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Since the very birth, the media has exerted a huge impact on masses, which only became more obvious in the contemporary information society, especially given the rapid development of technology and social networks. After a brief theoretical overview, the authors present the results of the sociological survey conducted in two public universities of the Republic of Srpska, which aimed at identifying student estimates of the mass media’s manipulative potential in general and student opinions towards the media coverage of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in particular. The authors designed the survey sample in such a way as to represent students of social sciences and humanities (different educational profiles within these two professional fields) due to the very nature of their studies and to the better knowledge of issues under study by definition (content of courses and requirements to competences in the future professional field). The survey was conducted online, the questionnaire was posted on the Google platform, which allowed not only to share the link but also to receive feedback. The authors wanted to get empirical data proving the fact that the media has a significant influence on the formation of attitudes and value systems of the wider public, including the younger generation represented by the student youth. Given that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has lasted for more than two years, it allows to get a deeper insight into the public perception of such critical issues as not just based on the media coverage or the first emotional reactions after the outbreak of the conflict. The authors wanted to know whether students feel/believe that the media (in general or specific media companies) tend to biased reporting, and what media channels students prefer to get much-needed information. The authors emphasize the need for objective reporting in crisis situations, including various conflicts. Crisis situations are always a great challenge for any media in the perspective of complying with ethical standards of reporting and the pressure of media owners and political forces. The article aims at revealing students’ attitudes towards the causes of such biased reporting and topics that the media is likely to cover in an objective manner.

Copyright of Economy & Market Communication Review / Casopis za Ekonomiju i Trzisne Komunikacije is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Xylophilus ampelinus, the causal agent of bacterial necrosis in grapevine is listed in Annex II, Part A, Section II of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The only known host of these quarantine bacteria is grapevine. Considering that X. ampelinus is listed on quarantine I A1list in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and due the high direct and indirect impacts in yield reduction, death of host plants and specific disease management procedures survey in Republic of Srpska (RS) was approved and financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of RS since 2019. Sampling of host plants was carried out in seven regional units of RS in registered nurseries and seedling production places, farms, as well as at border crossings in RS. Laboratory analyses were carried out in accordance with the EPPO diagnostic protocols: PM Bulletin 39, 403–412. Protocols include extraction from symptomatic and asymptomatic plant material, followed by isolation or two tests based on a different principle: DAS-ELISA for the serological and a conventional PCR test for the molecular detection. Manceauet al. (2005) protocol was used for DNA extraction and a set of primers Xa TS1 5`-TGC GTA GTT CAA CAC CAA AGT-3`, Xa TS2 5`-TAT GAC CCT CTT TCC ACC AGC-3` or Xa TS2 BIO 5`Biotine-TAT GAC CCT CTT TCC ACC AGC-3` was used for the detection of X. ampelinus. During 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, 65, 58, 40 and 30 samples were analyzed, respectively. All tested samples were X. ampelinus negative, but considering consequences if bacteria occur, surveillance program is continued in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign trade in agri-food products holds significant importance for both North Macedonia and the entity of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), given the substantial role this sector plays in their overall trade exchange. As formal trade partners under the Central European Free Trade Agreement, understanding their trade dynamics is important. This paper aims to analyze the foreign trade exchange of agri-food products between the Republic of Srpska and North Macedonia in the 2013-2022 period. It first outlines export and import trends of the Republic of Srpska and North Macedonia in agri-food products, and then delves into the analysis of their export competitiveness. Descriptive analysis measures were employed to analyze the trade exchange involving agri-food products. The research determined the export competitiveness levels based on the trade competitiveness index for total foreign trade exchange, as well as for the agri-food sectors and its main product groups in both the Republic of Srpska and North Macedonia. The research results have shown almost an equal average share of 10.91% in exports and 10.93% in imports of agri-food sector of North Macedonia, while the Republic of Srpska recorded 140 Mrdalj et al. an average share of 17.41% in agri-food imports, and 8.13% in exports. Regarding export competitiveness, the agri-food sector of North Macedonia had characteristics of "poor export competitiveness", while the Republic of Srpska recorded "very poor export competitiveness" in the analyzed period. The calculated values of the trade competitiveness index for the main product groups of the agri-food sector of the Republic of Srpska have shown different levels of export competitiveness, from "no export competitiveness" to "strongest export competitiveness" compared with North Macedonia. However, North Macedonia and the Republic of Srpska exhibit room for improvement in enhancing export competitiveness to capitalize on market opportunities.

The aim of this research is an analysis of the Republic of Srpska's export competitiveness in vegetables and fruit on international markets. Two main evaluation indices were used, namely the trade competitiveness (TC) index and the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index to measure and analyze the international position of vegetables and fruit during 2015 - 2022. Both indicators were calculated based on statistical data on foreign trade in vegetables and fruit between the Republic of Srpska and the world, EU, and CEFTA countries, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Vegetables and fruit participate with 7.17% and 15.41% in the total export of the Republic of Srpska's agri-food sector. Analysis of the export structure of this sector showed an average share of vegetables and fruit of 12.04% and 9.43% in the EU market, i.e., 1.63% and 9.65% in the CEFTA market. The results indicate strong export competitiveness of the Republic of Srpska in vegetables concerning the world and EU markets, but weak export competitiveness in relation with the CEFTA countries. The Republic of Srpska recorded strong export competitiveness in fruit on the world and CEFTA market, while poor export competitiveness in the EU market. Within these two product groups on the world market, cucumbers, apples, pears, and plums achieved strong export competitiveness. Cucumbers and plums were two leading products regarding strong export competitiveness On the EU market, while apples and pears were on the CEFTA market. Considering the favourable agroecological conditions for the production of vegetables and fruit, the Republic of Srpska should continue to promote production and foreign trade in these traditional products and improve their competitiveness on international markets.

Two phenomena have been present in multiethnic/multinational Bosnia and Herzegovina since its independence from SFR Yugoslavia: massive depopulation and strong nationalism(s). Although nationalism influences which nation/ethnic group should produce and how, the links connecting these nationalistic ideologies and pronatalist population policies in the country/entity have been, almost paradoxically, left on the margins of the previous studies. This paper asks to what extent nationalist ideologies are present in the pronatalist population policy discourse in the Serb-dominated entity Republic of Srpska and what nationalism it is. After developing Spectrum of Nationalism(s), a framework underlined by Siniša Malešević’s views on nationalism and ethnicity as ideologies, the paper provides an overview of Bosnia’s demographic processes and brief insights into Republic of Srpska pronatalist policies through a semi-structured literature review. Keeping in mind that media profoundly influences public opinion, discursively moulding policy debates, two most recent cases of pronatalist campaigns and programs in the Republic of Srpska: Let Our Children Be Born and National Programme of Demographic Revival, are analysed via critical discourse analysis (CDA). Selected media articles predominantly cover the period from 2018 onwards, concentrating on the commentaries of the ruling SNSD political nomenklatura. The analysis displays the powerful influence of nationalism on the discourse on population policies. However, on the spectrum of nationalism(s), civic nationalism seems only to be pro forma defined, while in RS’s reality, the abovementioned path has continued toward an ethnonationalism direction.

The paper investigates the natural regeneration of downed deadwood in the Janj primeval forest. The old-growth forest is located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Srpska, which is dominated by dolomite geological base on which cambial soils were formed. The climate is perhumid and mountainous and the plantation belongs to the Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum community. The hectare contains 517 live trees with a total basal area of 53.0 m2/ha and a volume of 876 m3/ha. Twenty six downed deadwoods classified into three different degrees of decay were included in the study, where fir and spruce seedlings were found to be predominant and beech seedlings were rarely represented. The first degree of decay includes 7 (26.9 %), the second 8 (30.7 %), and the third 11 (42.3 %). The total volume of deadwood is 110.82 m3/ha with an average volume per tree of 4.2 m3/ha. The total number of seedlings on fallen dead trees is 836 seedlings (Abies alba – 89.59 %, Picea abies – 10.17 %, Fagus silvatica – 0.24 %). Fir seedlings are found on 25 fallen trees, spruce on 18 fallen trees, and beech on 2 fallen trees. Regarding quality, on average fir seedlings are better than spruce seedlings, but both species show a lot of senescence and very small size of current height increment. Most seedlings belong to the third quality class (fir – 46.2 %, spruce – 61.1 %), followed by second class (fir – 34.6 %, spruce – 22.2 %) and third class (fir – 19.2 %, spruce – 16.7 %). The total number of seedlings was found to have a statistically significant difference in the amount of downed deadwood depending on the degree of decay, and the number of seedlings depended on the degree of tree decay. The number of seedlings increased with increasing volume and length of rotten trees. Acknowledgеments: This article is the result of the project “Аdaptive management of Natural Resource of the Republic of Srpska”. We would like to thank the Ministry of Scientific and Technological Development, Higher Education and Information Society of the Republic of Srpska for their support in the realization of the project. For citation: Govedar Z., Prokhorova N., Babić V., Dukić V., Kanjevac B., Bilić S. Natural Regeneration on Deadwood in the Primeval Forest Janj. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 90–102. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-90-102

Peer violence and school safety have always been relevant topics in society. After the tragedy that occurred at the "Vladislav Ribnikar" Elementary School in Belgrade, these issues have gained special signi- ficance and received great public attention. The loss of innocent children's lives has prompted a reassessment of past practices in schools regarding school safety. The aim of this paper is to analyze problems related to peer violence in the Republic of Srpska. Subsequently, the authors address the issue of school safety in a broader context and, finally, discuss the justification for educating students in the field of security culture in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Srpska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the authors try to develop a model for predicting the insolvency of trading companies from the Republic of Srpska. The research seeks to determine the statistically most significant financial indicator in predicting the insolvency of trading companies in the Republic of Srpska. Methodology: The research data sample in this paper consists of yearly data from 2017 to 2020 for two hundred trading companies from the Republic of Srpska. Binary logistic regression was used to develop the model. Results: As a result of the research, a model was created that successfully classifies 82.9% of solvent and 80% of insolvent companies, with a general efficiency rate of 81.4%. Conclusion: Based on the empirical research results, we can conclude that the hypothesis has been confirmed that the LR model can be formed on the basis of selected financial indicators as a tool for predicting the insolvency of trading companies in the Republic of Srpska.

Purpose: In this paper, the authors try to develop a model for predicting the insolvency of trading companies from the Republic of Srpska. The research seeks to determine the statistically most significant financial indicator in predicting the insolvency of trading companies in the Republic of Srpska. Methodology: The research data sample in this paper consists of yearly data from 2017 to 2020 for two hundred trading companies from the Republic of Srpska. Binary logistic regression was used to develop the model. Results: As a result of the research, a model was created that successfully classifies 82.9% of solvent and 80% of insolvent companies, with a general efficiency rate of 81.4%. Conclusion: Based on the empirical research results, we can conclude that the hypothesis has been confirmed that the LR model can be formed on the basis of selected financial indicators as a tool for predicting the insolvency of trading companies in the Republic of Srpska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the major cause of death worldwide, and they are attributable to genetic and physiological determinants, behavioral risk factors and environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to assess behavioral risk factors for metabolic disease using demographic and social–economic aspects of the population characterized by risk factors, and to investigate relations among lifestyle risk factors (alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical inactivity, intake of vitamins, fruits and vegetables) that are responsible for the majority of NCD deaths in the Republic of Srpska's (RS's) population. This is a cross-sectional study based on the analysis of a survey conducted among 2311 adult (≥18 years) persons (54.0% women, and 46.0% men). The statistical analysis was carried out by using Cramer's V values, clustering, logistic regression (binomial, multinomial and ordinal), a chi-square test and odds ratios. In the case of logistic regression, we provide the prediction accuracy in percentages. A significant statistical correlation between demographic characteristics (gender and age) and risk factors was observed. The highest difference according to gender was observed in alcohol consumption (odds ratio (OR) = 2.705, confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.206–3.317), particularly in frequent consumption (OR = 3.164, 95% CI = 2.664–3.758). The highest prevalence of high blood pressure was registered in the elderly (66.5%); the same holds for hypertension (44.3%). Additionally, physical inactivity was one of the most common risk factors (33.4% physically inactive respondents). A significant presence of risk factors was confirmed among the RS population, with higher involvement of metabolic risk factors among the older population, while the prevalence of behavioral factors was related to younger age groups, particularly in the case of alcohol consumption and smoking. A low level of preventive awareness was observed among the younger population. Therefore, prevention is one of the most important instruments related to decreasing NCD risk factors in the RS population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial reporting of public enterprises plays a crucial role in assessing their performance and financial health. The quality of financial reporting, particularly the quality of profits, can be a key indicator of the success of public enterprises. However, public enterprises in the Republic of Srpska have faced challenges in transparency and integrity of their financial statements in recent years. In this context, the aim of this research is to analyze the quality of profits of public enterprises in the Republic of Srpska to identify factors that affect the quality of profits. The results of the research can help to understand the current state of financial reporting of public enterprises in the Republic of Srpska, which can be useful in improving their transparency and integrity, and thereby the overall success of their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is an analysis of the export competitiveness of the milk and dairy products of the Republic of Srpska on the international market. Indicators analysed in the paper are the net trade index (NTI) and the index of contribution to the trade balance (CTBI). Additionally, the paper investigates the type of external competitiveness of the milk and dairy products according to four criteria based on a comparison of export and import unit prices. All indicators have been calculated based on statistical data about the foreign trade of milk and dairy products and referred to the period 2015-2021. In the total export structure of the agri-food sector, milk and dairy products have significant participation in an average of 10.40%. CEFTA and EU countries as the major market destinations for milk and dairy products have recorded an average share of 20.30% and 4.81% in the total agri-food export of the Republic of Srpska. Unlike the EU countries, the analysis of the NTI showed the trade of milk and dairy products between the Republic of Srpska and the world as well as the CEFTA countries was competitive. The values calculated for the CTBI indicated positive contribution of milk and dairy products to the trade balance between the Republic of Srpska and the CEFTA countries as well as to the total trade balance. In trade with the EU these products showed comparative disadvantages. The results of the analysis based on the comparison of a unit of export and import prices indicated market segmentation of milk and dairy products into three parts: dominated price competitiveness in the world market, price and quality competitiveness in the CEFTA market, and predominantly price non-competitiveness on the EU market. The analysis of competitiveness type indicates the need for improvement of the export structure of the dairy sector towards favouring higher value-added products, especially on the EU market.

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD)-Drosophila suzukii, Matzumura is an important pest of soft and pome fruits. It originates from Asia, now spread throughout Europe, North, and South America. High reproductive potential, many generations per year, and their overlapping have made this pest hard to control. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, SWD has been present at least eight years and for that time little data has been collected on how it spreads and behaves in the agroecological conditions of the Republic of Srpska. Monitoring was conducted in the 2017-2021 period in orchards of different plant hosts. SWD was found in all agriculture regions of the Republic of Srpska with difference in population number. SWD adults are most active from the end of August and are most harmful for grape, blackberry, and late raspberry varieties. Considering climate conditions, population movement was most influenced by precipitation and air temperature.

Zoonotic diseases are increasingly becoming an emerging public health threat, partially due to the risk of spillover events at the human-wildlife interface. Their potential for infecting people with exotic pathogens originating from unusual pets should not be overlooked. The aim of the study is to present and analyze the trend of zoonoses in the 2015-2020 period using the descriptive method. The source of data is reports of single cases of infectious diseases, which is in accordance with the applicable legislation governing this area. The incidence of anthropozoonoses was the highest in 2017 amounting 16.5/100,000, while the lowest value in this five-year period was in 2020, with 1.1/100,000. The share of anthropozoonoses in the total incidence of infectious diseases was also the lowest in 2020, with the value of 0.02%, while the highest share of this group of diseases was recorded in 2017 with a value of 1.42%. In the specified period, the three most commonly reported anthropozoonoses are Q-febris, leptospirosis, and brucellosis. In 2020, the most frequently registered anthropozoonosis was toxoplasmosis, while in the previous 5 years, this disease was not reported among the three most common. It is necessary to raise awareness about the presence of zoonoses in the overall incidence of infectious diseases in the Republic of Srpska, because due to the common non-specific clinical picture, zoonoses are not the first to be considered in differential diagnosis. In the fight against zoonoses, a coordinated approach to "One Health" is necessary, which will enable design and implementation of programs, policies, legislation and research in the area of public health.

Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Medicine / Arhiv Veterinarske Medicine is the property of Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Republic of Srpska (RS) is one of the two entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It is located in South-eastern Europe, in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. As in most developing countries, waste management is based on landfilling. The constant increase in waste generation creates a growing burden on the existing waste management system and the environment. Comparing the amount of waste with GDP, despite a much lower standard, RS/BiH residents, compared to EU residents, generate far more waste for the same amount of money. All generated waste is disposed of in landfills, which causes greenhouse gas emissions and has a negative effect on the environment. On the other side, untreated waste deposited in landfills represents the loss of potential of waste as a renewable energy source. In this study, an attempt has been made to represent the possibilities of sustainable waste-to-energy management in RS with the goal to provide reliable support to decision makers to direct waste management in a sustainable framework.

Although the Constitution of the Republic of Srpska was created in extremely complex circumstances, exposed to multiple, often violent changes, the underlined constitutional concept of the organization of power and the position of the President of the Republic remained unchanged. Thanks to that fact, the Constitution of the Republic of Srpska confirmed its vitality, and enabled the stable functioning of the state government. Although the semi-presidential system (of power) implies certain elements common to all variants, there are numerous specifics of its different manifestations. In this regard, one can observe the position of the President of the Republic of Srpska, who, in addition to immediate legitimacy, has vast and independent powers, which make him the true head of the executive branch. In light of these characteristics of the position of the President of the Republic, one can speak of a stronger semi-presidential form of government. Having in mind determinism of existing solutions, the similarity with comparative models, and bearing in mind certain specifics, the author is of the opinion that established solution should not be changed.

The paper presents the results of a research on wood fuels used for heating in households in the Republic of Srpska (RS). The main objective of this research was to determine the real consumption of wood fuels in households in the Republic of Srpska using the internationally recognized WISDOM methodology, as well as to compare the obtained results with the official statistical data. In order to conduct the research and obtain a relevant sample, the Republic of Srpska was divided into six mesoregions. The research was conducted in 3,149 households, namely 1,380 urban and 1,769 other households. The results indicated that firewood and other wood fuels were used in 334,761 households. Analyzing the differences between the results obtained using the WISDOM methodology and the official statistical data for the Republic of Srpska, it can be concluded that the consumption of firewood was on average 3.41 times higher compared to the official statistical data. Results of similar research projects implemented in the surrounding countries showed similar trends. The paper suggests the necessity of adopting a new approach and comprehensive research in surveys conducted by official institutions.

Rural areas in Republic of Serbia and Republic of Srpska, but also in the surrounding countries, are rich in natural resources suitable for agricultural and rural development. The authors of the paper performed a comparative analysis of agricultural development and the possibility of influencing rural development in Serbia and Republic of Srpska. In addition to the available secondary documentation, they used data from FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The authors conducted a survey in the rural areas of the two countries during 2019, on a total sample of 215 respondents, farm owners. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS software, version 23.00. The descriptive statistical analysis gave an insight into the shortcomings of agricultural development, while the paired samples t-test confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of a statistically significant difference in certain categories.

In the process of transformation of the socialist system, the need was imposed for the development of a market way of doing business following the example of the economies of market developed countries. In this context, the Republic of Srpska is pursuing an economic transition to enable the establishment of a marketorganized economy. Privatization of state capital in companies is an indispensable precondition for the implementation of this goal. This would enable the establishment of a market economy and an open and liquid capital market. To achieve this, the key task is to establish an efficient financial system that is the most important part of the overall economic system. This imposes the need for the presence of well-trained financial institutions to operate in the newly emerging market conditions. Therefore, in the Republic of Srpska, attention is paid to the transformation of already existing financial institutions and the formation and transformation of new ones, such as investment funds. The formation and transformation of investment funds is of great importance in supporting the market economy. Consequently, the research in this article is focused on the chronological presentation of the transformation of investment funds in the Republic of Srpska and their operations in order to see to what extent they have influenced or not the development of corporate management and capital markets.

The goal of this research is to determine possibility of investing individual personal financial assets in investments funds in Republic of Srpska and does households have financial assets that can be invested. In this research capital market of Republic of Srpska is represented, the structure and organization of Banja Luka Stock Exchange, and legal framework for investment fund management companies. The volume of activity in investment funds is shown in presentation of activity Banja Luka Stock Exchange, following with the assumed reasons of current status.

Copyright of Financing is the property of Financing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been a long time since public libraries ceased to be places for borrowing books only. Along with the development of information technologies, libraries as well had to put some effort into being something more than just places where patrons come to borrow and return material from library holdings. In this article, the author will present the social role of a modern public library in the cultural and educational spheres of life through a program never held before at the National and University Library of the Republic of Srpska (NUL RS) in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). This program is entitled the English Reading Club (ERC). It started in February 2020 and is held once a month. The program is free and open to the general public. The most important qualities of the English Reading Club are bringing the community together, and encouraging lifelong learning by reading and discussing books on a regular basis in a safe and comfortable environment. The ERC combines the love for reading and learning with quality social time where its members talk not only about the material they read but also about the methods of English vocabulary mastery. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic that has practically locked down the whole planet, this program had to be adapted to the new situation and partially transferred online. Given that the members and leaders of the club are mostly English as Second Language (ESL) teachers, books conversations help them explore and apply new ways to encourage students' positive attitudes toward reading and mastering English vocabulary in their classrooms. Although the club is open for all book lovers, it turned out to be visited mostly by women. Thus, the English Reading Club at the National and University Library of the Republic of Srpska has appeared to be a program for female cooperation and education, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uridine-diphospho-glucuronosyl trensferse 1A1 enzyme (UGT1A1) has the exclusive role in glucuronidation of bilirubin, as well as significant role in the metabolism of numerous pharmaceuticals such as antineoplastic drugs used in oncology (irinotecan, belinostat, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil), then atazanavir and ritonavir in the treatment of HIV infection, and analgesic/antipyretic acetaminophen which is widely used. The frequency of clinically significant UGT1A1 variants shows racial and ethnic specificity. The most common variants are related to the TATA box of the UGT1A gene promoter and differ in the number of TA repeats. Wild type UGT1A1 contains 6 TA repeats (TA6), while variants with 5, 7 or 8 TA repeats are designated UGT 1A1*36 (TA5), UGT1A1*28 (TA7) and UGT1A1*37 (TA8). The transcription activity of the promoter decreases accordingly to a higher number of repeats compared to TA6. According to the frequency in populations, UGT1A1*28 allele is classified to be a pharmacogenetic marker. In this study, 121 healthy subjects from the general population of the Republic of Srpska were analyzed. For the analysis of the TA variants in the UGT1A1 promoter region, PCR methodology was used. In the population of the Republic of Srpska, genotypes UGT1A1 6/6TA, 6/7TA and 7/7 TA occur with a frequency of 45%, 45% and 31% respectively, and the frequency of the UGT1A1*28 allele in general population is 0,44. Considering the extremely high incidence of UGT1A1*28 alleles in general population of the Republic of Srpska, and its vital role and importance in the metabolism of numerous drugs, it has been concluded that UGT1A1*28 allele is a significant pharmacogenetic marker in this population and that UGT1A1 (TA)n genotype analysis is recommended to be performed in routine clinical practice before introducing into therapy the drugs in which the metabolism UGT1A1 enzyme is involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main paper goal is to create an adequate trend model by applying a quantitative research method, i.e. trend analysis that will enable prediction of apple production in the Republic of Srpska for a three-year period (2019-2021). Trend analysis involved the use of linear, quadratic and exponential trend models. Prediction is based on data time series for the period 1998-2018. Gained results show that although the unstable production it could be expected the growth of total production and number of apple trees, while apple yields are expected to decline in the observed period. Obtained results can serve for strategic approach in further development of this sector of fruit production.

The turbulent events in the territory of the SFRY and in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s can be observed and analyzed from historical, legal and constitutional perspective. These events are still topical and highly important to historians, politicologists, and constitutionalists, since they triggered the creation of the Republic of Srpska, first as a state of the Serbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and later as a constitutional entity and an integral part of a complex state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the beginning of the 1990s, the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to preserve the federal state (SFRY), in its federal form of government. Legal and legitimate representatives of the Serbs advocated for changing the statehood status of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, in compliance with the constitution of that time. The secession of Slovenia and Croatia triggered the dissolution of the SFRY, which inevitably resulted in the dissolution of the constitutional order of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lack of consensus among the constitutive peoples of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina on the change of the statehood status and the form of its future organisation resulted in the outbreak of a civil war. The dissolution of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina institutions and its territorial organisation eventually resulted in the creation of the Republic of Srpska, and then the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Exposed to strong political, military and economic pressure during the civil war and in its aftermath (during the peace-building negotiations in Dayton), the Republic of Srpska accepted to become a constituent part of the B&H Federation. The Dayton Peace Agreement (Accords) affirmed the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, its constitutional order, and its bipartite structure composed of the Republic of Srpska and the B&H Federation, as two equal constitutive and state-building entities. In the past 27 years since its creation, the Constitution of the Republic of Srpska has sustained a series of changes, for various reasons. When analyzing the status of the Republic of Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina, its current position and loyalty toward a common state are based on adherence to the Dayton Peace Agreement and an endeavour to preserve its political, national, ethical, cultural and every other form of survival, identity and subjectivity. The European integrations cannot and should not be the reason for constitutional changes and for arriving at solutions contrary to the Dayton agreement.

The mutual relationship between spatial and development planning at the local level is a very current topic that has concrete consequences for development processes in local government units in the territory of Republika Srpska (RS). Although it is still unregulated from the legislative point of view, local development planning is much more present in practice, which is primarily manifested in the almost complete coverage of the territory of the RS by local development strategies. The connection of these documents to spatial and urban plans has not been treated in an appropriate way, which leads to a certain degree of their mutual inconsistency. The basic hypothesis of this paper arises from this statement, and that is that the lack of a clearly defined connection with spatial planning in the methodology of drafting local development documents leads to the inconsistency of these documents as the final result. As an auxiliary hypothesis, the assumption will be investigated that a large discrepancy in the coverage of the territory of the Republika Srpska between local development strategies and spatial plans of local government units also contributed to this inconsistency.

This paper assesses the impact of trade liberalisation on the economic growth of the Republic of Srpska (RS). The aim of the research is to prove the hypothesis that trade liberalisation and export orientation positively impact on GDP growth. RS has characteristically small and open economies. The degree and character of the connections between the observed variables was determined by means of regression analysis. Regression analysis indicates that there is a positive connection between the total trade and GDP growth. Further, there is a marked positive correlation between export and GDP, that is, export growth contributes to GDP growth. Foreign trade deficit stands in a negative correlation with GDP. Lastly, regression analysis points to the connection between the Republic of Srpska economic growth and openness of its economy. However, uncontrolled opening and exposure to foreign competitiveness can also bring about problems which in certain circumstances lead to long-term macroeconomic instability.

Good set price in MTPL(motor third part liability) insurance is vital to the survival of insurers. MTPL insurance in the Republic of Srpska is legal liability insurance, the premium system is determined administratively, and premium of this kind of insurance occupies the largest share in the portfolio of insurance companies. The main problems in the functioning of the sector MTPL insurance are: unfair competition, violation of the premium automobile liability insurance system, large proportion of transactions with related parties, the lack of transparency, underdeveloped systems of internal control and audit, and poor cost management. Determination of tariffs in liberalized markets, the work done by each insurance company individually, with the application of mathematical and statistical methods, in order to adequately determine what premiums and adjust the riskiness of each insured. In the process of introducing a system of free pricing of automobile insurance, it is necessary to provide a number of conditions, the most important are: to establish a reliable statistical basis for the formation of tariffs; improvement of controls; and compliance with European legislation. Some countries have had major problems after the introduction of liberalization of tariffs on MTPL insurance market, while others through the process of liberalization with minor problems. The liberalization of tariffs potentialy creates certain hazards, but also benefits for the market MTPL insurance Republic of Srpska. In the current political, legal and economic situation in which the Republic of Srpska, the most appropriate solution would be partial and gradual market liberalization MTPL insurance.

Rural areas in Republic of Serbia and Republic of Srpska, but also in the surrounding countries, are rich in natural resources suitable for agricultural and rural development. The authors of the paper performed a comparative analysis of agricultural development and the possibility of influencing rural development in Serbia and Republic of Srpska. In addition to the available secondary documentation, they used data from FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The authors conducted a survey in the rural areas of the two countries during 2019, on a total sample of 215 respondents, farm owners. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS software, version 23.00. The descriptive statistical analysis gave an insight into the shortcomings of agricultural development, while the paired samples t-test confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of a statistically significant difference in certain categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy and public health, disrupting various aspects of daily life. Apart from its direct effects on physical health, it has also significantly affected the overall quality of life and mental health. This study employed a path analysis to explore the complex association among multiple factors associated with quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the general population of the Republic of Srpska during the pandemic's second year. Method : A cross-sectional study was conducted on a nationally representative sample ( n = 1382) of the general population (adults aged 20+) during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Assessment tools included the DASS-21 scale for depression, anxiety, and stress, along with the Brief COPE scale, Quality of Life Scale (QOLS), and Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Sociodemographic factors and comorbidities were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to identify the direct and indirect links of various characteristics to quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Results : This study revealed a considerable prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms (27.5% and 20.9%, respectively), with quality of life playing a significant mediating role. The constructed path model accounted for 33.1% of moderate to severe depression and 79.5% of anxiety. Negative coping was directly linked to anxiety and indirectly to depression via anxiety, while the absence of positive coping had both direct and indirect paths (through quality of life) on depression. Among variables that directly affected depression, anxiety had the highest effect. However, the bidirectional paths between anxiety and depression were also suggested by the model. Conclusions : Pandemic response strategies should be modified to effectively reduce the adverse effects on public mental health. Further research is necessary to assess the long-term effects of the pandemic on mental health and to analyze the contributing factors of anxiety and depression in the post-COVID period.

Rasprostranjenost, brojnost i trendovi su među ključnim podacima potrebnim za definisanje stanja neke ugrožene vrste. Poslije 70 godina od saopštenja Pavla Fukareka (1951), u ovom radu se daje detaljan pregled trenutnog stanja omorike na području Republike Srpske (Bosne i Hercegovine). U periodu 2017–2020. godine autori su obišli sve lokalitete koji su u literaturi navedeni od vremena prvog opisa ove vrste do danas, konstatovali trenutno stanje, predstavili opis staništa, odredili starost i dimenzije, te procijenili brojnost stabala. Istraživanja su vršena na ukupno 40 lokaliteta, gdje je konstatovano da se omorika javlja (u većim ili manjim grupama stabala) na 26 lokaliteta, pojedinačna stabla na 3 lokaliteta, dok na 11 lokaliteta nije pronađeno nijedno stablo omorike. Na kraju je urađena klasifikacija svih lokaliteta u zavisnosti od brojnosti stabala i fiziološkog stanja sa ciljem definisanja prioriteta u daljim aktivnostima na očuvanju ove vrste.

Republic of Srpska (RS) covers an area of 24,666 km2 or about 48.5% of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s territory. Spatial and environmental changes accelerated due to dynamic historical period upon the RS formation and the following development period. The extent of these changes can be determined by comparing satellite images obtained from different acquisition periods. By processing images, with the support of geographic information systems, it is possible to create a database that aims to analyze spatial processes in a specific area in order to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters. In this way, the trends of spatial development (e.g. excessive logging, land cover damage, water pollution, etc.) and potentially vulnerable components of the environment can be monitored. The data for Bosnia and Herzegovina were collected from CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database for 39 European countries. The CLC is a project launched by the European Environment Agency (EEA) more than thirty years ago with the aim of collecting, coordinating and ensuring the consistency of information on natural resources and the environment. The goal of the paper is to identify land cover types and determine environment changes in the territory of Republic of Srpska over the period 2000–2018 as a consequence of the land use conversion.

Introduction. Mental health is related to risky driving behavior and traffic accidents. The aim of this study is to investigate both social and demographic characteristics of drivers, as well as the connection between mental health and risky driving behavior among drivers in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study was part of the population health survey conducted in the Republic of Srpska in 2010. The survey included 1866 households and a total of 4178 adults were interviewed (1688 drivers and 2490 non-drivers). The Chi-square test and independent samples t-test were used for data analysis. Results. Among 4178 respondents, 59.6% were non-drivers and 40.4% were drivers. There were significantly higher percentage of male drivers (73.3%), adults aged 25-54 years (66.1%), who lived in rural areas (55.3%) and were in employment (50.1%). Significantly higher percentage of drivers (58.2%) were present in the category with score values 58 to 78 on the mental distress scale, while most non-drivers were found in the category with mental distress score values 58 and lower (43.2%), p < 0.001. Also, a significantly higher percentage of non-drivers (91.5%) were found in the category with the lowest level of mental vitality (≥ 62.5), while the percentage of drivers increased in categories with higher scores on the mental vitality scale (p < 0.001). Persons driving under the influence of alcohol had lower values on the mental distress scale (p < 0.05, eta square = 0.005), while those who tended to use mobile phones while driving achieved higher scores on the mental vitality scale (p < 0.001, eta square = 0.15). Conclusion. Study results have revealed significant differences in the level of mental health between drivers and non-drivers. People who drive under the influence of alcohol have a lower level of mental health, taking into account the results on the mental distress scale, while those who use mobile phones while driving have a higher level of mental vitality. In subsequent research, it is necessary to thoroughly examine the influence of mental health on tendency towards risky driving behavior.

Due to the acceleration of biological and lifestyle changes, scientific and technological revolution, disproportionate growth and development, and the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors, postural disorders in the early school age children from the Republic of Srpska and the countries of the region have been increasingly on the rise. A research of a transversal character was conducted in order to analyse the presence of spinal deformities in children of early school age in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The sample included the population of children in the lower grades of elementary schools from Bijeljina and Foča (Republic of Srpska) and consisted of 90 boys and girls who were divided into two subgroups. One sub-sample consisted of 45 boys, while the other consisted of 45 girls. The measurement was conducted during the 2014/15 school year, when all pupils included in the sample attended the second grade of either “Jovan Dučić” elementary school in Bijeljina or “St. Sava” school in Foča. One of the most state-of-the-art 3D computer methods, Spine Win Pointer Zebris Medical, was used in the analysis of the spinal column. The results of the measurement showed an increased percentage of spinal deformity in the population of the school children in the lower grades of elementary school.

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The global crisis has led to the requestioning of the justification of economic growth based on borrowing. The issue of public spending and public debt has become particularly important for small and opened economies that are not sufficiently competitive on the world market. If one such country seeks to enter the EU, the rules on the amount of total borrowing and public debt can be a significant obstacle. In recent years, Republic of Srpska has been borrowing rapidly, so in the academic community is already concerned about the possibility and price of servicing those debts. The paper gives a theoretical explanation of the public debt and the needs for borrowing, then to set out the rules on debt level limitation. In the final part, the indicators of indebtedness of Republic of Srpska were presented on the basis of the available information, with the conclusion that this is a medium-indebted country, but also a country that is very vulnerable when it comes to maintaining macroeconomic stability and regular debt servicing

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is a complex state union composed of two entities and three constituent peoples. This fact is a consequence of the 1992-95 civil war, which changed the ethnic structure of BiH. From the institutional perspective, the two entities were given in Dayton a high level of political autonomy. The so-called "entity veto" was created in Dayton, and it is implemented by many key political bodies - from the House of Peoples and the House of Representatives of the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH to the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beside that, it is argued that BiH lacks the "internal recognition" and many of the political actors advocate radical constitutional changes which would disrupt or even completely change the "Dayton" architecture of BiH. Because of that it is not surprising that secessionist rhetoric exists in BiH's political sphere. The secessionist rhetoric in the Republic of Srpska (RS) will be analysed in this paper and possible secessionist strategy will be described. The aim of this paper is to determine whether secessionist arguments, rhetoric and possibly politics represent an integral strategy and coherent political platform, or whether they are just generated for daily political purposes. Authors will also try to determine whether this secessionist rhetoric is "institutionalised", i.e. whether it is present in official documents of RS institutions and/or major political parties, or just in the activities of social movements and/or individual political subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Republic of Srpska (RS) covers an area of 24,666 km2 or about 48.5% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's territory. Spatial and environmental changes accelerated due to dynamic historical period upon the RS formation and the following development period. The extent of these changes can be determined by comparing satellite images obtained from different acquisition periods. By processing images, with the support of geographic information systems, it is possible to create a database that aims to analyze spatial processes in a specific area in order to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters. In this way, the trends of spatial development (e.g. excessive logging, land cover damage, water pollution, etc.) and potentially vulnerable components of the environment can be monitored. The data for Bosnia and Herzegovina were collected from CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database for 39 European countries. The CLC is a project launched by the European Environment Agency (EEA) more than thirty years ago with the aim of collecting, coordinating and ensuring the consistency of information on natural resources and the environment. The goal of the paper is to identify land cover types and determine environment changes in the territory of Republic of Srpska over the period 2000- 2018 as a consequence of the land use conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The region of the Republic of Srpska is rich in natural resources, has a good geographical position, rich cultural and historical heritage, existing tourist infrastructure, well-known tourist products and services in some parts of the region, a multiethnic character of the region and different traditions, all of which makes good preconditions for the development of profitable tourist activities. The municipality of Bijeljina is very promising and competitive, because it has two other natural resources besides geothermal resources: fertile land and large quantities of quality drinking water. The municipality of Bijeljina, or Semberija, has the need and all the preconditions for the intensive development of the use of geothermal energy resources. It is necessary to define a strategy whose realization, under economically justified conditions, will provide for an important change in the energy situation in the municipality, as well as a significant participation in the energy balance of the Republic of Srpska. Semberija has such potentials and possibilities on the basis of geothermal energy that it can become one of the most developed regions of Europe. The concept of sustainable development reflects and requires a significant reversal of many vision and ideas about functioning, that is, about the interdependence of economic activities and the natural environment. However, the concept of sustainable development focuses on qualitative improvement in relation to quantitative growth.

In accordance with the principle of sustainable development human population is increasingly returning to nature and its original values. Biodegradable products, products of organic origin are also known as healthy food, medicinal and aromatic plants. Wood and nonwood forest products (NWFPs) are forestry products that satisfy criteria of ecological production and as such appear on the market within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) targeted use of these products, which opens the possibility of developing small and medium entrepreneurship. The aim of this research is the knowledge acquired in a survey of documents relevant for the business of selected enterprises in the Republic of Srpska, from the establishment of enterprises by the Agency for Intermediary, IT and Financial Services to documents applied in purchase, processing and sales of wood and NWFPs. The subject of this study are documents relevant for use in the purchase, processing and placement of wood and NWFPs. The purpose of this paper is to show the business method of analyzed enterprises and present the model of the institutions, procedures and documents referring to wood and NWFPs purchase, processing and placement in the Republic of Srpska.