Search

The task of router alias resolution for IPv4 networks presents a formidable challenge in the realm of router-level topology inference. Despite the considerable potential exhibited by machine-learning-based alias-resolution methods for IPv4 networks, several constraints impede their effectiveness. These constraints include a low discovery rate of aliased IPs, a failure to account for router aggregation, and a dearth of valid features in current schemes. In this study, we introduce a novel alias resolver, AliasClassifier, which is based on the Random Forest model and the alias triangulation algorithm. This innovative model identifies the key six features from a set of four prevalent routing behaviors that are typically employed to distinguish aliased IPs from non-alienated IPs. Subsequently, the AliasClassifier aggregates aliased IP pairs into routers using an alias triangulation algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that AliasClassifier excels in discovering aliased IPs in IPv4 networks, boasting a resolution accuracy as high as 94.8% and a recall rate of 40.4%. Its comprehensive performance significantly surpasses that of state-of-the-art alias resolvers such as TreeNET, MLAR, and APPLE. Furthermore, as a typical centralized alias parser, AliasClassifier's deployment cost is remarkably low. Consequently, AliasClassifier emerges as an ideal tool for router alias resolution in large-scale IPv4 networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks have gradually attracted widespread attention from academia and industry due to their wide application potential and versatility. In response to the coverage and routing issues of wireless sensor networks, this study combines the improved cuckoo algorithm and non-uniform clustering algorithm to design a coverage and routing optimization scheme for wireless sensor networks. Firstly, a wireless sensor network system is studied and built. Subsequently, the traditional cuckoo algorithm is optimized using the Cauchy distribution, and a coverage optimization scheme for wireless sensor networks based on the Cauchy distribution improved cuckoo algorithm is designed. Finally, by optimizing the dynamic range of network area and cluster radius respectively to improve the shortcomings of non-uniform clustering routing algorithms, a wireless sensor networks routing optimization scheme based on dynamic cluster radius optimization non-uniform clustering algorithm is designed. The research results indicated that the designed coverage scheme and routing scheme achieved good application results. Among them, the designed coverage scheme had a minimum running time of 0.89 minutes in node coverage problems and a maximum node coverage rate of 99.52%. The designed routing scheme had a minimum running time of 1.47 minutes and an energy loss rate of 0.84% in the routing optimization problem. In summary, the coverage scheme and routing optimization scheme designed by this research institute have good application effects and can provide certain technical support for the application of wireless sensor networks in other fields.

The semiconductor industry has seen significant technological advancements, leading to an increase in the number of processing cores in a system-on-chip (SoC). To facilitate communication among the numerous on-chip cores, a network-on-chip (NoC) is employed. One of the main challenges of designing NoCs is power management since the NoC consumes a significant portion of the total power of the SoC. Among the power-intensive components of the NoC, routers stand out. We observe that some power-intensive components of routers, responsible for implementing turn in the mesh topology, are underutilized compared to others. Therefore, we propose Tulip, a turn-free low-power network-in-chip, that avoids within-router turns by removing the corresponding components from the router structure. On a turn (e.g., at the end of the current dimension), Tulip forces the packet to be ejected and then reinjects it to the next dimension channel (i.e., the beginning of the path along the next dimension). Due to its deadlock-free nature, Tulip's scheme may be used orthogonally with any deterministic, partially-adaptive, and fully-adaptive routing algorithms, and can easily be extended for any n-dimensional mesh topology. Our analysis reveals that Tulip can reduce the static power and area by 24%−50% and 25%-55%, respectively, for 2D-5D mesh routers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A network on a chip is a solitary silicon chip utilized to perform the communication characteristics of large-scale (LSI) to very large-scale integration (VLSI) systems. Network-on-chip (NoC) architecture includes links, network interfaces (NI), and routers to unite with external memories or processors. NoC is designed to flow messages from the source module to the destination module through several links involving routing decisions. The design of NoC is complex and the buffer section's expensiveness creates problems while providing secured data service. Moreover, routers and links in NoC setups are liable to faults. This work introduces a minimal buffered router, and the faults in the network are optimized using moth flame optimized (MFO) fault-tolerant technique. The software named Xilinx ISE design suite 14.5 is employed for the minimum buffered router model. The suggested scheme is operated with less area, low power (0.241 mW), and high speed (965.261 Megahertz (MHz)) when matched with previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chip application has become the trending element in all digital applications because of its easy and flexible use. However, chip-based communication’s chief demerits are power consumption and delay. The huge data broadcasting often raises these two problems in Network-onChip (NoC) architecture. So, the present research work has aimed to create a novel Strawberry-based Recurrent neural (SbRN) framework for minimizing the NoC buffer length and reducing the latency and power consumption. Here, the fitness of Strawberry was utilized to sense the large data size; once the large data size was identified, the compression process was started to compress the data. Moreover, the NoC architecture was designed with an optimized buffer with strawberry fitness. Once the compressed data was present in the network medium, it allowed broadcasting to the other end. If the data is not compressed or not in the minimum compression range, the compression process was again to optimize the data buffer. Finally, the proposed architecture was validated with other conventional schemes and has gained the best outcome by reducing 5% of device utilization and 0.5% of power consumption than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the development of a small, office-friendly CNC machine. We compare popular CNC archetypes and their ability to be operated in a non-workshop environment. We have made an enclosed machine that is safe both for the operator and people nearby and clean to use, with outer walls fully integrated into the frame for improved rigidity. We made some unique design decisions for increasing the working area without sacrificing stiffness in a small form factor CNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-Fano interference, which is obtained through the simultaneous acquisition of bright and dark states in different phase transitions of Eu3+ : BiPO4 (7 : 1, 6 : 1, 1 : 1, and 0.5 : 1) and Eu3+ : NaYF4 (1 : 1/4) crystals, were reported in this work. Multidressed spontaneous four-wave mixing and multidressed fluorescence (multiorder) were adopted to optimize the strong photon–phonon nested dressing effect, which results in more obvious multi-Fano interference. Firstly, the multi-Fano is produced through interference in continuous and multibound states. Secondly, five multi-Fano dips are originated from the nested five dressings (one photon and four phonons) under symmetrical splitting of 7F1 energy level. It is found that the pure H-phase (0.5 : 1) sample exhibits the strongest photon–phonon dressed effect (five Fano dips). Further, high-order non-Hermitian exceptional points in multi-Fano interference were investigated by adjusting the ratio of Rabi frequency to dephase rate through nested photon and phonon dressing. The experimental results are validated by theoretical simulations, which may be applied to designing optoelectronic devices such as non-Hermitian multi-Fano interferences (multichannel) router.

Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) is a powerful technique for time-resolved measurement of fast and weak light signals used in a variety of scientific fields, including biology, medicine, and quantum cryptography. Unfortunately, given its repetitive nature, TCSPC is recognized as a relatively slow technique. In the last ten years, attempts have been made to speed it up by developing multichannel integrated architectures. Yet, for the solutions proposed thus far, the measurement speed has not increased proportionally to the number of channels, reducing the benefits of a multichannel approach. Recent theoretical studies and prototypes have shown that it is possible to implement a new multichannel architecture, so-called router-based architecture, capable of optimizing the efficiency of data transfer from the integrated chip to the data processor, increasing the overall measurement speed. However, the first implementations failed to achieve the theoretical results due to implementation flaws. In this paper, we present a new logic for the router-based architecture that can operate at the same laser frequency and solve the issues of the previous implementation. Alongside the new logic, we present a new integrated low-jitter delay line combined with a new method for timing-signal distribution that allows the proper management of the pixel timing information. The new implementation is a step closer to realizing a router-based architecture that achieves the expected theoretical results. Simulations and bench tests support the results here reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) based asynchronous network-on-chip (ANoC) has several advantages over clock-based synchronous network-onchips (NoCs). The asynchronous router uses a virtual channel (VC) as a primary flow-control mechanism however, the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based mechanism performs better over input traffics over VC. This manuscript uses an asynchronous spatial division multiplexing (ASDM) based router for NoC architecture on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. The ASDM router is configurable to different bandwidths and VCs. The ASDM router mainly contains input-output (I/O) buffers, a switching allocator, and a crossbar unit. The 4-phase 1-of-4 dual-rail protocol is used to construct the I/O buffers. The performance of the ASDM router is analyzed in terms of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) (chip area), delay, latency, and throughput parameters. The work is implemented using Verilog-HDL with Xilinx ISE 14.7 on artix-7 FPGA. The ASDM router achieves < 1% chip area and obtains 0.8 ns of latency with a throughput of 800 Mfps. The proposed router is compared with existing asynchronous approaches with improved latency and throughput metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the safety and correctness of the critical ‘mimic bracket’ components such as protocol proxies of mimic routers, a BGP (border gateway protocol) proxy was designed and implemented, and formal methods were applied to verify the safety and correctness of the BGP proxy.The BGP packets communicated between the peer routers and the master actor were monitored by the BGP proxy.The BGP sessions with the slave actors on behalf of peer routers were established, ensuring the consistency of the BGP protocol states for all actors.The formal specification of the BGP proxy was written based on separation logic.The VeriFast theorem prover was used to prove that the program had no memory safety problems such as null pointer reference.Furthermore, the formal verification of high-level attributes of each module in BGP proxy was also conducted to strictly ensure that the implementation met the specification.The implementation to proof code ratio of BGP proxy is about 1.8:1, and the implementation to proof labor hour ratio is about 1:3.The formally verified BGP proxy consume 0.16 seconds to process 100 000 BGP routes, which is about 7 times as long as the unverified one.Works done provide a reference for applying formal methods to verify the safety and correctness of critical components in mimic defense equipment and systems.

Network‐on‐Chip (NoC) is a key component in chip multiprocessors (CMPs) as it supports communication between many cores. NoC is a network‐based communication subsystem on an integrated circuit, most typically between modules in a system on a chip (SoC). Designing a reliable NoC against failures that can prevent failure using some measures or preventing error or system failure while failure happens and proper performance became a significant concern. For a reliable design against failures, first, the system should be analysed to discover the critical points. Hence, in this research, it is tried first to investigate the scale of fault tolerance effect on the mechanism in the router on the network by injecting simulated errors, and then these errors are prevented. As the major novelty, the authors implemented a router on a synchronised network and calculated the network buffering fault tolerance by injecting error in the buffer. Specifically, a new method for improving fault tolerance is proposed, which uses the existing resources efficiently. So, it does not impose any overhead on hardware and improves the error tolerance scale. The authors also evaluate it from different perspectives to show its superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We proposed a new scheme of multichannel quantum routing for single plasmons (SPs) using the cross-type plasmonic waveguides (PWs) that couples to four two-level InGaAs quantum dots (QDs). In our proposed system, each of two PWs in cross type can be infinite silver nanowire. We theoretically studied the routing properties of the proposed system for the incident SPs by using the real-space formalism. Our results show that in such a coupled system, the routing of incident SPs can be achieved depending on several physical parameters, such as the detuning of the transition frequencies of QDs from the frequency of propagating SPs, the coupling strengths of the QDs to PWs and the separation distance between the QDs. It is shown that the transmission of SPs can be switched on or off by adjusting the separation distance between the QDs, which could be exploited to probe the spacing between the QDs. It is also shown that the transfer rate of SPs can be switchable and redirected by appropriately adjusting the QDs' separation distance and coupling strengths, which is a prerequisite for quantum routers. Our multichannel scheme for the routing of the SPs could be utilized for making quantum devices realizable, such as quantum routers, quantum filters, directional couplers and quantum switches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-chip topological nanophotonic filtering and routing devices are important components of integrated nanophotonic chip. The device filters topological photonic states with multiple frequencies and routes them into different output ports, respectively. However, there is no effective method to implement such devices to date. Here, an on-chip topological five-channel filtering and routing device is realized for the first time. Topological edge states are constructed based on synthetic dimension, which can use dielectric materials to construct topological photonic states without external magnetic field. This method has advantages including simple structure, easy integration, and high signal-to-noise ratio. The implementation of on-chip topological multichannel filtering and routing device is of great significance to the development of topological nanophotonic devices.

Copyright of Journal on Communication / Tongxin Xuebao is the property of Journal on Communications Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report a fiber loop quantum buffer based on a low-loss 2 × 2 switch and a unit delay made of a fiber delay line. We characterize the device by using a two-photon polarization entangled state in which one photon of the entangled photon pair is stored and retrieved at a repetition rate up to 78 kHz. The device, which enables integer multiples of a unit delay, can store the qubit state in a unit of fiber delay line up to 5.4 km and the number of loop round-trips up to 3. Furthermore, we configure the device with other active elements to realize integer multiplier and divider of a unit delay of a qubit. The quantum state tomography is performed on the retrieved photon and its entangled photon. We obtain a state fidelity ${\gt}$ 94 $\%$ with a maximum storage time of 52 μ s with an insertion loss of 5.56 dB. To further characterize the storing and retrieving processes of the device, we perform entanglement-assisted quantum process tomography on the buffered qubit state. The process fidelity of the device is ${\gt}$ 0.98. Our result implies that the device preserves the superposition and entanglement of a qubit state from a two-photon polarization-entangled state. This is a significant step towards facilitating applications in optical asynchronous transfer mode based quantum networks.

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is one of the basic chip designs with advantages and challenges especially when the number of transistors increases and the data transfer rate across network is important. For these reasons, Photonic Network-on-Chip was proposed. These networks are important for intra chip communication. The data transfer with photonics between devices with long distance on the chip without any transfer rate loss is one of the most important advantages of Photonic Network-on-Chip. This paper reviews basic and fundamental concepts of Network-on-Chip and Photonic Network-on-Chip to understand their key points of designs and rules for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mimic defense technology in cyberspace is a new active defense technology based on dynamic heterogeneous redundancy. By introducing multiple heterogeneous redundant executants, the generalized robustness is enhanced. By implementing policies or periodic scheduling for multiple executants, the uncertain changes of characteristics are presented externally to enhance security. The security of routing protocol is an important part of network security. OSPF protocol is the most widely deployed and most complex routing protocol in the real network world. The most urgent problem for network devices that supports mimic defense is how to realize the equivalence of OSPF protocol functions among various heterogeneous implementations. Firstly, the design of mimic defense is described scientifically, the architecture of router supporting mimic defense is described in detail, and the processing method of OSPF protocol in the mimic defense architecture is discussed in depth. The OSPF protocol proxy is introduced to realize the equivalence of OSPF protocol functions among various heterogeneous implementations. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are verified in a router prototype that supports mimic defense. Finally, the security risks of routers under the conditions of two classic OSPF routing attacks are specifically explained and verified by experiments, which effectively improves the ability to deal with OSPF network attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a new multi-channel scheme of quantum routing for single plasmons (SPs) with two two-level InGaAs quantum dots (QDs) placed at the junctions of H-type plasmonic waveguides (PWs), two of which are infinite, and the rest is a finite silver nanowire. We investigated theoretically the routing properties of the proposed system for the incident SPs via the real-space approach. Our results show that in such a coupled system, the incident single plasmons can be routed by controlling the parameters, such as the detuning, the atomic transition frequencies, the coupling strengths between the QDs and PWs, and the spacing between QDs. We also showed that the transmission of SPs can be switched on or off by properly adjusting the distance between the two QDs, which could be exploited to probe the distance between the QDs. Our multi-channel scheme for routing and switching of SPs could be utilized for realizing quantum devices, such as quantum routers, quantum switches, quantum filters, and directional couplers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) is a powerful technique for time-resolved measurement of fast and weak light signals used in a variety of scientific fields, including biology, medicine, and quantum cryptography. Unfortunately, given its repetitive nature, TCSPC is recognized as a relatively slow technique. In the last ten years, attempts have been made to speed it up by developing multichannel integrated architectures. Yet, for the solutions proposed thus far, the measurement speed has not increased proportionally to the number of channels, reducing the benefits of a multichannel approach. Recent theoretical studies and prototypes have shown that it is possible to implement a new multichannel architecture, so-called router-based architecture, capable of optimizing the efficiency of data transfer from the integrated chip to the data processor, increasing the overall measurement speed. However, the first implementations failed to achieve the theoretical results due to implementation flaws. In this paper, we present a new logic for the router-based architecture that can operate at the same laser frequency and solve the issues of the previous implementation. Alongside the new logic, we present a new integrated low-jitter delay line combined with a new method for timing-signal distribution that allows the proper management of the pixel timing information. The new implementation is a step closer to realizing a router-based architecture that achieves the expected theoretical results. Simulations and bench tests support the results here reported.

High-performance multicast packet switching technologies are evolving to meet the growing demand for scalability on the Internet and datacenters, etc. Implementing a high-performance switch/router relies on a polynomial-time group membership query algorithm within the Packet Forwarding Engines (PFEs) to determine whether a packet is forwarded through an egress. Among these, Bloom filter (BF)-based and Residue Number System (RNS)-based are being considered as two representatives of the membership query algorithms. However, both approaches suffer from some fatal weaknesses such as false-positive probability and time inefficiencies, especially for a carrier-grade PFE with high port-density features. According to similar properties of the RNS, we propose a simplified forwarding algorithm in this paper, named Per-Port Prime Filter Array (P3FA). The simulation results indicate that the P3FA can significantly improve space efficiencies under specific lower egress-diversities conditions. Under the same space constraints, P3FA improves multicast and unicast time efficiency by 1 to 4 orders of magnitude in the port-density 16–1024 range compared to previous works. Although it comes at the expense of hardware cost, it is still acceptable compared to recently improved previous work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever-increasing deployment of 5G and IoT, the number of end-hosts/terminals is increasing rapidly, so that routers have to cache more and more forwarding entries to guarantee communication reachability of these terminals, which makes Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM)-based routers keep expanding resource requirements. However, the design and implementation of large-capacity TCAM-based routers are faced with such challenges: difficult circuit design, high production cost and energy consumption, thereby posing an urgent requirement on a lightweight TCAM that can still maintain those massive communication connections. In this paper, we aim to design a lightweight router with small storage requirement while still retaining the original communication connection performance, which is not straightforward due to the following two challenges: First, under the condition of massive sequential flow data, it’s difficult to accurately and timely select the entries to cache for a small capacity TCAM. Second, given the strict prefix matching principle, how to efficiently insert the selected entries into TCAM is also challenging. To address these problems, we propose A&B: an AI-based Routing entry prediction strategy (AIR) and a Block-based entry Insertion Tactic (BIT). AIR can precisely select entries by conducting accurate entry predictions, which converts dynamic flow-based prediction into stable and parallelizable entry-based prediction by decoupling spatio-temporal characteristics. BIT optimizes entry insertion by isolating TCAM into several blocks, thus eliminating the time-consuming entry movements. The experiment results based on real backbone traffic show that our lightweight A&B achieves comparable performance compared to the traditional schemes by using only 1/8 TCAM storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. At present, the computer networks of the information and telecommunication system (ITS) of railway transport use the OSPF protocol, which does not allow taking into account several metrics when determining the optimal route. Therefore, there is a need to study the possibility of organizing routing in computer networks of rail transport ITS using a two-colonial ant algorithm. Methodology. According to the Two-ACO software model, created in the Python language based on the two-colonial ant algorithm, the optimal route in a computer network was determined. Two-ACO model inputs: computer network parameters (network adjacency matrix, number of routers); parameters of the ant algorithm (number of iterations; number of ants in the colony; number of elite ants; initial pheromone level; evaporation rate; parameter for adjusting the amount of pheromone deposition). Findings. The results of the Two-ACO model are presented in the form of graphs depicting the optimal paths: the criterion of the total delay on the routers (for the first colony of ants) and the number of hops (for the second colony of ants). Originality. According to the created Two-ACO software model for a computer network of 7 routers and 17 channels, a study of the time for determining the optimal path in a computer network by the number of ordinary and elite ants, evaporation rate and deposited pheromone was conducted. It is determined that it is enough to use the number of ants equal to the number of routers and have 2 elite ants in the colony, with 1000 iterations, evaporation rate from 0.2 to 0.7, and pheromone deposition by ants close to one. Practical value. Created Two-ACO software model using two colonies of ants on the following criteria: the total delay on the routers (for the first colony of ants) and the number of hops that make up the route (for the second colony of ants) allows you to parallel determine the optimal routes in a computer network of railway transport. It is estimated that for a computer network of 15 routers and 17 channels, it is sufficient to have 30 agents (two ants on top), the value of the pheromone deposited by the agents is close to one, and the evaporation rate is 0.4.

A three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale optical router is a much-desired component in 3D stacked optical integrated circuits. However, existing 3D routers based on dielectric configurations suffer from large footprints and nanoscale routers based on plasmonic antennas only work in a 2D in-plane scene. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate cross-layered all-optical 3D routers with nanoscale footprints. Optical slot antenna pairs are used to realize the routing of plasmonic signals between different layers for arbitrary direction in a broadband wavelength range. The routers are also integrated with waveguide directly for exploring further applications. Based on these router elements, a 3D network of optical butterfly interconnection is demonstrated for multi-directional all-optical data communication. The proposed configuration paves the way for optical cross-layer routing on the nanoscale and advances the research and applications for 3D plasmonic circuits with high integration density in the future.

Abstract The security of wireless routers receives much attention given by the increasing security threats. In the era of Internet of Things, many devices pose security vulnerabilities, and there is a significant need to analyze the current security status of devices. In this paper, we develop WNV-Detector, a universal and scalable framework for detecting wireless network vulnerabilities. Based on semantic analysis and named entities recognition, we design rules for automatic device identification of wireless access points and routers. The rules are automatically generated based on the information extracted from the admin webpages, and can be updated with a semi-automated method. To detect the security status of devices, WNV-Detector aims to extract the critical identity information and retrieve known vulnerabilities. In the evaluation, we collect information through web crawlers and build a comprehensive vulnerability database. We also build a prototype system based on WNV-Detector and evaluate it with routers from various vendors on the market. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of our WNV-Detector, i.e., the success rate of vulnerability detection could achieve 95.5%.

Modular integrated construction (MiC) logistics is controversial regarding carbon emissions due to the increased weight of shipped modules. Logistics companies prefer efficiency-oriented and profit-oriented demand, which leads to limited carbon reduction. Relying on road transport intensifies these challenges, highlighting the need for improved strategies to mitigate environmental impacts. This study proposes adopting the concept of the cyber-physical internet (CPI) to digitalize carbon footprints in MiC logistics. A CPI carbon footprint framework is established by routers in MiC logistics. The unique characteristics of MiC and real-world instances are integrated into the proposed routing protocol. A routing algorithm for carbon emissions is improved by considering heavy trucks' speed and loading capacities. Simulation studies are conducted using real-world data and databases to investigate the impacts of loading capacity and average speed on carbon footprints. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding and offers practical guidelines for effectively reducing carbon emissions in MiC logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show the importance of individual physical capabilities for cycling in Switzerland, as well as introducing a routing-tool that integrates these capabilities into the estimation of cycling demand potentials. A binary logit model to predict daily cycling was estimated, using data from the Swiss Health Survey. It is found that the frequency of physical exercise explains most of the variability of the choice to cycle or not. Since previous work in the literature has shown a clear link between exercise frequency and physical strength, one valid, although so far not directly observable hypothesis is that more physical power leads to faster speeds and higher competitiveness of cycling against other modes. The higher power output of E-Bikes and S-Pedelecs further increase cycling potentials in this context. We therefore use data from the Swiss Health Survey to impute cycling potentials for individuals who participated in the Swiss Mobility Microcensus and evaluate mode-shifts potentials to bikes based on travel times of public transport and car trips. Because our router makes use of an elevation-aware physical model, which takes into account bike and cyclist characteristics, such as input power and weight, we also model pedelecs and speed-pedelecs and show how such bike types increase the mode-shift potentials towards bicycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple networks-on-chip is a popular on-chip interconnect. This parallel communication infrastructure uses more than one NoCs to facilitate customized traffic distribution. Parallel architectures improve performance, however, at the cost of huge power dissipation. We propose power efficient customized placement of network selector hardware unit in the control plane at router. A network selector hardware unit is essentially used to distribute traffic between NoCs. Conventionally, this unit is placed in the data plane at network interface. We place network selector at switch allocator and at the routing unit of the router. The placement at switch allocator is more efficient than placement at routing unit or network interface. It improves 21% static power, 29% dynamic power, and 33% critical path delay of the circuit over network interface placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays System-on-Chip (SoC) is an emerging technology in the world of Integrated Chip manufacturers. In SoC, many IP cores are integrated inside a chip. The technique for transferring the data in the form of packets from an IP core to another is named as Network-on-Chip (NoC). Today the world is moving towards the miniaturization of commercial electronic devices. To get a miniature device, the Integrated Circuits inside the devices must be very small. Whenever the IC is getting smaller and smaller, many problems such as operating speed and power consumption plays an important role.3D NoCs are the emerging technology for on-chip communication. Novel algorithms of 3D NoC helps to achieve high speed, less power consumption and more functionality. In this work, two important routing techniques such as source and distributed are combined and a new algorithm called as Optimized NoC algorithm (Optad-NoC) is developed to avoid congestion and fault in the router or the channel of 3D NoC. This algorithm is implemented in a newly designed intelligent router named Optad-NoC router to avoid the deadlock and livelock automatically in the network. The router uses the adaptive, multicast routing in Network-on-Chip to achieve high speed and reduces the power consumption in 3D NoC. The latency and the power consumption are obtained for the 8 × 8 (64 nodes) mesh network of each layer of 3D NoC. The average latency of the Optad-NoC router is improved by 36.08% and 28.5% compared to the existing techniques such as EDXY and FADyAD respectively during traffic conditions. The average total power consumption of the Optad-NoC router is reduced by 74.4% compared to EDXY and 66.2% compared to FADyAD during traffic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a constructive scheme of a realizable single photon beam splitter with a three-level InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot placed in the turning point of two waveguides and, on the basis of a real space approach, have theoretically investigated transport properties of propagating single photons in the quantum system with one input and two outputs. Our considerations showed that reflection and transfer rate spectra could be efficiently adjusted by the classic control field, the frequency of the incident field, detunings, and coupling strengths between the quantum dot (QD) and waveguides, which gives us possibilities to design quantum devices, such as single photon transistor, a nano-photonic switch, a nano-beam splitter, and a directional coupler. The results reported in this paper could be utilized for the building nano-plasmonic integrated circuits and quantum networks, which have great potential applications in quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmons, as emerging optical diffraction-unlimited information carriers, promise the high-capacity, high-speed, and integrated photonic chips. The on-chip precise manipulations of plasmon in an arbitrary platform, whether two-dimensional (2D) or one-dimensional (1D), appears demanding but non-trivial. Here, we proposed a meta-wall, consisting of specifically designed meta-atoms, that allows the high-efficiency transformation of propagating plasmon polaritons from 2D platforms to 1D plasmonic waveguides, forming the trans-dimensional plasmonic routers. The mechanism to compensate the momentum transformation in the router can be traced via a local dynamic phase gradient of the meta-atom and reciprocal lattice vector. To demonstrate such a scheme, a directional router based on phase-gradient meta-wall is designed to couple 2D SPP to a 1D plasmonic waveguide, while a unidirectional router based on grating metawall is designed to route 2D SPP to the arbitrarily desired direction along the 1D plasmonic waveguide by changing the incident angle of 2D SPP. The on-chip routers of trans-dimensional SPP demonstrated here provide a flexible tool to manipulate propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and may pave the way for designing integrated plasmonic network and devices.

The aim of the research is to study the effect of microwave Wi-Fi radiation on humans and plants. The paper investigates national standards for permissible exposure levels to microwave radiation, measures electric field intensity and justifies the point of view regarding the safe use of microwave technologies based on multiple plant cultivation experiments at different distances from a Wi-Fi router. The results demonstrate that the radiation of Wi-Fi routers significantly impairs the growth, development, yield and unexpected drought resistance of plants at short distances from the microwave source (up to 1 m to 2 m; –33 dBm to –43 dBm; >10 V/m). Slight effects are found up to about 4.5 m from a full-power home Wi-Fi router. As a result, suggestions are made for safe and balanced use of modern wireless technologies, which can complement occupational safety and health regulations.

The complexity of System on Chip (SoC) is increasing with the scale of ICs, and Network on Chip (NoC) has become one of the most important solutions for SoC communication. As a significant point of NoC, research of routers and routing algorithms is receiving more and more attention from researchers and research institutes. This paper proposes a high-speed router on-chip router, which adopts wormhole switching mechanism, output queuing caching strategy, Credit-based flow control mechanism and Round-Robin arbitration mechanism, and the entire operation of the router is a two-stage flow. The selection of adaptive and deterministic routing algorithms can be done automatically, and finally, the performance parameters are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new design of router and switch is proposed in this paper to decrease the unnecessary wastage of transmission bandwidth capacity because of retransmission of corrupt or lost packets. A buffer memory is joined to every router and switch. Every one of the packets that go through a router is stored in the buffer memory for a short time. On the off-chance that a packet is discarded at any router, it tends to be asked from the past router, which has a duplicate of the packet in its buffer. Through our approach, we spare a great deal of data transmission bandwidth, as a retransmission from sender to receiver isn't required. If there arises an occurrence of any discarded or corrupt packet, then an additional bandwidth capacity required for retransmission is not required. This paper gives a brief explanation on how to reduce retransmission time and increase its throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Router is the network equipment for route the packet from one network segment to another in a bigscale network. Router can route packet because there is a routing table in router configuration. Routing table is anaddress list of source and destination address where the packet will be routed. There are two methods of routing tableconfiguration, static routing and dynamic routing. Static routing is a routing table configuration method where all ofrouting table content is configured manually, usually for a small scale of network. Dynamic network is a routing tableconfiguration method by the router automatically, usually for a big scale of network. A dynamic routing is built fromthe routing information collected by the routing algorithm. There are two routing algorithm, link-state and distancevector algorithm. This simulation will be built in GNS3 simulation software. Goal of this research is to compare theperformance between that two algorithm from two routing protocol that using each of those two algorithm. Thecomparison will be running between OSPF routing protocol on the link state routing protocol and EIGRP on thedistance vector routing protocol side. The result of this analysis and comparison of those two routing protocol isexpected to be a reference of choosing better routing protocol in building a network

Ultraviolet (UV) photonics-based device and equipment have various applications in sterilization, military covert communication, medical treatment, nanofabrication, gem identification and so on. The traditional constituent UV components are bulky, inefficient, expensive and easily aging under UV radiation. An all-dielectric metasurface offers a promising way to control the amplitude, polarization and phase of light by engineering the size, shape and distribution of its constituent elements. However, UV components based on all-dielectric metasurfaces are difficult to be realized, due to significant absorption loss for most dielectric materials at the UV region. Here we demonstrate the design of a UV metalens, composed of high-aspect-ratio aluminum nitride nanorods. The in-plane on-axis, off-axis and out-of-plane focusing characteristics have been investigated at representative UVA (375 nm), UVB (308 nm) and UVC (244 nm) wavelengths, respectively. Furthermore, we design UV router for mono-wavelength and multiple wavelengths, that is, guiding UV light to designated different spatial positions. Our work is promising for the development of UV photonic devices and would facilitate the integration and miniaturization of the UV nanophotonics.

At this time the exam using paper rated less cumbersome and inefficient. In this case the teacher will make difficult to assess the answers and take a long time to finish the job. In developing this system, the author is still in the development stage by using Banana Pi sebgai server, and use a router to a local network, this system is expected to facilitate the teacher to correct the test results. This test system uses CodeIgniter framework as a backend and frontend using material design. The system is easy to use and portable for a local network to connect them.

ABSTRACT: Cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a new generation of communication systems that wants to solve the overcrowded spectrum utilization of the unlicensed bands. It has combined sensor networks and cognitive radio technology, so it has the challenges of energy restriction of sensors and also dynamic spectrum access of the cognitive radio network. On the other hand, considering both of these challenges in the routing protocol plays a basic role in network performance and we can’t apply the routing protocols that have been proposed for wireless sensor networks and cognitive radio networks, separately, in the CRSN. Therefore, this article has tried to provide a new spectrum and energy-aware routing protocol in which the source is able to choose the most stable route in the aspect of node residual energy or spectrum access probability. Not only can considering the nodal residual energy and spectrum access in the route discovery process avoid repetitive link failure, but it also can increase the network lifetime. This protocol has been compared with ESAC, SCR, ERP, and SER. The result of this comparison has shown that our protocol reduces end-to-end delay, control overhead, throughput, and lifetime in comparison to other protocols, especially in small-scale networks. ABSTRAK: Rangkaian sensor radio kognitif (CRSN) adalah generasi baru sistem telekomunikasi bagi menyelesaikan masalah kesesakan pada pemakaian band spektrum tidak berlesen. Ianya adalah kombinasi rangkaian sensor dan teknologi radio kognitif. Oleh itu, ia mempunyai cabaran sekatan tenaga pada sensor dan kemasukan spektrum secara dinamik pada rangkaian radio kognitif. Pada masa sama, dengan mengambil kira kedua-dua cabaran pada protokol rangkaian ini telah memainkan peranan asas pada prestasi rangkaian dan kami tidak boleh mengguna pakai protokol rangkaian yang telah diguna pakai pada rangkaian sensor tanpa wayar dan rangkaian radio kognitif secara asing dalam CRSN. Oleh itu, artikel ini cuba menyediakan spektrum baru dan pengawasan tenaga pada protokol rangkaian, di mana sumber boleh memilih laluan rangkaian yang stabil dengan mengambil kira pada aspek baki tenaga nod atau kebarangkalian akses spektrum. Selain itu, ianya dapat mengelakkan kegagalan laluan berulang juga menambahkan jangka hayat rangkaian. Protokol ini telah dibandingkan dengan ESAC, SCR, ERP dan SER. Perbandingan keputusan menunjukkan protokol ini mengurangkan kelewatan hujung-ke-hujung, mengawal kesesakan, mambaiki jumlah penghantaran dan menambah tempoh hayat berbanding protokol lain, khususnya pada rangkaian skala kecil.

The security of wireless routers receives much attention given by the increasing security threats. In the era of Internet of Things, many devices pose security vulnerabilities, and there is a significant need to analyze the current security status of devices. In this paper, we develop WNV-Detector, a universal and scalable framework for detecting wireless network vulnerabilities. Based on semantic analysis and named entities recognition, we design rules for automatic device identification of wireless access points and routers. The rules are automatically generated based on the information extracted from the admin webpages, and can be updated with a semi-automated method. To detect the security status of devices, WNV-Detector aims to extract the critical identity information and retrieve known vulnerabilities. In the evaluation, we collect information through web crawlers and build a comprehensive vulnerability database. We also build a prototype system based on WNV-Detector and evaluate it with routers from various vendors on the market. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of our WNV-Detector, i.e., the success rate of vulnerability detection could achieve 95.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicast on-chip communication is encountered in various cache-coherence protocols targeting multi-core processors, and its pervasiveness is increasing due to the proliferation of machine learning accelerators. In-network handling of multicast traffic imposes additional switching-level restrictions to guarantee deadlock freedom, while it stresses the allocation efficiency of Network-on-Chip (NoC) routers. In this work, we propose a novel partitioned NoC router microarchitecture, called SmartFork , which employs a versatile and cost-efficient multicast packet replication scheme that allows the design of high-throughput and low-cost NoCs. The design is adapted to the average branch splitting observed in real-world multicast routing algorithms. Compared to state-of-the-art NoC multicast approaches, SmartFork is demonstrated to yield high performance in terms of latency and throughput, while still offering a cost-effective implementation. • We present SmartFork, which employs a versatile and cost-efficient multicast packet replication scheme that allows the design of high-throughput and low-cost NoCs. • The design is adapted for the first time to the average branch splitting observed in real-world multicast routing algorithms. • The output ports are partitioned into groups. Each output partition is driven by a separate input-buffer read port, thus mitigating allocation inefficiencies without introducing prohibitive hardware cost. • The assignment of input read ports to outputs is done using a novel ILP formulation that balances the load at each input read port. • SmartFork yields higher performance in terms of latency and throughput, under cost-effective hardware implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important element in communications systems is the router. The paper proposes a remote temperature monitoring system for it. This was implemented based on Arduino Uno development platform. In addition, an Android user-friendly interface has been created; it can be installed on a smart terminal (phone or tablet) and its role is to display the router temperature and to notify the user if it has exceeded a maximum set value. There are two methods of notifications: one is using different colors for the displayed temperatures and the other using an alert. The temperature is measured with a sensor and the data is then processed by the microcontroller and sent to the Bluetooth module using serial interface. Also, the measured values can be seen on an LCD display. The hardware, software designs and the simulation and experimental results of the proposed system are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern subscribers of infocommunication services require a wide class of different services and applications, implying a wide variety of protocols, technologies and transmission rates. Networks are overloaded in the prevailing situation in the market of infocommunication services: they are overflowing with numerous customer interfaces, network layers and are controlled by too many control systems. High operating costs are pushing operators to look for solutions that simplify the operation, while maintaining the possibility of creating new services and ensuring the stability of existing sources of income from the provision of communication services. The NGN concept is the concept of building next-generation communication networks (Next-generation network), providing an unlimited set of services with flexible settings for their management, personalization, creation of new services through the unification of network solutions. Multiservice network is a communication network that is built in accordance with the NGN concept and provides an unlimited set of infocommunication services (VoIP, Internet, VPN, IPTV, VoD, etc.). An NGN is a packet-switched network suitable for the provision of telecommunication services and for the use of multiple broadband transport technologies with QoS enabled, in which the service-related functions are independent of the applied transport technologies. The main feature of NGN networks is the differentiation between services and transport technologies. This allows to view the network as a logically divided entity. Each layer of the network can evolve independently without affecting other layers. Inter-layer communication is based on open interfaces. The logical separation principle allows the provision of both existing and innovative services access technologies regardless of the used transport. The basic principle of the NGN concept is to separate from each other transfer and switch functions, call control functions and service control functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major advantage of information-centric networking (ICN) lies in in-network caching. Ubiquitous cache nodes reduce the user's download latency of content and the drain of network bandwidth, which enables efficient content distribution. Due to the huge cost of updating an entire network infrastructure, it is realistic for ICN to be integrated into an IP network, which poses new challenges to design a cache system and corresponding content router. In this paper, we firstly observed that the behavior pattern of data requests based on a name resolution system (NRS) makes an ICN cache system implicitly form a hierarchical and nested structure. We propose a complete design and an analytical model to characterize an uncooperative hierarchical ICN caching system compatible with IP. Secondly, to facilitate the incremental deployment of an ICN cache system in an IP network, we designed and implemented a cache-supported router with multi-terabyte cache capabilities. Finally, the simulation and measurement results show the accuracy of proposed analytical model, the significant gains on hit ratio, and the access latency of the hierarchical ICN cache system compared with a flat cache system based on naming routing, as well as the high performance of the implemented ICN router. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qubit transmission protocols are presently point-to-point, and thus restrictive in their functionality. A quantum router is necessary for the quantum Internet to become a reality. We present a quantum router design based on teleportation, as well as mechanisms for entangled pair management. The prototype was validated using a quantum simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During trimming of edges of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite parts, issues such as resin degradation, delamination, and poor surface finish at the trimmed edges, and increased tool wear in cutting tools used is common. Therefore, it is essential to carry out investigations on edge trimming of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer to find the effect of cutting forces generated and the cutting tool temperature induced at different high speeds and feeds conditions. In this work, two different-coated router tools of titanium aluminum nitride-coated and diamond-like carbon-coated routers were used for investigating the effect of these coatings on cutting force and cutting tool temperature which affect the surface quality of trimmed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. From the investigation, it was found that the diamond-like carbon-coated router tool has generated lower cutting forces, cutting tool temperatures, and, in turn, better surface finish even at high-speed conditions when compared to other tools. Due to the complex geometry of the router tool, online tool wear monitoring by acoustic emission technique was employed. Acoustic emission signals were taken as the measuring index of tool wear which shows good correlation with direct tool wear measurements. From the experiments, it was found that the tool performance of the diamond-like carbon-coated router is superior when compared to other tools. In addition, for edge trimming of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite parts, the diamond-like carbon router tool performed without much disturbance for a length of machining of around 5.9 m which is about 46% of increase in length of machining when compared to uncoated router tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a metasurface-based polarization router constructed by nano-elliptical cylinders. The router combines the functions of lens and blaze grating to sort harvest and sort polarized light in the radiative near-field. Different from most metasurfaces, which usually aim for 2π phase modulation, the TiO 2 meta-atom, with complex amplitude modulation, has a thickness of only 300 nm corresponding to π phase modulation. Though simultaneously manipulating the amplitude and phase of the meta-atom, we demonstrated a polarization router with exceptional capabilities in splitting both x - and y -polarization light in the radiative near-field. Blocking factors monitored at the corresponding x - and y -polarization pixels are 16.33 and 29.19, respectively. These remarkable results pave the way for promising applications, such as automotive sensing and polarization imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the process of smart space creation based on integration of Smart-M3 platform with a DD-WRT-based device. Smart-M3 is an open source platform which implements concept of smart space. Wi-Fi router is used as platform hosting which reduces the number of devices participating in smart space-based scenarios. The article covers a process of compilation and installation of Smart-M3 platform on DD-WRT-based Wi-Fi router. Evaluation shows that smart space organized this way can be used for scenarios with few participants. The authors developed “Smart-M3 Control Panel” web-service which allows users to control Smart-M3 platform by a graphical web interface. “Smart-M3 Control Panel” user can view the current status of platform; launch, stop, and reload it; view information storage content and change it; download log files; and change startup options. SocketIO interface was used for the user interaction with web service.

Copyright of Informacije MIDEM: Journal of Microelectronics, Electronic Components & Materials is the property of MIDEM Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)