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The present study describes the trace analysis of 23 fluorinated aromatic carboxylic acids based on the dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) technique using UiO-66-NH2 MOF as efficient, recyclable sorbent, and GC–MS negative ionization mass spectrometry (NICI MS) as determination technique. All 23 fluorobenzoic acids (FBAs) were enriched, separated, and eluted in a shorter retention time; the derivatization was done by pentafluorobenzyl bromide (1% in acetone), in which the use of inorganic base K2CO3 was improved by triethylamine to increase the lifespan of the GC column. The performance of UiO-66-NH2 was evaluated by dSPE in Milli-Q water, artificial seawater, and tap water samples, and the impact of various parameters on the extraction efficiency was investigated by GC-NICI MS. The method was found to be precise, reproducible, and applicable to the seawater samples. In the linearity range, the regression value was found to be >0.98; LOD and LOQ were found to be in the range of 0.33–1.17 ng/mL and 1.23–3.33 ng/mL, respectively; and the value of the extraction efficiency was found to range between 98.45 and 104.39% for Milli-Q water samples, 69.13–105.48% for salt-rich seawater samples, and 92.56–103.50% for tap water samples with a maximum RSD value of 6.87% that confirms the applicability of the method to different water matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A young dental patient is especially vulnerable during childhood and adolescence, on account of different cognitional prerequisites and developmental processes, intellectual as well as physical, as compared to adults. Objectives: To explore children's and adolescents' experiences of general, oral and dental treatment pain and to gain insight into the knowledge and attitudes of dentists towards pain management. Materials and Methods: The responses of 390 children and adolescents (8-19year olds) on the 40 items CPI were examined. Most commonly experienced CPI pain situations were analysed by Exploratory Factor Analysis to reduce the length of the questionnaire. 190 kids with disability (12-18-year-olds) and their matched controls were studied for DDQ. 390 dentists were evaluated for their knowledge of pain management and attitude. Results: About 50% of the children and adolescents experiencing invasive dental procedures like 'Dental injection', 'Tooth drilling' or 'Tooth extraction', had experienced them as painful. The pain intensity experience was multiplied by having higher dental anxiety, a disability, age less than 14 years old, or gender (female). The disabled children and adolescents had significantly higher DDQ scores as compared to controls, despite similar dental health in both the groups. Dentists with more professional experience and/or female dentists applied better pain management approach. Conclusion: Kids with or without a disability and the one with higher dental anxiety must be recognised as more vulnerable to pain. Such patients should be offered extra care and also pain relief during invasive dental treatments. Dentists should ensure all children a pain-free dental treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of freshwater is one of the major challenges to the civilized community around the World. So, the various engineered processes have been developed for the remediation of this problem such as osmotic pressure‐driven processes (OPDPs). OPDPs includes forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis, which have gained enormous attention and becoming a flexible membrane‐based technology for desalination and wastewater treatment. The most significant components of the OPDPs to be efficient are the membranes and the draw solution. Although numerous studies highlighted the membrane fouling and concentration polarization are one of the critical parameters to assess the system efficiency in the OPDPs and other pressure driven membrane processes. This study delivers an up‐to‐date review of the OPDPs in terms of concentration polarization, membrane fouling (organic, inorganic, and biofouling), foulant interactions, remedial strategies, monitoring and characterization techniques, and future directions of research. Numerous foulant interactions are also elaborated for the OPDPs in the field of the membrane separation technique. State of the art in antifouling membrane fabrication methods are critically reviewed along with different remedial strategies for fouled membranes in OPDPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]