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Simple Summary: Broiler chicken welfare is under increasing scrutiny due to welfare concerns regarding growth rate and space provided to individual birds (stocking density). Stocking density in broiler production is perceived as a topic of major importance because the producer always wants to raise a higher number of birds in the limited space available to increase profitability. By using the novel approach of nanotechnology, the scientific team made Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and supplemented them along with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), a prebiotic, in higher stocking density (HSD)-stressed broilers. A 42 day long experiment was conducted and sampling was carried out at the 21st day and 42nd day to assess the possible effects of HSD and supplementation on the growth performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract. They found that supplementing the HSD-stressed broiler diet with SeNP–MOS improved growth performance, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The weekly body weight gain and final body weight of market-age HSD-stressed broilers were significantly improved when supplemented with SeNP–MOS. Supplementation with SeNP–MOS in the HSD broilers improved the GIT microarchitecture involved in nutrient absorption. This led to a higher availability of nutrients for skeletal development, such as muscle and bone, and a better survival rate of birds under HSD. The current study investigated the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in ameliorating high stocking density (HSD) stress in broilers. A total of 392 day-old male chicks were divided into seven groups with eight replicates (n = 7): NSD [basal diet (BD) + normal stocking density: 10 bird/m2], HSD [BD + high stocking density: 16 bird/m2], Se–HSD [BD + Selenium (Se) 0.15 mg/kg], MOS–HSD (BD + MOS 5 gm/kg), Se–MOS–HSD (BD + Se 0.15 mg/kg and MOS 5 gm/kg), SeNPs–HSD (BD + SeNPs 0.15 mg/kg) and SeNPs–MOS–HSD (BD + SeNPs 0.15 mg/kg and MOS-5 gm/kg). HSD stress decreased (p < 0.05) weekly body weight and body weight gain and increased (p < 0.05) FCR compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with SeNPs and the SeNPs–MOS combination improved (p < 0.05) the weekly body weight and FCR in HSD-stressed broilers during the 5th and 6th weeks. On day 21, HSD stress decreased (p < 0.05) duodenal villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) and increased (p < 0.05) serum corticosterone and cholesterol compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with the SeNPs–MOS combination increased (p < 0.05) duodenal VH and VH:CD, and jejunal total goblet cell (TGC) density and decreased (p < 0.05) serum corticosterone and cholesterol and ileal intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) density in HSD-stressed broilers. On day 42, HSD stress decreased (p < 0.05) duodenal and jejunal VH, VSA, VH:CD, PCNA positive cell density and TGC density, Ileal VSA and TGC density, and increased (p < 0.05) serum cholesterol and ileal IEL density compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with the SeNPs–MOS combination increased (p < 0.05) spleen and bursa absolute weights, duodenal VH, VSA, VH:CD, PCNA positive cell density and jejunal VH, VH:CD, and decreased (p < 0.05) serum cholesterol and ileal IEL density in HSD-stressed broilers. Our findings signify that HSD is stressful for broilers particularly during the finishing phase. Supplementation with the SeNPs–MOS combination mitigated HSD stress by partially improving the gut microarchitecture, gut barrier function and performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the potential of selenium-nanoparticles (SeNPs) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in ameliorating the high stocking density (HSD) stress on breast muscle, immune organs, and tibia bone in broilers. Three hundred and ninety two (392) day-old Ross chicks were divided in seven groups with eight replicates each (n = 7): as NSD [basal diet (BD) + normal stocking density: 10 chicks/m² ], HSD (BD + high stocking density: 16 chicks/m² ), Se-HSD [BD + Selenium (Se) 0.15 mg/kg of BD], MOS-HSD (BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD), Se-MOS-HSD (BD + Se 0.15 mg/kg of BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD), SeNP-HSD (BD + SeNP 0.15 mg/kg of BD), and SeNP-MOS-HSD (BD + SeNP 0.15 mg/kg of BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD). HSD decreased (p < 0.05) breast muscle fibre diameter, density and area, pH at 0 h, pH at 24 h postslaughter, and water holding capacity (WHC), area of lymphoid tissue in caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius, tibia bone morphometric parameters, and Se and Copper (Cu) concentrations in bone, muscle, and serum in the HSD group compared to the NSD group. Breast muscle fibre diameter and density increased (p < 0.05) in the Se-MOS-HSD and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups and WHC only increased (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-MOS-HSD group. The area of lymphoid tissue in caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius increased (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-MOS-HSD group. The tibia bone weight, medullar canal diameter, tibio-tarsal index, weight/length index, and ash% improved (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-HSD and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups. Se and Cu concentration improved (p < 0.05) in bone, muscle, and serum of the Se-MOS-HSD, SeNP-HSD, and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups. We concluded that supplementation of SeNPs-MOS proved to be a more superior combination in mitigating HSD stress on breast muscle, lymphoid organs, and tibia bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated broiler growth traits, intestinal health and immune aggregates in response to supplementation of Origanum vulgare and Cinnamomum verum, citric acid and malic acid in drinking water at varying levels and durations on broiler. We randomly allocated 140 day-old broilers into four (4) groups, with each group having seven replicates (n = 5). A basal diet and water were provided to all the groups ad libitum in accordance with standard farming practices. Keeping group I as the control, group II was supplemented with 1 mL/3.3 L of water for 1–4 days, 1 mL/4 L from 15–18 days and 1 mL/4 L water from 26–29 days. Group III and IV were supplemented with 1 mL/4 L of water and 1 mL/6 L of water for 35 days, respectively. After the completion of the trial (day 35), two broilers per replicate (14 birds per group) were slaughtered to sample the visceral organs. The results demonstrated that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain improved (p ≤ 0.05) during the fourth and fifth week of the trial in group III in comparison to the control group. Although the small intestine villus height and villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio improved (p ≤ 0.05) in group III, the muscularis externa thickness of the ileum was highest (p ≤ 0.05) in the control group. Similarly, the lymphatic follicular and nodular area of the immune organs improved (p ≤ 0.05) in group III. In all segments of the small intestine (duodenal, jejunal and ileal), the number of acidic and total goblet cells was highest (p ≤ 0.05) in group II. In conclusion, dietary Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum verum, citric acid and malic acid at the dose of 1 mL/4 L of drinking water (group III) was the most effective in improving the growth performance, gut development and associated immune components in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to elucidate a relationship between lymphoid organs and reproductive activity in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) bred in a temperate region of Pakistan (30.3753° N, 69.3451° E) in response to photoperiodic changes. The research focused primarily on the relative morphological changes in primary (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs with respect to seasonal variations in the histomorphometry of testicular tissue. For this purpose, a comparable number of clinically healthy Japanese quails were exsanguinated during active (April–May), regressive (September–October) and inactive (January–February) reproductive phases. Following an extensive gross measurement of lymphoid and reproductive organs, a histomorphometric analysis was performed on sampled tissues by employing ImageJ® software. Blood was collected for hormonal and leukocytic analysis. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparison. Testes had the highest parenchymal development in the active phase (80.66 ± 21.22 µm) and the lowest in the inactive phase (27.80 ± 7.22 µm). Conversely, a percentage change was evident in the sizes of primary (bursa: 61.5%, thymus: 46.9%) and secondary (spleen: 23.9%) lymphoid organs during inactive and active reproductive phases. This study demonstrated that a physiological trade-off is imperative between immune and reproductive systems for optimum survivability and reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]