and TW contributed data from Bugacpuszta. VH contributed model results and documentation from IFS. PAM contributed model results and documentation from GEM-MACH and assisted with direction. IM and TV contributed data from Hyytiälä. JWM contributed data from Harvard Forest. JLPC and RSJ contributed WRF-Chem results and documentation. JP and LR contributed M3Dry results and documentation. RS, ZW, and LZ contributed data from Borden Forest. SJS assisted with data processing and assisted with direction. SS and APKT contributed TEMIR results and documentation. All authors contributed to manuscript writing and useful discussions on data analysis and processing and results. Competing interests. At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and the authors also have no other competing interests to declare.

Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis can be performed using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) imaging obtained for other clinical indications. In this study we explored the CT-derived bone mineral density (BMD) and prevalence of osteoporosis from thoracic LDCT in a large population cohort of Chinese men and women. A total of 69,095 adults (40,733 men and 28,362 women) received a thoracic LDCT scan for the purpose of lung cancer screening between 2018 and 2019, and data were obtained for analysis from the China Biobank Project, a prospective nationwide multicenter population study. Lumbar spine (L 1 -L 2 ) trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) was derived from these scans using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) software and the American College of Radiology QCT diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis were applied. Geographic regional differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis were assessed and the age-standardized, population prevalence of osteoporosis in Chinese men and women was estimated from the 2010 China census. The prevalence of osteoporosis by QCT for the Chinese population aged >50 years was 29.0% for women and 13.5% for men, equating to 49.0 million and 22.8 million, respectively. In women, this rate is comparable to estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but in men, the prevalence is double. Prevalence varied geographically across China, with higher rates in the southwest and lower rates in the northeast. Trabecular vBMD decreased with age in both men and women. Women had higher peak trabecular vBMD (185.4 mg/cm 3 ) than men (176.6 mg/cm 3 ) at age 30 to 34 years, but older women had lower trabecular vBMD (62.4 mg/cm 3 ) than men (92.1 mg/cm 3 ) at age 80 years. We show that LDCT-based opportunistic screening could identify large numbers of patients with low lumbar vBMD, and that future cohort studies are now required to evaluate the clinical utility of such screening in terms of fracture prevention and supporting national health economic analyses. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

To suppress the rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei province, a medical rescue team consisting of 860 members was sent to E'zhou, one of the hard-hit cities in east Hubei. A total of 414 of the team members, whose core members were from Guizhou Medical University and its Affiliated Hospital, took over the full operation of Leishan hospital of E'zhou, a makeshift hospital built for treating COVID-19 patients. Under the instructions by the E'zhou Medical Team Front Command, the staff made quick responses to the surging number of patients with COVID-19 and rapidly formulated treatment plans based on the local conditions. The medical team efficiently carried out the operations and successfully completed the rescue mission. Herein the authors, as members of Guizhou Medical Team supporting COVID-19 containment in E'zhou, analyze and summarize the experiences of Guizhou Medical Team with the organization, implementation and logistic support of medical rescue operations, which may provide reference for future rescue missions in a similar scenario.

Aim: To investigate the mechanism of reversing resistance of a hepatic carcinoma multidrug-resistant cell BEL-7402/5-FU with parthenolide (PTL)., Materials & Methods: BEL-7402/5-FU cells were treated with different concentrations of PTL and/or 5-fluorouracil. The proliferation inhibition rates, NF-κB, P-glycoprotein, MRP, Bcl-2, WNT1 and p53 levels were determined., Results: The results showed that PTL did not only have proliferation inhibition influence on BEL-7402/5-FU in a concentration-dependent manner, but also significantly increased the proliferation inhibition role of 5-fluorouracil on BEL-7402/5-FU, to reverse the resistance of hepatic carcinoma-resistant cells. PTL could also inhibit the NF-κB activity and the expression of P-glycoprotein, MRP, Bcl-2 and WNT1, and increase the expression of p53., Conclusion: Our research suggests that clinical administration of PTL may be useful for hepatic carcinoma patients.