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In this work, the three-dimensional free convection flow in a modeled room was studied for various Grashof numbers (Gr = 2 × 104 and 2 × 105) and Hartmann numbers (Ha = 0 and 100) by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), and the effect of magnetic field on the flow and temperature field was investigated. For consideration of the effect of magnetic field on particle behavior in a three-dimensional modeled room, 50,000 particles with sizes of 1 and 10 μm were injected into the room. The number of deposited particles on the different walls of the room was obtained, and it was observed that by increasing the Grashof number, the total number of deposited particles for both particle sizes and both Hartmann numbers enhances. Moreover, for Ha = 100, the number of deposited 10 μm particles on the walls increases. Therefore the number of suspended particles in the modeled room decreases, which is environmentally desirable. However, the number of deposited 1 μm particles on the walls decreases in the presence of the magnetic field. Furthermore, it was found that the gravity force has a significant effect on the particle deposition, as the number of deposited 10 μm particles on the floor is much larger than 1 μm particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Quality of life has been defined in a variety of ways depending on the context and the orientation of scholars. The purpose of the this study was to evaluate caregivers ' quality of life and also to investigate the correlation between quality of life of caregivers and their satisfaction with social work section services. Material & Method s : The present study employed a correlational design, with 125 caregivers of Iranian children with cancer. It was conducted at hospitals covered by MAHAK. Quality of life in caregivers was measured by the Iranian version of WHO, QOL-BREF . Satisfaction of social work section services was measured by questioner including six services. Data was analyzed by t-Test and ANOVA using SPSS-PC (v.17). Results : The scores of all dimensions of caregivers’ quality of life were lower than general population. The difference was significant in physical (p

In this work, the interaction impacts of solid nanoparticles and magnetic force on the entropy generation rates for three-dimensional forced convection over an inclined step in the presence of Brownian movement are examined. To achieve this goal, analysis of the thermodynamics second law is used. The working fluids in this three-dimensional problem are the Al 2 O 3 – H 2 O and CuO – H 2 O nanofluids. To consider the impact of Brownian movement on the effective properties of these both nanofluids, the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) correlation is applied. Impacts of magnetic force (H a = 0 – 100) and nanoparticles concentrations (ϕ = 0.0 – 0.06) on the entropy generation and the flow irreversibility are investigated in details. The predictions present that the Al 2 O 3 – H 2 O nanofluid is more suitable for the optimal design of the hydrothermal systems. Besides, the highest magnitudes of the total entropy generation number in downstream of step are noted for the case of H a = 100 and ϕ = 0.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Double Multi Relaxation Time Lattice Boltzmann method (DMRT-LBM) is utilized to investigate the particle motion in a modeled room for the first time. The effect of indoor heating system location has been considered on both particle deposition and convective heat transfer so six different positions have been selected for the heating system. Results are shown for two Rayleigh numbers (104 and 105) and different particle sizes (1 μ m and 10 μ m). To study the particle motion, after the flow reaches steady state, 50 000 particles are randomly injected to the room and the number of deposited particles on the walls has been reported for 100 s. Considering the present results, when the heating system is in the middle of the wall, the maximum heat transfer rate is seen for both Rayleigh numbers. Also, the number of deposited 1 μ m particles on the walls for all locations of the heating system is zero for R a = 104, so the number of suspended particles is the maximum. For both Rayleigh numbers and 10 μ m particles, the number of deposited particles is maximum when the heating system is fixed on the top of the wall. It is also concluded that when the heating system is located on the top of the wall, the number of suspended 1 μ m particles for R a = 105 reaches its maximum value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New numerical approach has been selected for simulating magnetic force and radiation influences on alumina transportation within a permeable medium. To enhance characteristics of working fluid, we choose Al2O3–water with various shapes of nanoparticles. Various amounts of radiation, magnetic force and buoyancy have been considered to show their impacts on nanoparticles transportation. Brownian motion influences on working fluid thermal conductivity and viscosity were involved. Outcomes prove that convection decreases with augment of magnetic forces. Considering radiation can increase Nusselt number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the lattice Boltzmann method was used to solve the turbulent and laminar natural convection in a square cavity. In this paper a fluid with Pr = 6.2 and different Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103, 104,105 for laminar flow and Ra = 107, 108,109 for turbulent flow) in the presence of a magnetic field (Ha = 0, 25, 50, and 100) was investigated. (Results show that the magnetic field drops the heat transfer in the laminar flow as the heat transfer behaves erratically toward the presence of a magnetic field in a turbulent flow. Moreover, the effect of the magnetic field is marginal for a turbulent flow in contrast with a laminar flow.The greatest influence of the magnetic field is observed at Ra = 105 from Ha = 0 to 100 as the heat transfer decreases significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to predict the deposition of particles on a newly designed passive dry deposition (Pas-DD) sampler. The sampler uses a parallel plate design and a conventional polyurethane foam (PUF) disk as the deposition surface. The deposition of particles with sizes between 0.5 and 10 μm was investigated for two different geometries of the Pas-DD sampler for different wind speeds and various angles of attack. To evaluate the mean flow field, the k-ɛ turbulence model was used and turbulent fluctuating velocities were generated using the discrete random walk (DRW) model. The CFD software ANSYS-FLUENT was used for performing the numerical simulations. It was found that the deposition velocity increased with particle size or wind speed. The modeled deposition velocities were in general agreement with the experimental measurements and they increased when flow entered the sampler with a non-zero angle of attack. The particle-size dependent deposition velocity was also dependent on the geometry of the leading edge of the sampler; deposition velocities were more dependent on particle size and wind speeds for the sampler without the bend in the leading edge of the deposition plate, compared to a flat plate design. Foam roughness was also found to have a small impact on particle deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the lattice Boltzmann method is used in order to investigate the natural convection in a cavity with linearly heated wall(s). The bottom wall is heated uniformly and the vertical wall(s) are heated linearly, whereas the top wall is insulated. Investigation has been conducted for Rayleigh numbers of 103 to 105, while Prandtl number is varied from 0.7 to 10. The effects of an increase in Rayleigh number and Prandtl number on streamlines, isotherm counters, local Nusselt number and average Nusselt number are depicted. It has been observed that the average Nusselt number at the bottom wall augments with an increase in Prandtl number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of turbulent natural convection with large-eddy simulations (LES) in a square cavity, which is filled by water/copper nanofluid, has been investigated. The present results are validated by the consequences of an experimental research at Pr = 0.71 and Ra = 1.58 × 109. Calculations are performed for high Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 107–109), low volume fractions of nanoparticles (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.06), and three aspect ratios (A = 0.5, 1, and 2). In this investigation, we present that large-eddy turbulent nanofluid flow is modeled by the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a clear and simple statement. Effects of nanopartcles are displayed on streamlines, isotherm counters, local Nusselt number, and average Nusselt number. The average Nusselt number enhances with the augmentation of the nanoparticles volume fractions in the base fluid for multifarious aspect ratios and the Rayleigh numbers. Heat transfer declines with the increase in the aspect ratios in the base fluid, but the effects of nanopaticles are dissimilar for various aspect ratios at different Rayleigh numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The round window niche and membrane can be involved in clinical problems including perilymphatic fistulas, sensorineural hearing loss in otitis media, and a variety of others. The background of these problems is documented by a review of the literature and recent experimental evidence on round window grafting and tracer studies. Clinical pathological correlates including recent clinical experience are discussed for perilymphatic fistulas (sudden deafness, chronic progressive fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, and association with Meniere's disease), sensorineural hearing loss in acute and chronic otitis media, and findings in round window membrane including absent round window reflex in cases of exploratory tympanotomy and otosclerosis. In addition, a new syndrome termed perilymphatic hypertension is described as seen in a subset of patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the analysis of the interacting influences of Lorentz force and bleeding on the hydrothermal behaviors of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow and entropy generation in a trapezoidal recess. This trapezoidal recess is created by two inclined steps in a horizontal channel. The Lorentz force is appeared due to the existence of a magnetic field in the flow domain. The Brownian motion influences on the effective characteristics of CuO -water nanofluid are considered to have more accuracy. The effects of bleeding coefficients (−0.005 ≤ V w ≤ + 0.005), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 60) and concentration of solid nanoparticles (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04) on the flow characteristics, heat transfer and flow irreversibility rates are investigated. The results show that the trends and values of friction coefficient, Nusselt number and entropy generation number can be different at the various magnitudes of Ha and V w , whereas the ϕ parameter only increases the values of them. These differences are related to the variations of streamlines contours against the Ha , V w and ϕ parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Interaction effects of an inclined magnetic field and nanofluid on the forced convection heat transfer and the flow irreversibility in a duct with an inclined FFS are studied. • The Hartmann number and the magnetic field inclination angle have the reverse effects on the heat transfer rates, whiles their influence on the flow irreversibility is increasing. • Nanoparticles volume fraction has an increasing effect on the heat transfer rates and the flow irreversibility. Abstract This research examines the interaction effects of an inclined magnetic field and nanofluid on forced convection heat transfer and flow irreversibility in a duct with an abrupt contraction. This contraction is created by an inclined forward facing step and is simulated using the Blocked region method. To analysis the flow irreversibility, the entropy generation number is calculated based on the second law of thermodynamics. The effects of Hartmann number H a = 0 - 100 , magnetic field inclination angle β = 0 Â ° - 90 Â ° and nanoparticles volume fraction ϕ = 0 - 0.06 on the values of friction coefficient, Nusselt number and entropy generation number are shown graphically. The results present that the Hartmann number and inclination angle of the magnetic field have the reverse effects on the heat transfer rate, whiles their influences on the flow irreversibility is significantly increasing. Also, total entropy generation number and average Nusselt number increase as the volume fraction of nanoparticles enhances from 0 to 0.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a safe sex norm questionnaire as an appropriate instrument which would be adaptable to the female sex worker (FSW) population. Study design A mixed method study. Methods Appropriate content was prepared through a literature review. Content validation indices were assessed using interviews with content experts and lay experts. A conservative approach was used to assess the inter-rater agreement among the participants about the instrument relevance and clarity. The scale content validity index was computed using the average method. Non-parametric Mokken scale analysis was used for assessing scalability and unidimensionality of the questionnaire in a sample of 170 FSWs in Tehran. To evaluate the reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire intra-class correlation and Cronbach's alpha were employed. Results A list of 34 items was finalized, with subscales for actual behavioral norms and for perceived norms. The relevance of the actual and perceived norms subscales in the final questionnaire was higher than 96%; clarity of the subtests was 99% and higher. The comprehensiveness of the actual and perceived norms subscales was 85% for both. Mokken scale analysis showed that the two subscales were distinct constructs, and all items are good indicators for the constructs. Conclusion Our findings support that the safe sex norm questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure that would be useful to harm reduction programs and help effective HIV prevention among female sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Natural convection in enclosures using water/SiO2 nanofluid is simulated with Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). This investigation compared with other numerical methods and found to be in excellent agreement. This study has been carried out for the pertinent parameters in the following ranges: the Rayleigh number of base fluid, Ra =103–105, the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles between 0 and 4% and aspect ratio (A) of the enclosure between 0.5 and 2. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is obtained on basis of experimental data. The comparisons show that the average Nusselt number increases with volume fraction for the whole range of Rayleigh numbers and aspect ratios. Also the effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer augments as the enclosure aspect ratio increases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An exact general analytical solution is derived for heat conduction problem in an axisymmetric cylinder made of functionally graded material whose thermal conductivity differs in two directions. It is assumed that the thermal conductivity coefficients in radial and longitudinal directions are the power functions of radius. This is accomplished by taking advantage of Sturm-Liouville theory to get a suitable Fourier transformation. The general inhomogeneous thermal boundary conditions are adopted in both radial and longitudinal directions. The obtained solution is adequately verified against available analytical results. Also, two illustrative cases are considered to guarantee the solution's accuracy from a practical perspective. Particularly, the importance of the material constants on temperature distribution in both radial and longitudinal directions is uncovered. The results show that the present exact solution satisfies well the energy equation and arbitrary complex boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, originally developed to describe disease morbidity, is commonly used to predict in-hospital mortality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many protocols for crisis standards of care used the SOFA score to select patients to be deprioritized due to a low likelihood of survival. A prior study found that age outperformed the SOFA score for mortality prediction in patients with COVID-19, but was limited to a small cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients and did not address whether their findings were unique to patients with COVID-19. Moreover, it is not known how well these measures perform across races. In this retrospective study, we compare the performance of age and SOFA score in predicting in-hospital mortality across two cohorts: a cohort of 2,648 consecutive adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to a large academic health system in the northeastern United States over a 4-month period in 2020 and a cohort of 75,601 patients admitted to one of 335 ICUs in the eICU database between 2014 and 2015. We used age and the maximum SOFA score as predictor variables in separate univariate logistic regression models for in-hospital mortality and calculated area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AU-ROCs) and area under precision-recall curves (AU-PRCs) for each predictor in both cohorts. Among the COVID-19 cohort, age (AU-ROC 0.795, 95% CI 0.762, 0.828) had a significantly better discrimination than SOFA score (AU-ROC 0.679, 95% CI 0.638, 0.721) for mortality prediction. Conversely, age (AU-ROC 0.628 95% CI 0.608, 0.628) underperformed compared to SOFA score (AU-ROC 0.735, 95% CI 0.726, 0.745) in non-COVID-19 ICU patients in the eICU database. There was no difference between Black and White COVID-19 patients in performance of either age or SOFA Score. Our findings bring into question the utility of SOFA score-based resource allocation in COVID-19 crisis standards of care., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Sherak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: We present the first published case of large foreign body reaction to Biodesign (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN), an acellular otologic graft matrix derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa, after use in tympanoplasty surgery in a patient without previous exposure to meat products., Methods: A single case report of a 39-year-old female who developed tinnitus, ear drainage, and large fibrotic mass in external auditory canal and extending into middle ear after Type I medial graft tympanoplasty with Biodesign Graft. Left endoscopic microdissection and resection of the tympanic membrane and middle ear fibrotic mass were performed., Main Findings: Surgical excision of the fibrous mass required extensive microdissection to ensure preservation of the ossicles and chorda tympani. Postoperatively, hearing improved and otalgia and otorrhea resolved., Conclusions: We report the first case of post-tympanoplasty reaction with the use of Biodesign acellular porcine graft in a patient with no previous known exposure to meat products. Although this presentation appears to be rare, it reinforces the need for careful patient selection and counseling around the use of porcine or other foreign grafts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Unequal utilization in healthcare can potentially affect the right to health. Access to healthcare services and achieving positive health outcomes and health equity are essential principles in promoting human rights. This study aims to assess and analyze socioeconomic-related inequalities in outpatient health services utilization (OHSU) among various socio-demographic subgroups to inform policies that foster health equity. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 1200 households in Tehran, Iran. Inequality in OHSU among the socio-demographic subgroups was calculated by concentration, Wagstaff, and Erigers indices. Decomposition was used to identify the factors contributing to inequality in OHSU. Marginal effect and elasticity were used to calculate the relative absolute shares of socio-demographic variables in the inequality. The rate of OHSU was 63.61% (CI: 60-66.80) which concentrated among households with better socioeconomic status. Based on the results, living in an affluent neighborhood (Relative share (RS): 85.48) and having a disabled member in the household (RS: 6.58) were the most important factors in the concentration of OHSU in favor of the privileged groups. In contrast, very low levels of health knowledge (RS: -83.79) and having basic insurance coverage (RS: -3.92) concentrated OHSU in favor of the lower socioeconomic households. The study was conducted based on survey data, and this may lead to some limitations. Given that this study was a cross-sectional study, we were unable to establish causal relationships between explanatory variables and outpatient health service utilization and its relevant predictors. Households with disabled member(s), as well as a member(s) with chronic diseases, may experience severe inequalities in access to healthcare services. Policies that facilitate access to health services for these households can play a significant role in improving health equity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of social support interventions (SSIs) on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV. We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library in September 9, 2020. English-language publications of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in peer-reviewed journals were considered eligible. To estimate the effects of SSIs on adherence to ART, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random effects models. Subgroup analysis was used to investigate the sources of heterogeneity. Of 243 records identified, 17 controlled trials were included. The meta-analysis found significant and moderate effect size in the improvement of adherence to ART from SSIs. Subgroup analysis showed that the study design, follow up duration, source of social support, and year of publication significantly moderated the effect sizes in the meta-analysis. Our findings support the hypothesis that social support interventions can improve adherence to ART. Using various types and sources of social support, further research is needed to assess the effect of SSIs on adherence to ART across different settings., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed the health and wellbeing of children. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the home environment and the environmental characteristics on 5-18 years old children health in Iran., Method: An online survey was conducted among parents of children aged 5 to 18 living in large cities in Iran in 2021. The statistical population of this cross-sectional study was 500 people. In this survey, questionnaires on the quality of the home environment, exterior and interior landscapes of homes, and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) were used to investigate the relationship between the home environment and environmental characteristics on 5-18 years old children health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The t -test and analysis of variance were used in SPSS 24, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized in AMOS 24 for analyzing the data., Results: The average age of respondents was 37.13 ± 7.20, and that of children was 11.57 ± 3.47. 73.02% of the families were covered by insurance, and 74.08% of them lived in the metropolis. In addition, 65.04% of the families complied with the restrictions of the quarantine period. A share of 31% of the families live in villas, and 55% paid more attention to cleaning their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. A positive and significant statistical relationship (β = 0.414, p < 0.001) was observed between the residence environment and child health. Thus, explained 17.5% of variations in child health., Conclusion: The results showed that the children who lived in homes with an exterior landscape in nature had better health. In addition, the 5-18 years old children whose home landscape was a garden, compared to the other two groups (yard, balcony), had better health. Gardens are a potential source of health and not necessarily replaced by other natural environments, thus providing them along with green space is one of the crucial issues that should be considered., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Golzarpour, Santana, Sajjadi, Ghaed Amini Harouni, Costa, Ziapour, Azizi, Akbari and Afrashteh.)

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed worldwide and the second leading cause of death among women. Virtual reality (VR) has many opportunities and challenges for breast cancer patients' rehabilitation and symptom management. The purpose of this systematic review is to look into the benefits and drawbacks of VR interventions for breast cancer patients., Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE, and the Cochrane Library, from inception until February 6, 2022. The inclusion criteria were: (1) original studies without restriction in study design; (2) a study population consisting of patients with breast cancer; (3) any type of VR-based interventions (immersive and non-immersive); and (5) studies published in English. To assess the risk of bias, the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Tool was used., Results: Eighteen articles were included in this systematic review. The result showed that VR could provide many opportunities for patients with breast cancer, including reducing anxiety, time perception, pain, fatigue, chemotherapy-related symptom distress levels, and depression severity, as well as improvement in the range of motion, strength, and function. Cybersickness symptoms, the weight of headsets and helmets, the quality of the visual image, and the cost of the equipment are some of the challenges in using this technology on these patients., Conclusions: The systematic review showed that VR interventions have opportunities and challenges for patients with breast cancer. VR can be effective for rehabilitation and symptom management and is used in different stages of treatment to improve the condition of patients with breast cancer. However, before using it, the researcher should consider its challenges., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. In addition, it accounted for approximately 10 million deaths in 2020 alone. Information and communication technologies have great potential for improving health education and communication. Social media is one of the technologies that can help patients with cancer and healthcare providers communicate and provide educational information. Social media are increasingly being used for health promotion and behaviour change. This is a protocol of systematic review to identify the effect of social media interventions on the education and communication among patients affected by cancer. This study aims to reveal the steps of conducting research that systematically reviews all studies for the specific objective. This study aims to examine the social media interventions to improve awareness and knowledge about the disease for patients with cancer and improve communication among them., Methods and Analysis: This protocol is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist. We will include experimental design studies that report the effect of social media interventions on education and communication among patients with cancer or malignancy and any stage of the disease. Interventions will be inclusive, using all social network platforms for patients' communication and education. We will search PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library from inception until 23 May 2022. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles with conflicts resolved through discussion or by a third reviewer, as needed. All titles, abstracts and full-text papers will be reviewed independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discrepancies will resolve by discussion or SRNK if needed. The two reviewers will also independently complete risk of bias assessments for each included study. The descriptive analysis, including frequency and percentage parameters, will be calculated based on the study's variables. Furthermore, we will report the results of the quality assessment of studies in table format. In the result section, a narrative synthesis will be applied to describe and compare the paper's results., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval will not be needed because the data to be used in this systematic review and meta-analysis will be extracted from published studies. It will be disseminated by publication in a peer-reviewed journal., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42022334691., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the auditory and speech outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in deaf-blind patients compared with deaf-only patients., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: Multiple cochlear implant centers., Patients: The current study was conducted on 17 prelingual deaf-blind children and 12 postlingual deaf-blind adults who underwent CI surgery. As a control group, 17 prelingual deaf children and 12 postlingual deaf adults were selected., Intervention: Cochlear implantation., Main Outcome Measures: Auditory and linguistic performances in children were assessed using the categories of auditory performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) scales, respectively. The word recognition score (WRS) was also used to measure speech perception ability in adults. The mean CAP, SIR, and WRS cores were compared between the deaf-only and deaf-blind groups before CI surgery and at "12 months" and "24 months" after device activation. Cohen's d was used for effect size estimation., Results: We found no significant differences in the mean CAP and SIR scores between the deaf-blind and deaf-only children before the CI surgery. For both groups, SIR and CAP scores improved with increasing time after the device activation. The mean CAP scores in the deaf-only children were either equivalent or slightly higher than those of the deaf-blind children at "12 months post-CI" (3.94 ± 0.74 vs 3.24 ± 1.25; mean difference score, 0.706) and "24 months post-CI" (6.01 ± 0.79 vs 5.47 ± 1.06; mean difference score, 0.529) time intervals, but these differences were not statistically significant. The SIR scores in deaf-only implanted children were, on average, 0.870 scores greater than the deaf-blind children at "12 months post-CI" (2.94 ± 0.55 vs 2.07 ± 1.4; p = 0.01, d = 0.97) and, on average, 1.067 scores greater than deaf-blind children at "24 months post-CI" (4.35 ± 0.49 vs 3.29 ± 1.20; p = 0.002; d = 1.15) time intervals. We also found an improvement in WRS scores from the "preimplantation" to the "12-month post-CI" and "24-month post-CI" time intervals in both groups. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the mean WRS in the deaf-only adults was, on average, 10.61% better than deaf-blind implanted adults at "12 months post-CI" (62.33 ± 9.09% vs 51.71 ± 10.73%, p = 0.034, d = 1.06) and, on average, 15.81% better than deaf-blind adults at "24-months post-CI" (72.67 ± 8.66% vs 56.8 ± 9.78%, p = 0.002, d = 1.61) follow-ups., Conclusion: Cochlear implantation is a beneficial method for the rehabilitation of deaf-blind patients. Both deaf-blind and deaf-only implanted children revealed similar auditory performances. However, speech perception ability in deaf-blind patients was slightly lower than the deaf-only patients in both children and adults., Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial conflicts or other conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022, Otology & Neurotology, Inc.)

Climate change affects human health, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) incidence is one of the health impacts of climate change. This study is a retrospective cohort study. Data have been collected from the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education between 17 February 2016 and17 February 2018. The Neural Network Model has been used to predict SARS infection. Based on the results of the multivariate Poisson regression and the analysis of the coexistence of the variables, the minimum daily temperature was positively associated with the risk of SARS in men and women. The risk of SARS has increased in women and men with increasing daily rainfall. According to the result, by changes in bioclimatic parameters, the number of SARS patients will be increased in cities of Iran. Our study has shown a significant relationship between SARS and the climatic variables by the type of climate and gender. The estimates suggest that hospital admissions for climate-related respiratory diseases in Iran will increase by 36% from 2020 to 2050. This study demonstrates one of the health impacts of climate change. Policymakers can control the risks of climate change by mitigation and adaptation strategists.

Objective: School textbooks have a significant role in transferring knowledge to the students and changing their behavior. This work aims to analyze school textbooks to find the representation of natural hazards in Iran, which is vital for supporting children in disaster situations., Methods: In this study, a qualitative content analysis was used. Data were analyzed qualitatively by using MAXQDA 2018 software. For the 2019-2020 school year, 300 Iranian school textbooks in Persian language were collected., Results: Findings of this work show that students receive information about disaster risk reduction (DRR) education through the primary and secondary grade levels in all 12 grades. The educational content covers various types of natural hazards, including geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological, and biological disasters. In addition, the textbooks contain discussions about local hazards, causes and effects of disasters, and the disaster management cycle., Conclusions: The coverage of DRR and the relevant contents in school textbooks reveals that the discourse of natural hazards is important for Iranian authorities, especially in the education system. This study helps decision-makers and practitioners design more effective interventions to prepare children for disasters.