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Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), a secreted glycoprotein expressed in neutrophils and stressed epithelial cells, is upregulated in loop of Henle (LOH) cells following AKI. We hypothesized that urine OLFM4 (uOLFM4) will increase in patients with AKI and may predict furosemide responsiveness. Methods Urine from critically ill children was collected prospectively and tested for uOLFM4 concentrations with a Luminex immunoassay. Severe AKI was defined by KDIGO (stage 2/3) serum creatinine criteria. Furosemide responsiveness was defined as > 3 mL/kg/h of urine output in the 4 h after a 1 mg/kg IV furosemide dose administered as part of standard of care. Results Fifty-seven patients contributed 178 urine samples. Irrespective of sepsis status or AKI cause, uOLFM4 concentrations were higher in patients with AKI (221 ng/mL [IQR 93-425] vs. 36 ng/mL [IQR 15-115], p = 0.007). uOLFM4 concentrations were higher in patients unresponsive to furosemide (230 ng/mL [IQR 102-534] vs. 42 ng/mL [IQR 21-161], p = 0.04). Area under the receiver operating curve for association with furosemide responsiveness was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.60-0.90). Conclusions AKI is associated with increased uOLFM4. Higher uOLFM4 is associated with a lack of response to furosemide. Further testing is warranted to determine whether uOLFM4 could identify patients most likely to benefit from earlier escalation from diuretics to kidney replacement therapy to maintain fluid balance. Graphical abstract, Author(s): Denise C. Hasson [sup.1] [sup.2] , Bin Zhang [sup.3] [sup.4] , Kelli Krallman [sup.2] , James E. Rose [sup.2] , Kristalynn M. Kempton [sup.5] , Paul Steele [sup.6] , [...]

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Shallow, dominantly silt‐ and clay‐filled erosional troughs in Quaternary sediments under the Flathead Valley (northwestern Montana, USA) are very likely to be hydraulic barriers limiting the horizontal flow of groundwater. Accurately mapping them is important because of increasing demand for groundwater. We used a legacy Bouguer gravity map measured in 1968. The directional derivatives of the map are computed, and the map was enhanced by implementing edge detection tools. We produced generalized derivative, maximum horizontal gradient, total gradient and tilt gradient maps through two‐dimensional Fourier transform analysis. These maps were remarkably successful in locating buried troughs in the northern and northwestern parts of the study area, closely matching locations determined previously from compiled borehole data. Our results also identify hitherto unknown extensions of troughs and indicate that some of the buried troughs may be connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of geomorphological mapping and survey of Lateglacial and Holocene displaced shorelines in the Clyde estuary and around Loch Lomond, western central Scotland are described. On the basis of morphology, sedimentology, altitude and radiocarbon dating, four discrete shorelines are identified and are correlated with previously identified Scottish displaced shorelines. The shoreline formerly referred to as the Main Postglacial Shoreline is renamed the Menteith Shoreline. This body of data, combined with data on displaced shorelines for Scotland as a whole has been analysed using Gaussian quadratic trend surface analysis in order to determine the centre of glacio‐isostatic displacement for each shoreline. These Gaussian models of palaeo‐relative sea‐level suggest that the zone of greatest displacement lay NNW of Loch Lomond in the Lateglacial then moved SSE to the region of Loch Lomond during the Holocene and the Clyde in the Late Holocene. The factors responsible for the movement of the zone of greatest uplift are discussed, including temporal variations in the ice‐sheet thickness, variations in water load in the adjacent sea‐lochs and neotectonic processes. Comparison is made with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out on the use of Gaussian trend surface analysis glacio‐isostatic modelling and this is included in the research evaluation, and reported in full in the Supporting Information files, along with the raw data used throughout this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal serum magnesium (Mg) concentrations are common and associated with worse mortality in kidney-transplant recipients. Many kidney and transplant-related factors affect Mg homeostasis. The concentration of the active form, ionized Mg (iMg), is not measured clinically, and total Mg (tMg) and iMg correlations have conflicted. We hypothesized that iMg and tMg concentrations show poor categorical agreement (i.e., low, normal, and high) in kidney-transplant recipients but that ionized calcium (iCa) correlates with iMg. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated hypomagnesemia in kidney-transplant recipients over a 2-yr period. We prospectively collected blood at 0-28 days post-transplant to measure correlations between iMg and iCa/tMg. iMg and iCa concentrations in the reference ranges of 0.44-0.65 and 1.0-1.3 mmol/L, respectively, were considered normal. Fisher's exact test and unweighted kappa statistics revealed category agreements. Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression measured correlations. Results: Among 58 retrospective kidney-transplant recipients, 54 (93%) had tMg<0.66 mmol/L, 28/58 (48%) received Mg supplementation, and 20/28 (71%) had tacrolimus dose adjustments during supplementation. In 13 prospective transplant recipients (N=43 samples), iMg and tMg showed strong category agreement (P =0.0003) and correlation (r=0.71, P <0.001), whereas iMg and iCa did not (P =0.7; r=-0.25, P =0.103, respectively). Conclusions: tMg and iMg exhibited strong correlation following kidney transplantation. However, iCa may not be an accurate surrogate for iMg. Determining the effect of Mg supplementation and the Mg concentration where supplementation is clinically necessary are important next steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welfare of fishes and aquatic invertebrates is important, and several jurisdictions have included these taxa under welfare regulation in recent years. Regulation of welfare requires use of scientifically validated welfare criteria. This is why applying Mertonian skepticism toward claims for sentience and pain in fishes and aquatic invertebrates is scientifically sound and prudent, particularly when those claims are used to justify legislation regulating the welfare of these taxa. Enacting welfare legislation for these taxa without strong scientific evidence is a societal and political choice that risks creating scientific and interpretational problems as well as major policy challenges, including the potential to generate significant unintended consequences. In contrast, a more rigorous science-based approach to the welfare of aquatic organisms that is based on verified, validated and measurable endpoints is more likely to result in "win-win" scenarios that minimize the risk of unintended negative impacts for all stakeholders, including fish and aquatic invertebrates. The authors identify as supporters of animal welfare, and emphasize that this issue is not about choosing between welfare and no welfare for fish and aquatic invertebrates, but rather to ensure that important decisions about their welfare are based on scientifically robust evidence. These ten reasons are delivered in the spirit of organized skepticism to orient legislators, decision makers and the scientific community, and alert them to the need to maintain a high scientific evidential bar for any operational welfare indicators used for aquatic animals, particularly those mandated by legislation. Moving forward, maintaining the highest scientific standards is vitally important, in order to protect not only aquatic animal welfare, but also global food security and the welfare of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrurle‐nge‐ntyele researchers lhentere areye‐le intelhe‐ilepe‐ileme apmerrke areye‐akerte. Itne akaltye‐arle‐irreke apmerrke areye akwele urreme‐urreme‐irreme, utnenge alhwarrpe awelhemele. Kenhe alhentere nhenhe areye akaltye‐irretyakenhe iwenhenge‐arle apmerrke areye alakenhe anerlte‐aneme. Itne itelaretyakenhe nthakenhe‐arle arne ingkirreke urrperle‐areye‐kenhe‐le apmerrke areye atnerre ilirtnemere. Researchers itne akaltye‐irreke artwe apmerrke Central Australia‐arenye‐arle akwele health akurne anthurre‐ulkere, Australia arenye‐arrpenhe areye‐nge. Arrpenheme apeke clinic‐werne alheme, kenhe itne akenhe itelaretyakenhe iwenhe‐arle alhentere ngangkere‐le itneke ileme, health itnekenhe‐akerte, medications‐akerte‐arlke. Artwe atningke apeke itelaretyakenhe iwenhenge‐arle itne ilkelhetyakenhe uthene akangketyakenhe uthene. The kwenhe PhD project mpwarerle‐aneme apmerrke anwerneke‐akerte. Anwerne ahentye aneme apmerrke areye atyenpe‐irrirtnetyeke, atnerre anemele. Project nhenhe arne atyeperre anwerne‐kenhe areye‐akerte, angkentye, anpernirrentye, nthakenhe angkentye anwernekenhe intelhetyeke, anyenhenge, apmere‐kenhe arritnye ingkirreke, thipe‐kenhe arritnye, arne‐kenhe arritnye, atnunthe apmere‐altye‐arlke. Apmerrke areye kwenhe akaltye‐irretyeke nthakenhe English angketyeke, read‐eme‐iletyeke, intelhetyeke‐arlke. Apmerrke areye apeke akaltye‐irretyeke Akngerrepate arrwekelenye areye‐ke, arne mwerre areye itne‐arle mpware‐warretyarte, kele itne anteme itnenhe ingkentetyeke. Artwe akaperte altywere‐areye role models anwernekenhe aneme. 1930's‐nge‐ntyele governments‐le laws mpwareke arritnye Assimilation Policy. Yanhe‐iperre, atningke areye uye‐akaltye‐irreke urrperle‐kenhe arne areye‐kenhe‐ke. Alhentere areye‐le anamelhe‐ileke arrpenheme apmere itnekenhe‐nge‐ntyele bungalow‐atheke, ayerrere‐werne atheke, antekerre‐arlke. Assimilation Policys‐nge ularre, tyerrtye atningke angkentye‐ke uye akaltye‐irreke, apmere‐akerte, apmere‐ke‐artweye‐ke, kwertengwerle‐ke, laws anwernekenhe‐arlke. Lhentere arrpenheme ahentye‐aneke akaltye‐irretyeke Tywerrenge‐ke. Arne arrpenheme‐ke itne‐arle akaltye‐irreke artwe‐kenhe‐ante, kenhe arrpenhe akenhe ingkirreke‐ke. Arne nhenhe areye museums‐uthene‐le organisations arrpenhe areye uthene‐le akwete atnyeneme. Alhentere areye‐le itnenhe akeme "archives." Itnekenge‐ntyele anwerne apmerrke areye akaltye‐le‐anthetyeke, nthakenhe arrwekelenye anwernekenhe anirntyeke‐arteke. Kele, the pipe nhenhe intelhe‐ileke apmerrke itnenhe alpeme‐iletyeke rlterrke‐irrirtnetyeke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If forensic physical anthropology is the science of biological processes and related medico‐legal investigations, then forensic social anthropology is the science of cultural processes and related socio‐legal investigations. This article lays out the terms, definitions, and application of forensic specialization in social anthropology as it is practised in Australia. The objective of this exercise is to equip both physical and social anthropologists with a consilient model for the joint engagement of their parent discipline in legal proceedings where cultural processes are deemed relevant by a court or other legally empowered body. As demonstrated in Australia, the potential applications of forensic social anthropology range across a variety of matters involving both civil and criminal investigation. Such matters include systematic land expropriation, child removal, forced population movement, modern‐day slavery, unlawful detention, and other important social phenomena. The questionable legality of these kinds of phenomena is not isolated to Australia but is, rather, of international significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of Anthropological Forum presents a collection of articles by international practitioners of forensic and expert social anthropology (FESA), and related areas of law. The forensic and expert specialisation of social anthropology focuses on the provision of evidence to legal-administrative processes overseen by courts and other legally empowered organisations, where human social culture is deemed an important factor. Social anthropology, as a field of expertise that studies links between culturally specific, collectively held ideas and observable patterns of social interaction, is an appropriate source of evidence for such processes. However, the field in general does not necessarily confer the specific training, study and experience required by the highly probative demands of presiding authorities. To address this gap, FESA advances a range of legally relevant concepts, objective investigative and analytical methods, and justice-oriented ethical principles. FESA applies this three-part focus consistently in its engagement both with legal-administrative processes and with the communities and individuals who seek justice using those processes, many of whom are marginalised within the national populations to which they belong. Contributors to this special issue have backgrounds working in Australia, Southeast Asia, the Americas, Africa and Europe. Variation between the legal-administrative regimes in each of these regions highlights both FESA's universal relevance, and its emerging coherence as a specialist field. The articles brought together in this special issue describe FESA practice under a range of legal-administrative regimes spanning Indigenous land claims, intellectual property disputes, cultural heritage preservation procedures, asylum claims and allegations of gender-based discrimination and genocide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation experts posit that digital technologies—such as additive manufacturing (AM)—can address societal challenges and change the nature of work and collaboration. In recognition, this special issue encourages researchers to investigate how AM can be leveraged to reduce environmental externalities and devote greater attention to the production of 3D printed items. This article integrates academic research on new product development and the cradle‐to‐cradle philosophy with insights gleaned from long‐term case observations across a series of large‐scale AM projects to advance that 3D printing can unleash three pivotal adaptations to the traditional conception‐development‐launch ecosystem. Specifically, our direct participation in designing and building multiple 3D printed products reveals that: (1) spent products can possess valuable ingredient materials that can be repurposed, (2) the reduced structural strength of the reclaimed material can be a positive force insofar as spawning innovation in a new product category, and (3) manufacturing should appear as an independent stage in new product development. On this last point, our completed projects align with recent observations that newer AM technologies can make prototyping and manufacturing products easier, faster, and less expensive. Accordingly, we advance a cyclical sustainable innovation process, which consists of ideation, development, AM output (i.e., manufacturing), and material reclamation. This research is both theoretically meaningful and pragmatically useful. It addresses knowledge gaps regarding AM in the academic literature and spawns new research questions for innovation scholars. For managers, it provides a path to supplant the wasteful take‐make‐dispose production model with the more efficient and effective take‐make‐transmigrate approach that we deem an innovation loop. Specifically, our final built project—a 3D designed and printed chair that uses polymers from the spent chassis of a 3D printed car—serves as a proof of concept that AM can be a catalyst to a paradigmatic shift in how products are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electrolyte derangements, acidosis, and volume overload remain life-threatening emergencies in people with acute kidney injury in austere environments. A single-lumen alternating micro-batch (SLAMB) dialysis technique was designed to perform renal replacement therapy using a single-lumen access, low-cost disposable bags and tubing, widely available premade fluids, and a dialysis filter. A manual variation (mSLAMB) works without electricity, battery, or a pump. We modeled mSLAMB dialysis and predicted it could achieve adequate small solute clearance, blood flow rates, and ultrafiltration accuracy. Methods: A 25- to 30-kg pediatric patient's blood volume was simulated by a 2-L bag of expired blood and spiked with 5 g of urea initially, then with 1–2 g between experiments. Experiments had 8 cycles totaling prescription volumes of 800–2,400 mL and were conducted with different ratios of hemofiltration fluid to blood volume. Concentrations of urea and potassium, final effluent volumes, and cycle duration were measured at the end of each cycle to determine clearance, ultrafiltration accuracy, and blood flow rates. Results: Each cycle lasted 70–145 s. Experiments achieved a mean urea reduction ratio of 27.4 ± 7.1% and a mean potassium reduction of 23.4 ± 9.3%. The largest urea and potassium reduction percentage occurred with the first cycle. Increased hemofiltration fluid to blood volume ratio did not increase clearance. Mean (+/− standard deviation) blood flow ranged from 79.7 +/− 4.4 mL/min to 90.8 +/− 6.5 mL/min and increased with larger batch volume and height difference between reservoirs. Ultrafiltration accuracy ranged from 0 to 2.4% per cycle. Discussion: mSLAMB dialysis is a simple, manual, cost-effective mode of dialysis capable of providing clearance and accurate ultrafiltration. With further refinement of technique, we believe this can be a potentially lifesaving treatment in austere conditions and low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imatinib mesylate, a BCR/ABL fusion protein inhibitor, is the first-line treatment against chronic myelogenous leukemia. In spite of its advantageous viewpoints, imatinib still has genuine impediments like undesirable side effects and tumor resistance during chemotherapy. Nanoparticles with sustainable release profile will help in targeted delivery of anticancer drugs while minimizing deleterious side effects and drug resistance. The use of biopolymers like galactoxyloglucan (PST001) for the fabrication of imatinib mesylate nanoparticles could impart its use in overcoming multidrug resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients with minimal side effects. This study involved in the synthesis of PST-Imatinib nanoconjugates with appreciable drug payload and excellent cytotoxicity against drug-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562) in comparison with free drug. The use of bioinformatics tool revealed better binding affinity for the drug–polysaccharide complex than the drug alone with three proteins: 3QX3 (Topoisomerase), 1M17 (EGFR tyrosine kinase domain), and 3QRJ (ABL1 kinase domain). Assessment of the biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters in mice upheld the security and adequacy of the nanoconjugate compared to free drug. Although perspective investigations are warranted, in a condition like drug resistance in leukemia, this nanoconjugate would display a productive approach in cancer therapeutics.

Background Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is a viral zoonotic disease where patients present with febrile illness and haemorrhagic manifestations in the first phase. In a small fraction of patients, the fever may be biphasic. This study aimed to describe the neurological manifestations of patients with KFD in the first and second phases of the illness. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 297 patients admitted with a molecular diagnosis of KFD from December 2018 to December 2020. The case records of these patients were reviewed for evidence of neurological involvement. Results A total of 34 (11.5%) patients in the first phase and 16 (36.4%) patients in the second phase had neurological involvement. Altered sensorium, seizures and focal infarcts were common in the first phase, while cerebellar signs and leptomeningeal enhancement were common in the second phase. Conclusions Neurological involvement is seen in both phases of KFD. While in the first phase it is a result of possible encephalitis/encephalopathy, the second phase involvement is possibly due to postinfectious cerebellitis or meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]