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Taking Habermas’ 2023 statement on Palestinians-Israel as the point of entry, this article examines his concept of critique. Against the dominant view of him as a philosopher of ‘universalism’ and ‘critical rationality,’ my thesis is that Habermas is an ethnic thinker, for, his ideas of critique and universalism unidirectionally rest on ‘to all’ rather than ‘from all.’ Consequently, it is missionary and borders on Islamophobia, particularly after 9/11. I show how Habermas’ denial of Palestinians’ genocide and his unqualified support to ‘Israel's right to exist’ as integral to Germany's ‘democratic ethos’ is neither an ample departure from his participation in the Hitler Youth nor from his understanding of the Enlightenment-modernity but largely their offshoots. I also juxtapose Habermas’ role as a public intellectual with that of Imam Malik (d. 795) who chose to be flogged rather than parrot unjust language of power elites. I conclude with three broad implications this article has in the field of teaching in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a constructivist critique of Frank Harvey's 'Gore-War' counterfactual, in which he argues that the hypothetical President Al Gore also would have gone to war with Iraq. Harvey overlooks how the George W. Bush administration shaped the structural context in which it acted in ways that made war increasingly likely. I trace two key phases in the road to war in which this dynamic occurred: 1. The half-year after 9/11 in which Bush established Iraq as the centerpiece of his response to terrorism. 2. The period from fall 2002 to early 2003 in which Bush pursued the strategy of 'coercive diplomacy' in a manner that all but predetermined the failure of inspections. Using historical evidence about the views of Gore, his likely advisors, and the Democratic policy establishment, I argue for the plausibility of the 'Gore-Peace' counterfactual in which President Gore shaped the context of decision-making on Iraq differently than Bush, prioritized Iraq less, and thereby avoided generating pressure or momentum for war. I conclude with reflections on this argument's implications for counterfactual methodology, historiography, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan ended twenty years of military conflict begun after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. By almost every reasonable definition, the United States lost this conflict. Such an outcome should not have been likely given the resources and military might of the United States against non-state actors and lesser developed countries. Here we provide an examination of how and why America lost the war on terror in order to better understand how America ended up worse off than it began, hoping that similar mistakes might be avoided in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an old debate in social science, what is most influential, actors or structures? The paper resumes the discussion by concretely asking, how can the radical policy shift towards West Africa in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the US in September 11, 2001, be explained by applying an agency-structure approach? The article applies a theoretical framework combining neo-classical realist thinking with the reasoning found in historical institutionalism. Concepts like path dependency and critical juncture are helpful. The roles and priorities of the core foreign policy actors in the United States and in the European Union are discussed before the article identifies international and domestic structures that might constrain the role and influence of the relevant foreign policy decision-makers. It is concluded that neither international nor domestic structures represented strong obstacles to the foreign policy decision makers' ambitions to implement radical policy changes towards West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neocolonialism amounts to the contemporary practices conducted by imperialists to exploit underdeveloped countries after decolonization. Initially, neocolonialists performed indirect methods, such as economic and logistic support to the monarchs or governments and radical groups that were heavily influenced by political Islam, in the Middle East, but it has then evolved into an extreme form through direct military interventions after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The study argues that those practices have dislocated Middle Easterners, and their dislocations are associated with the unfixity of identities. Grounding on Deleuze and Guattarian nomadology and identifying their dislocations as neocolonial deterritorialization, the study examines the changes Middle Easterners experience due to their exposure to the factors in neocolonial spaces and in new territories. In this regard, tthe study aims to analyse the deterritorializing impacts of neocolonialism on Middle Easterner immigrants in Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Exit West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the factors contributing to inferior vena cava (IVC) filter removal failure by comparing successful and failed cases using advanced techniques. Materials and Methods: IVC filter removal was attempted in 331 patients. Of the 29 patients in whom IVC filter removal failed using a simple technique, the IVC filter was successfully removed using an advanced technique in 18 patients and failure was noted in 11 patients. Age, sex, filter type, indwelling period, IVC diameter, tilting angle between the IVC and the filter, IVC wall penetration of the filter strut, and whether the filter was embedded or endothelialized within the IVC wall were compared in each group. Results: Overall, there were 13 men (72%) in the success group and 3 men (27%) in the failure group; more women were present in the failure group (p = 0.027). Unlike in the success group, hook embedment (9/11, 82%) or IVC filter endothelialization (2/11, 18%) within the wall of the IVC were observed in the failure group using two-dimensional venography. Conclusion: When using advanced techniques for IVC filter removal, females are at a higher risk of failure compared to males. Hook embedment and IVC filter endothelialization within the IVC wall, rather than penetration of the IVC wall, are crucial factors in failure of IVC filter removal using advanced techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The events of 9/11 not only caused anger and fear among citizens the world over, but also led to counterterrorist legislation (CTL) in many countries. This paper identifies the most important determinants of passing CTL and the effects of such legislation on the likelihood of future terrorist attacks and on civil liberties. We particularly focus on the interplay between constitutionalized emergency provisions and CTL. We find that constitutional emergency provisions seem unrelated to CTL. It is not newly passed CTL, which drives civil liberties down, but, rather, the terrorist attacks themselves and the immediate and unmediated government responses to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East is a complex geographical region, and the events of the past 100 years have affected the world. Although various issues in the regional, political, economic and social fields of the Middle East have led to large-scale conflicts, the conflict today is taking place on a strategic scale and based on the interests of the powers in the region. Since the events of 9/11, new factors such as al-Qaeda terrorism, regional crises in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, along with the growing role of Shiites in the regional power structure and, of course, nuclear Iran, have led to linking the politics and security of the Middle East with international security, and turning Middle East issues into International and public issues. This research reviews the conflicts and challenges in the Middle East region, with a study of the case of Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of geopolitical conflicts such as the war in the Middle East, the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have led to a sharp rise in global geopolitical risks, which in turn have generated geopolitical risk spillovers between countries or regions and exacerbated the crisis of geopolitical risk contagion at the international level. Identifying the level of global geopolitical risk contagion and its contagion path has become an important task for countries to prevent external risk contagion and maintain national security. In order to study the size of the global geopolitical risk spillover level and the direction of spillover, We based on the monthly geopolitical risk indices of 43 countries or regions around the world from 1985 to 2022, combines the volatility spillover index model with the social network analysis method, constructs a global geopolitical risk spillover network and analyzes its network characteristics, and further introduces the volatility spillover index model with time-varying parameters (TVP-VARDY) and quantile volatility spillover index model (QVAR-DY) are further introduced to analyze the spillover effect and its risk contagion network. The results of the study show that: First, systemic geopolitical risk is high from an overall perspective, and the spillover effect of geopolitical risk among countries or regions around the globe is obvious; Second, the United States and Germany are at the center of the spatial spillover network of geopolitical risk; Third, the spillover network varies among different levels of development and different geographic locations under the time-varying perspective; Fourth, under the quartile perspective, Brazil is the recipient of risk volatility spillover at low quantiles, while China is the recipient of risk volatility spillover at high quantiles; Fifth, under the time-frequency perspective, geopolitical risk spillovers vary under different cycles. The above empirical findings, in the context of China's specific realities, provide useful insights for China in preventing geopolitical risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the contemporary discourses and debates that surround the sociology of spirituality, with especial attention to the term "spirituality". To counter the widespread belief that this term lacks clarity and utility, I suggest reconsidering Max Weber's use of the term "spirit," as it refers to a recognisable ethic that results in specific behaviour, while still retaining its religious and spiritual connotations. Through focusing on two influential English figures in the post 9/11 God debate in the West, Richard Dawkins and Karen Armstrong, I provide a brief case study of how Weber's understanding of "spirit" serves great utility in illuminating what drives the ideas, identity-making and behaviour of contemporary atheists and those defending religion. By utilising Weber's "spirit," rather than the term spirituality, I demonstrate that this enables us to dig deep into the social context and backgrounds of these two individuals, and to avoid taking their statements at face value – a common criticism of sociology of spirituality studies. I argue that the use of "spirit," in terms of a recognisable ethic that results in specific behaviour, would benefit the sociology of spirituality. This is because it grounds the God debaters' ideas and beliefs in a recognisable human experience that eludes reductive distinctions and disembodied abstractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This lecture addressed the consolidation and expansion of counterterrorism norms and institutions since 9/11. The rise of counterterrorism has enabled the consolidation of autocracy, sustained democratic backsliding and undermined the capacity of civil society to function across the globe. The impact on human rights has been extensive and highly detrimental to the most vulnerable individuals and groups across the world. Drawing on my work as United Nations Special Rapporteur on Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights since my 2017 appointment, the lecture shows the hard choices that must be made nationally and globally to reverse these trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews three recent books covering a broad spectrum of deterrence research and uses them to argue for a properly constituted field of Deterrence Studies. Having declined after the Cold War, research slowly revived after 9/11, and then picked up rapidly in the last decade with the rise of great power competition. Having been consigned to the academic margins for decades, such is the centrality of deterrence in international affairs, and the continued growth of multi- and interdisciplinary research on the topic, that it deserves its own field, rather than indefinitely remaining as a subset of other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effectiveness of post-9/11 U.S. counterterrorism policies in preventing terror attacks and reducing casualties against American targets within and outside the United States. Monthly data on terrorism incidents from July 1981 through December 2020 were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (N = 462). The results of monthly interrupted time-series analyses showed that within the United States, after the 9/11 attacks, the number of attacks, the number of successful attacks, and the successful attack rate statistically significantly decreased in the first month following 9/11; then, no significant increase was observed in the trend of those outcomes. Outside the United States, after the 9/11 attacks, the trend of the number of successful attacks, the number of victims, the number of nonfatal victims, and the victim rate statistically significantly decreased. The results suggest that post-9/11 U.S. counterterrorism policies are effective both domestically and internationally. These findings and their policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty years after the 9/11 attacks, the current status and future of al-Qaeda is a central policy question, especially as the U.S. government looks to pivot away from counterterrorism toward managing great power competition. This article presents a debate on this issue between Daniel Byman and Asfandyar Mir. Mir argues that al-Qaeda remains a significant threat, committed to fighting the United States despite pressures to alter direction. The control of al-Qaeda central over its major regional affiliates remains strong, with steady growth in capability. It also retains important allies and has major opportunities due to the return of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the domestic political environment, changing priorities in the United States, and great power competition. Byman, in contrast, contends that al-Qaeda suffers debilitating organizational problems, with affiliates having localized and the movement lacking a haven remotely comparable to pre-9/11 Afghanistan. In addition, improved counterterrorism keeps al-Qaeda off balance. If al-Qaeda remains a major threat, counterterrorism must remain among the United States' major national security priorities, even if it is not the top one, and robust counterterrorism measures need to be sustained. If al-Qaeda is weak, the importance of counterterrorism in the hierarchy of U.S. foreign policy priorities can fall substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, terrorism in the name of Islam has become a common occurrence in Indonesia. As a result, violent images of Islam widely circulated in the media. Islam and its minor images have permeated the Indonesian entertainment media landscape, including independent cinema. This study addresses the lack of research on Indonesian independent films with Islamic themes. In its earliest stage, this study studied how an independent movie, Train To Heaven (TTH), examined the language surrounding terrorism in the name of Islam. The analysis in this paper, which was conducted within the context of social semiotics, indicated that the sarcastic tones used in the text were consistent with the film's principal focus, which was rejecting violent acts in the name of Islam. TTH, an independent film that tackles the issue of terrorism committed in the name of Islam, frequently expresses resistance to the act at the outset of its cinematic portrayal. As the scenes develop, the story becomes increasingly ambiguous. TTH's antagonistic stance on alleged Islamic terrorism has not been maintained. The emergence of contradictions after the story, the TTH indie film's position, which has not been fully designed to address a specific alternative "voice," and the Islamic dynamics in Indonesia, which are not well mapped in discourse formation, are some of the particular factors that contributed to the ideological ambiguity of TTH's existence. Lastly, TTH's oppositional positioning or subtleties of resistance are questionable. The linguistic creation appears to be overtaken by ideological ambiguities. There is no doubt that Islamic doctrinal viewpoints will never include the death of God. The ending of the film was incongruous with the subject of criticism from the start, resulting in a confusing discourse about Islam and terrorism. Finally, this study reveals that TTH is ambiguous in defining the extent of its critique, whether it is directed at acts of terrorism in the name of Islam or Islamic beliefs. This study is limited by its focus on a single independent film, TTH, and is constrained by the evolving nature of Indonesian cinema and global perceptions of Islam and terrorism. Future research should examine a broader range of Indonesian indie films, explore the relationship between media representation, religion, and societal values, and consider audience reception studies to deepen the understanding of how such films are interpreted across different cultural and demographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism markets have faced significant challenges due to global geopolitical and economic events. This study aims to investigate the asymmetric connectedness across regional and country-level tourism markets. By employing a time–frequency-domain analysis informed by the efficient market hypothesis and modern portfolio theory, we construct connectedness networks for both regional and country-level markets. Our findings reveal a strong asymmetric connectedness in these markets, with negative return spillovers being particularly prominent during events such as the 9/11 attacks, London and Madrid bombings, the 2007–2009 global financial crisis, European debt crisis, Syrian and Libyan civil wars, the emergence of ISIS, and the COVID-19 outbreak. These insights offer valuable implications for stakeholders in regional and country-level tourism markets and suggest effective strategies for recovery and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that feminist phenomenology offers an essential set of conceptual tools for analysing forms of violence which destroy the body beyond the point of death. To illustrate the potential utility of this approach, I apply this lens to the 11 September 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. I identify several distinct modes of bodily transformation from the attack, grouped into three broad categories: vaporised bodies, intermingled remains, and hidden fragments. I describe how these transformations unsettled the relationships between bodies and contexts, and occasioned the formation of new relationships in ways that heightened and extended the violence of the attack. I end with a discussion of attempts to resettle and repair these relationships through the creation of fictive bodies. These fictive bodies aim to repair the specific harms caused by the derangement of bodily relations by re-establishing firm boundaries between heroic, national bodies, and the monstrous body of the attacker. Through rigorous engagement with this case, I illustrate the unique potential of feminist phenomenology to account for the relationships between bodies, objects, and spaces as the site of political meaning-making in the aftermath of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling mental health condition arising from experiencing serious traumatic events. This study investigated if PTSD secondary to the World Trade Center terrorist attack on 11 September 2001 (9/11) is associated with self‐reported doctor's diagnosis of periodontitis and count of missing teeth.Data from the World Trade Center Health Registry, 2003–2020 (n = 20 826) were used to prospectively examine the rate of periodontitis and cross‐sectionally the odds of missing teeth among enrolees with/without PTSD post‐9/11 using a modified Poisson regression and generalised logit model, respectively, adjusted for covariates.Approximately 17% reported a doctor's diagnosis of PTSD post‐9/11 and 7.4% a doctor's diagnosis of periodontitis. There were 355 new cases of periodontitis (incidence rate = 7.6 per 1000 person‐years) among those with PTSD and a rate of 4.3 per 1000 person‐years among those without PTSD. The covariate‐adjusted rate ratio for periodontitis comparing those with and without PTSD = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.74). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) comparing those with and without PTSD were, respectively, OR = 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.25) and OR = 1.41 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.83) for missing 1–5 teeth and all teeth missing, respectively, as compared to no missing teeth.PTSD post‐9/11 appears to be associated with poorer oral health outcomes, underscoring the far‐reaching consequences of traumatic events on oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the effects of the 9/11/2001 terrorist attacks on the salience of moral words and phrases in the United States, Great Britain, and Spanish-speaking countries, focusing particularly on those phrases related to authority and loyalty. Our predictions were that the 9/11 attacks would increase the salience of authority phrases suggestive of disorder ("chaos", "disobedience", etc, labeled authority-vice) and decrease words and phrases suggestive of organization ("hierarchy", "obedient", etc: authority-virtue) in books published in the United States. Similarly, we anticipated that the salience of phrases consistent with fidelity to members of one's social group ("allegiance", "one for all", loyalty-virtue), would decrease, and those suggestive of social corrosion ("betrays", "back stabs", loyalty-vice) would increase. To test these predictions, we calculated the relative frequency of authority-vice, authority-virtue, loyalty-vice, and loyalty-virtue phrases, as well as those associated with other moral values, in books published in the U.S., Great Britain, and Spanish-speaking countries for each year between 1960 and 2019. A Bayesian structural time-series approach for each type of phrase provided additional support for the hypotheses for books published in the United States. Descriptive analyses suggested that the period following 9/11 was characterized by a deceleration in historical trends toward increasing use of moral vocabulary in published books. We discuss the implications of our findings for the measurement of cultural values and the impact of terrorism events on moral foundations and suggest that the encoding of these value shifts in texts is one way in which cultural effects are sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the development of Jihadi Salafism in the United States through the intellectual identity and approach to jihad notion of Palestinian-American Salafi preacher Ahmad Musa Jibril. Since the 1980s, Salafism has been at the center of academic debates both in the Islamic world and the West. The United States holds a significant position in the history of Jihadi Salafism. However, the ideological development of Jihadi Salafi preachers operating in the U.S. has not been thoroughly examined or researched in depth. To date, no comprehensive study has focused on Jibril's ideology on the subject matter. This research aims to fill the gap in relation by analyzing Jibril's intellectual life, lectures, writings, and certain online seminars delivered by him to shed light on his approach to global jihad and the development of his jihadist rhetoric. Following the 9/11 attacks, U.S. policies conducted across the Islamic world increased the legitimacy of Jihadi Salafi groups and contributed to the global jihadist narrative. This study investigates Jibril's ideological development and approach to global jihad, analyzing the influence of Saudi Sahwa scholars and Salafi thinkers aligned with al-Qaeda on Jibril. As per Quintan Wiktorowicz's classification of Salafism into three categories-purists, politicos, and jihadists-Jibril's perspective on jihad is interpreted. The main claim of this study is that the radicalization within Saudi Salafism, political crises in the Islamic world, and U.S. policies have shaped Jibril's Jihadi Salafism. This analysis uses document and discourse analysis to address the gap in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When recalling autobiographical events, people not only retrieve event details but also the feelings they experienced. The current study examined whether people are able to consistently recall the intensity of past feelings associated with two consequential and negatively valenced events, i.e. the 9/11 attack (N = 769) and the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 726). By comparing experienced and recalled intensities of negative feelings, we discovered that people systematically recall a higher intensity of negative feelings than initially reported – overestimating the intensity of past negative emotional experiences. The COVID-19 dataset also revealed that individuals who experienced greater improvement in emotional well-being displayed smaller biases in recalling their feelings. Across both datasets, the intensity of remembered feelings was correlated with initial feelings and current feelings, but the impact of the current feelings was stronger in the COVID-19 dataset than in the 9/11 dataset. Our results demonstrate that when recalling negative autobiographical events, people tend to overestimate the intensity of prior negative emotional experiences with their degree of bias influenced by current feelings and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing critical literature has pinpointed how the concept of 'terrorism' has successfully been shaped as a powerful imperialist tool, especially since 9/11. This article adopts an Althusserian approach to examine how the imperialist concept of terrorism functions socially through a process of interpellation that leads privileged individuals to perceive themselves as 'potential victims' but ultimately positions them as consumers of warfare. This interpellation reinforces an idealist narrative that frames history as a relentless struggle of man against man, rather than as a social story shaped by historical relations of production. From an Althusserian perspective, human beings are social beings within a mode of production geared towards the profit of an imperialist elite. Furthermore, since the onset of capitalism's structural crisis in the 1970s, militarism and war-in-itself have become fundamental to the accumulation of monopoly-financial capital by the imperialist elite. In this context, terrorism is ideologically deployed to construct a division between the West and 'others,' justifying endless warfare while diverting attention from the underlying class contradictions of imperialism. The perpetual 'war on terror' has become a spectacle, obscuring individuals' class positions and the reality of global militarization in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of safety and security literature has been notably accompanied with the rise of modern terrorism, above all after the attacks to World Trade Center in 2001. This was the first bloody incident where four commercial airplanes have been weaponized against the most powerful nation in the planet. Like the recent COVID-19 pandemic, 9/11 has changed not only geopolitics but travel behavior as never before. In this grim context, the present conceptual article focuses and examines the evolution of safety???security literature head by Event Management , as fertile ground in Event Management and Tourism studies, because of terrorism. We identify three academic schools that in different stages make a seminal contribution to the studied field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Informational support is a fundamental element in decision-making processes. Although the importance and necessity of intelligence has been demonstrated throughout history in armed conflicts, other events with impact on society, such as the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, have imposed a change in perception regarding the intelligence support areas of application within the air transport system. Even though aviation safety is the basis of air operations, civil or military, aviation security has become vital due to rapidly and unpredictably changing global security challenges. Nowadays, in the context of global security challenges, lessons learned have led to the involvement of defence information support (intelligence) in ensuring global aviation security; artificial intelligence and advanced technologies enable a quick response to identified threats and risks, an aspect recently demonstrated in the civil air transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on predictors of successful terrorism incidents is scarce and warrants more scholarly attention to minimize the number of successful terrorist attacks. This study examined whether suicide attack, region, weapon type, attack type, target/victim type, and type of terrorist organization are predictors of successful terrorism incidents. The data contained global terrorism incidents that occurred between 1970 and 2019 and were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (N = 154,289). The results of multivariate analyses obtained from the binary logistic regression test showed that successful terrorism is less likely to occur in North America but, when such attacks do occur, they are more likely to involve facility/infrastructure as the attack type and a firearm as the weapon type; target private citizens and property; and be committed by religious terrorist organizations. The findings of the study and its policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how and why the northwest borderland region of Pakistan has become one of the world’s most heavily militarised regions. Before 9/11, the area was a historical colonial frontier, experiencing significant militarism and violence during the Cold War. After the 9/11 attacks and the American and allied forces’ invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, however, the Pakistani military undertook a massive intervention and deployment in the region and established a chain of checkpoints aimed at filtering and disciplining the local population. Consequently, local inhabitants have endured severe treatment from the military and other coercive apparatuses. Using an ethnographic method, this article documents the daily experiences of the local people amidst pervasive militarisation. It contends that recent instances of state violence and militarisation cannot solely be attributed to 9/11 but are deeply rooted in the region’s historical treatment as a buffer zone during colonial times. In this context, Pakistan’s postcolonial state has heavily relied on its violent methods and securitised infrastructure to regulate both the region and its people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans have been the target of hate crimes in the United States. Data from multiple sources reveals that hate crimes increase following seminal events. Two events in particular, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the COVID-19 pandemic, led to spikes in hate directed at Asian Americans, including adolescents. These acts of hate can range from bullying on social media to violent attacks. This paper presents four such cases of hate along with the statistics surrounding pre- and post-event hate crimes and incidents. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the perspectives and emotions of others. The lack of empathy leads to prejudice and hate. Adolescence is a unique time for human development. Under the correct circumstances, intergroup contact with empathy activation has the ability to reduce hate. Further, as empathy is a teachable trait, schools have a critical role to play in adolescent social and moral development. A lack of research exists on empathy education in adolescents. This paper reviews the current literature and suggests that empathy education may reduce prejudice. As these events are likely to occur in the future, it is the position of this paper that empathy education may reduce hate, including violent hate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I find myself being resident in an ahistorical Orwellian and movie-like ground hog day repetitive cycle of bearing witness to the American political scene. This addendum revisits, consistent with this cycle, my earlier paper on sentience groups. "Sentience In Contemporary Conservative American Politics" that was published in this Journal in 2020. It made the argument that sentience groups exist in many forms where the bonds are of an emotional nature but can become rationalized by formulating them into ideological perspectives (backward engineering). This sociopolitical dynamic provides a basis for acting on these shared emotions where, for example, MAGA paranoid leaders see that there are enemies everywhere that must be defended against by constructing boundaries, barriers, and walls to maintain their sentience bonds and their group's "purity." The accompanying fears and threats have become the basis for these shared social bonds that create a binary polarized societal distribution. Now in 2024 the binary political landscape is one that is hard to believe. It is filled with hard to imagine metaphoric rabbit holes that lead to what are hard to imagine possibilities within the MAGA sentience world--not dissimilar to the failures to imagine that are said to have led to 9/11 (Allcorn, 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how non-state actors in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have engaged in foreign aid historically and against the backdrop of tightening national regulations in each of the four countries. While scholarship has focused on state-linked development funds and aid modalities, the analysis explores the spaces within which Gulf-based non-state actors have operated. The September 11 attacks in 2001 and the Arab Spring upheaval in 2011 altered the parameters of these spaces in country-distinct ways. An opening section differentiates among the types of non-state actors, including charities, humanitarian and other forms of foundations, and private fundraising at individual and communal levels. A second section explores the degree to which non-state actors have the capability to act autonomously from state interests and objectives or whether they have been instrumentalised as tools to increase the legitimacy and effectiveness of state policies. Such an approach can bring pushback, and a third section examines pushback and the ways in which both states and the various non-state groups have evolved over the past two decades. The article ends by asking how generalisable the experience of Gulf-based non-state actors is, given the distinctive political economy within which they have operated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many ways, 9/11 and the subsequent 'Global War on Terror' came to represent defining factors for the evolution of the Gulf States' development and humanitarian assistance. In this context, this article explains how the Gulf States responded to these accusations. It argues that Gulf aid has undergone profound changes in terms of transparency, allocation patterns, sources of aid provision, and coordination with multilateral organisations. This 'branding' aims to thwart accusations of supporting extremist groups and to create a new image for the Gulf States as big donors, transparent, humanitarian actors with efficient funding mechanisms. Reflecting on the 'new' image that the Gulf States are seeking to propagate as donors, this article explains the loopholes in this narrative. Specifically, it reveals, inter alia, that a small fraction of aid is channelled through multilateral organisations, that humanitarian assistance is allocated mostly to regions where the Gulf States are involved in conflicts, and that transparency in foreign aid is merely based on the Gulf States' reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that, led by the U.S., a transformation of trans-Atlantic counter-terrorism (CT) has occurred since 9/11. However, a theoretically informed framework for understanding how this has happened remains elusive. Using post-Fordist industrial theory and new evidence collected from senior practitioners across the trans-Atlantic space, this article provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding how states have transformed CT organization since 9/11, primarily in response to global jihadism. It shows how many of these solutions are remarkably similar and based on post-Fordist business and/or military best practices, including centralization and decentralization; integration of core and periphery workforces; a network approach to knowledge sharing; and outsourcing. The conclusion discusses the effectiveness of these solutions and their use in meeting new policy challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine how pre-9/11 America is portrayed in Pakistani diasporic fiction, and how it shapes Pakistani Muslim identity influencing the interplay between religious and cultural identities. This study applies Aroosa Kanwal's theory of Rethinking Identities in Contemporary Pakistani Fiction: Beyond 9/11 and Samuel P. Huntington's theory of Clash of Civilizations and the Making of a New World Order to analyze both novels to contextualize Pakistan's cultural and religious representation in the pre-9/11 American cities.A qualitative approach has been adopted using interpretation as a research method. The study reveals that both novels emphasize the complex relationship between religious and diasporic identities and challenges experienced by the Pakistani diaspora in pre-9/11 contexts. The study suggests that future research should explore the evolution of Pakistani diasporic fiction post-9/11 to compare how shifting global attitudes have influenced representations of religious and cultural identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Pakistan's preventive detention policy, focusing on its conflict between national security and individual liberties. The policy, implemented after the 9/11 attacks, aims to hold individuals suspected of terrorism responsible for any crime but their suspecting terrorism status. However, critics argue it undermines constitutionalism, particularly the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty and personal liberty. The study uses qualitative legal and case study research to analyze Pakistan's preventive detention laws and detainee experiences. Results show that while the policy has reduced terrorism incidences, it has also led to significant human rights violations. Critics blame the lack of judicial review and misuse by security teams. The paper recommends addressing the issue of preventive detentions in Pakistan and ensuring a balance between security and liberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of this writing, the twentieth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks and a capstone edited book that defines the narrative tradition of libraries and democracy have come and gone. They are related. There is cause for reassessment in light of those two decades and widespread worry about democracy, with parallels in libraries. The library and information science field must deepen its understanding of democracy, but do so in a way that does not abandon the historic commitments characterized in the capstone book. I propose a switch in perspective to libraries in the life of democracy, from democracy in the life of libraries. This article describes the defining narrative and then explores the idea of civic republican (active) citizenship, on which the defining narrative draws heavily, revealing a democracy-within-the-life-of-libraries perspective. "Actually existing democracy" is sketched in contrast, which fosters a libraries-within-the-life-of-democracy approach. Factors working against and for democracy in libraries in the past two decades are presented in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catastrophic events of September 11, 2001, stand out as a major motivation for research on improving the understanding of structural behaviour in fire. These events included the first complete collapse of a tall steel framed structure solely due to fire. World Trade Center 7 (WTC7) was a 47-storey office building within the WTC complex that collapsed due to a fire initiated by debris from the collapse of WTC1. In the following years, detailed investigations were carried out by expert teams to pinpoint the cause of the progressive failure of WTC7. Each of the expert teams analysed the fire and structure and made varying conclusions with regards to the mechanisms responsible for initiating and propagating the collapse of the building. This paper revisits the collapse of WTC7 and its investigation, and then explores the hypothesis that a potential hydrocarbon fire may have compromised the large transfer structure within the mechanical space of the building. This is done via two OpenSees finite element models. The first model explores the thermomechanical response of the mechanical floors to a potential diesel fire, and the second investigates the response of the structure to a failure caused by that fire. The outcome of the analyses shows that it is feasible that a mechanical room fire could lead to a failure in the transfer structure, which would then result in the loss of support to at least two columns within the building core. The failure of these columns may unbrace the eastern-most core columns and precipitate in the failure of the structure as observed on 9/11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We evaluated the efficacies of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) of two clinically utilized sulbactam regimens: 1 g q6h 0.5 h infusion (maximum FDA-approved dosage) and 3 g q8h 4 h infusion (high-dose, prolonged-infusion regimen), against Acinetobacter baumannii in a translational murine model. Methods Thirty-two clinical A. baumannii isolates were investigated, of which 16 were sulbactam resistant (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L), 6 were sulbactam intermediate (MIC = 8 mg/L) and 10 were sulbactam susceptible (MIC ≤ 4 mg/L). Efficacies of the two sulbactam HSRs were assessed in the neutropenic murine pneumonia model. Changes in log10 cfu/lungs at 24 h compared with 0 h controls were measured, and efficacy was defined as achieving 1 log kill relative to baseline. WGS of the isolates and bioinformatics analysis were performed to explore potential associations between the genomic backgrounds and the in vivo responses. Results Eleven isolates harboured bla OXA-23, of which 10 were sulbactam resistant, 1 was sulbactam intermediate while none was sulbactam susceptible. Both sulbactam HSRs achieved >1 log kill against sulbactam-susceptible isolates. Against sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates, lack of efficacy correlated with the presence of the bla OXA-23 gene; sulbactam 1 g HSR and 3 g HSR did not show efficacy against 11/11 and 9/11 bla OXA-23-positive isolates, respectively, while efficacy was observed against all 11 bla OXA-23-negative sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates (i.e. harbouring other resistance genes). Conclusions A sulbactam high-dose prolonged-infusion regimen provides comparable activity to the standard dose against isolates currently considered sulbactam susceptible. However, the activity against isolates with intermediate and resistant susceptibility could be predicted by the detection of bla OXA-23. Enhancing detection capabilities of common diagnostic modalities to include OXA-23 can improve patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Code Name Blue Wren: The True Story of America's Most Dangerous Female Spy and the Sister She Betrayed" by Jim Popkin is a book that explores the life of Ana Montes, a spy for Cuba who was convicted and served over twenty years in prison. The author provides a narrative of Montes' background, including her Puerto Rican roots and career in the U.S. Intelligence Community. Montes' motivation for spying was ideological, and she provided information to her Cuban handlers that is believed to have led to an attack in El Salvador. The book also discusses the counterintelligence investigation that eventually led to Montes' capture and conviction. Overall, the book offers insights into the world of espionage and the impact it had on Montes' family and the nation. [Extracted from the article]

Risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks can assist enhance awareness of terrorism and give crucial information support for anti-terrorism efforts. This study utilizes quantitative approaches for the risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks. A total of 210,454 terrorist attacks that occurred worldwide from 1970 through 2020 were collected in the Global Terrorism Database, and 22 indicators related to the risk of terrorist attacks were selected. Then, the moment estimation theory and four comprehensive evaluation models were utilized to identify the top 10 riskiest terrorist attacks in the world. Furthermore, the five clustering analysis methods and three evaluation criteria were performed for the risk categorization of terrorist attacks, and the visual analysis was carried out using the kernel density estimation method. The research results have identified the top 10 riskiest global terrorist attacks, which were led by the September 11 terrorist attack event, along with their downward counterfactual events. The spatial distribution of global terrorist attack risk is primarily composed of four "turbulent cores" in the region of Central Asia, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia, and Central America & Caribbean. This study also provided insights and recommendations for anti-terrorism efforts. It has realized the risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks, aiding in the swift identification of its risk levels, and holds immense significance for safeguarding global national security and societal stability under new circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from pedagogic research evaluating the impact of the involvement of survivors from the World Trade Center attacks in New York City in 2001 in trauma-specific social work education. A pedagogic approach to mental health education is discussed which aims to prepare students to develop trauma-informed assessment and intervention skills concurrent with their encounters with trauma survivors in field practice placements. The small-scale research involved surveying students’ evaluations at a university in New York, following exposure to first-hand accounts of survivors’ experiences. Across the three areas—confidence in knowledge of trauma, impact on learning, and preparation for field practice—the evaluation findings indicate that the students’ knowledge, gained from the involvement of 9/11 survivors, improved over time. This paper presents the background to this project, preparations involved, and findings from research evaluations with the students. The findings suggest that the involvement of those with direct and lived trauma experience in classroom teaching, whilst challenging, can yield positive impacts for students. The 9/11 survivors poignantly shared with students that their lives were changed forever in the aftermath of these events. The findings have potential global educational impact and resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study tested the motivational power of inoculation to foster resistance to conspiracy propaganda (9/11 Truth Movement), comparing inoculation effects across United States and Finnish study participants. Method: We used a 2 inoculation (treatment vs. control) x 2 national culture (American vs. Finnish) independent groups design (N = 319), while examining the effects of motivational threat and thinking modes--analytic vs. intuitive--on the inoculation process. To test the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy, we used an excerpt from a conspiracy film Loose Change as a counterattitudinal attack message. Results: Our results indicated that inoculation was effective at motivating resistance regardless of national culture. Inoculation effects emerged mostly as a direct effect on resistance and two indirect effects wherein motivational threat mediated the relationship between inoculation and resistance as well as inoculation and analytic mode of message processing. Although we found that an increase in analytic mode of processing facilitated resistance and intuitive processing increased conspiracy-theory endorsement, the indirect effects between inoculation and resistance via message processing modes were not significant. Finally, the data revealed national culture differences in analytic mode and cultural-context differences mostly pertaining to the relationships between thinking styles, media literacy, and modes of thinking. Discussion: These results offer important theoretical implications for inoculation scholarship and suggest viable practical solutions for efforts to mitigate misinformation and conspiratorial beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While severely distressing events are known to affect mental health adversely, some survivors develop only short-lived or no psychiatric symptoms in the aftermath of a disaster. In the WTC Health Program General Responder Cohort (WTCHP GRC) we examined whether social support was protective against the development of depression or anxiety symptoms after the 9/11 WTC attacks and explored in a subsample whether trait resilience moderated this relationship. Methods: We analyzed data from 14,033 traditional and 13,478 non-traditional responders who attended at least three periodic health monitoring visits between 2002 and 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener; GAD-7) scores. In a subsample of 812 participants, we also assessed if the association between social support and symptoms was moderated by an individual's trait resilience level (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC). Results: For both traditional and non-traditional responders, perceived social support around 9/11 was associated with lower levels of depressive (β = − 0.24, S.E. = 0.017, z = − 14.29, p < 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (β = − 0.17, S. E. = 0.016, z = − 10.48, p < 0.001). Trait resilience scores were higher in responders with at least one source of social support during the aftermath of 9/11 compared to those without (mean 71.56, SD 21.58 vs mean 76.64, SD 17.06; β = 5.08, S.E. = 0.36, p < 0.001). Trait resilience moderated the association between social support and depressive (p < 0.001) and anxiety trajectories (p < 0.001) for traditional responders. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that perceived social support around a severely distressing event may have long-term protective effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideas underlying terrorism, which can be summarized as the use of violence for political purposes, have transformed over time. One of the theories that aims to explain this transformation, the "wave theory" put forward by David C. Rapoport, claims that modern terrorism has progressed in four waves until today. The fourth wave is the current "religious wave". There are also those who refer to this wave as "new terrorism" since it has significant differences from its predecessors in terms of motivation, organization, target selection, area of action, tactics and effective use of technology. The September 11 attacks were undoubtedly the event where the differentiation in the above-mentioned qualities was most evident. In the 2023 Global Terrorism Index report, it is pointed out that religiously motivated terrorism has decreased by 95 percent since its peak in 2016, which raises the question "what's next?". An analysis of recent terrorist attacks reveals the emergence of a new wave of terrorism, characterized by ideological diversity, decentralization and individualization, disinformation and lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis practitioner paper describes an inquiry-based approach applying the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) framework to facilitate instruction of September 11, 2001 history, and its impact on post-9/11 society. An upper elementary level inquiry teaches the Boatlift Rescue from Manhattan Island, and a secondary level inquiry addresses the concepts of loss and persistence. Enduring issues are humanity and resiliency. The featured sources are children’s and youth literature related to 9/11 history and post-9/11 society. Children’s and youth trade books offer educators a valuable starting point to teach about 9/11 and post-9/11 history. For each inquiry instructional strategies are highlighted that encourage students to make their thinking visible when reading trade books and using primary sources from 9/11 repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media exposure to graphic images of violence has proliferated in contemporary society, particularly with the advent of social media. Extensive exposure to media coverage immediately after the 9/11 attacks and the Boston Marathon bombings (BMB) was associated with more early traumatic stress symptoms; in fact, several hours of BMB-related daily media exposure was a stronger correlate of distress than being directly exposed to the bombings themselves. Researchers have replicated these findings across different traumatic events, extending this work to document that exposure to graphic images is independently and significantly associated with stress symptoms and poorer functioning. The media exposuredistress association also appears to be cyclical over time, with increased exposure predicting greater distress and greater distress predicting more media exposure following subsequent tragedies. The war in Israel and Gaza, which began on October 7, 2023, provides a current, real-time context to further explore these issues as journalists often share graphic images of death and destruction, making media-based graphic images once again ubiquitous and potentially challenging public well-being. For individuals sharing an identity with the victims or otherwise feeling emotionally connected to the Middle East, it may be difficult to avoid viewing these images. Through a review of research on the association between exposure to graphic images and public health, we discuss differing views on the societal implications of viewing such images and advocate for media literacy campaigns to educate the public to identify mis/disinformation and understand the risks of viewing and sharing graphic images with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study was fourfold, firstly it was to analyze the ulterior objectives of USA in Iran, secondly, to analyze the impact of sanctions of US on Iran, thirdly, to highlight the strategy of Iran facing the US opposition in the region, and to critically analyze the US Iran rivalry effect on Pakistan. It has been observed that because of the US interests in Persian Gulf and to check Iran's nuclear activities, US is exerting pressure on Iran in the shape of imposing sanctions on her. US has several intimate pursuits in Pakistan for resuming the safety policy in a timely manner mainly after the 9/11 confrontation. US forced Pakistan to come in terms with the policies what she desires. Because of the increasing tensions between Iran and US, Pakistan played a mediator role several times to reduce this tension however, it did not succeed because of the interests of US in both Pakistan and Iran. The tension between the two countries is still escalating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]