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The Alice Boer site, located in Southeastern Brazil, was considered to be one of the oldest sites in the Americas, and a strong candidate for being a pre‐Clovis site. Ages obtained by researchers during the 1970s and 1980s put the site inside a chronological range between 2 and 14 ka, eventually reaching as old as 30 ka or even 130 ka. Between 2010 and 2012, our research team revisited the site to improve the knowledge of Paleoindian occupation in Southeastern Brazil. Here, we present new data of stratigraphy and chronology (luminescence and radiocarbon dating), pedological and magnetic analysis performed at some of the sites. Results show that the site's oldest occupation took place ca. 8 ka, which provides new insight into human occupation in South America. In addition, we show some issues with radiocarbon contamination due to soil humin fraction mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is the most common form of irreversible blindness in the world. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only clinically established method of treatment to slow the progression of glaucoma. Primary open angle glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve head and often is associated with changes to the trabecular meshwork that cause a reduction to aqueous humour outflow and an increase in intraocular pressure. Until recently, topical IOP lowering medication has been limited to the mechanisms of action of decreasing aqueous production and/or redirecting outflow to the unconventional uveoscleral outflow pathway. Both of these mechanisms neglect to treat or act on tissue that becomes altered from glaucoma. Latanoprostene-bunod 0.024%, a nitric-oxide donating prostanoid, netarsudil 0.02%, a potent Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, and a once daily dosed fixed combination medication with netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprost 0.005% have recently come on the market. This paper will discuss and review the limitations to traditional IOP lowering glaucoma medications as well as the mechanism of actions and clinical efficacy of the new glaucoma medications. It will also discuss how the new class of glaucoma medications might help to overcome some known limitations in treatment and barriers to patient adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagoa do Camargo 1, a Paleoindian archaeological site located in southeast Brazil dated between 10.5 and 8.3 ka, was studied using a variety of analyses: artifact and charcoal frequencies, soilmorphology and micromorphology, magnetic analysis, optically stimulated luminescence, and radiocarbon dating. Our results show that the sandy tropical Oxisol present at the site was accumulated by episodic erosion and accumulation of materials along the slope, by means of diffuse runoff (sheet wash), and that bioturbation, albeit present, played a minor role in the soil formation. From a geoarchaeological point of view, the site poses an important problem, which is the presence of a deeply buried archaeological site almost at the top of a plateau. Our conclusions are relevant for understanding the genesis of sandy Oxisols that cover a large portion of southeast Brazil, where charcoal fragments are abundant, and whose genesis is considered by some authors to be strongly related to pedoturbation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]