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To ensure the safe and stable operation of small and medium-sized wind turbine generators within distributed energy systems, a new active pitch adjustment method for a 1.5 kW distributed pitch wind turbine generator is proposed in this article. The stress and displacement responses of blades under uniform inflow and extreme operating gust inflow conditions were calculated and analyzed using a two-way fluid–structure coupling method. The results showed that under the two different flow conditions, as the pitch angle increased, the stress and displacement responses of the wind turbine blades both significantly decreased, and the decrease was greater with increasing wind speed. The feasibility of the proposed variable-pitch adjustment for blade load reduction under different inflow conditions was further illustrated. The peak of the blade stress response was located at the leading-edge position in the middle of the blades (0.55R) for the different inflow conditions, while the displacement response of the blades was mainly along the waving direction. Through comparative analysis of the blade stress and displacement responses at the same wind speed under different flow conditions, it was found that the maximum mean ratio of the blade displacement and stress responses reached 1.66 and 1.67, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plateau–Rayleigh instability (PRI) of a liquid column, which always spontaneously breaks into droplets to minimize surface energy, underlies a variety of fascinating phenomena in daily life and industrial applications. Different from the free liquid column, the evolution of the liquid film on a fiber involves solid‐liquid interfaces which allow for regulating the PRI. Recently, natural fibers with certain topologies have witnessed various dynamic liquid behaviors from droplet manipulation to continuous liquid films. Tailoring the topology of local curved liquid film by the structural‐confinement is the key to manipulating liquids, where the asymmetric Laplace pressure generated by the asymmetric/non‐spherical liquid film promotes the liquid motion. In nature, the spider silk collects droplets efficiently by the spindle‐knot structure; while the mulberry silk enables a smooth surface‐coating on dual‐parallel fibers. Drawing inspirations, many artificial structured fibers are developed to precisely regulate liquid behaviors in the form of either separated droplets or continuous liquid films, which have demonstrated applications as fluidic coating, micro‐patterning, and materials fabrication. Here, recent research progress on bioinspired fibrous PRI from the viewpoints of tailoring the Laplace pressure by rationally designing the surface topology, which offers inspiration for liquid manipulation using open fibrous media, is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to develop a microsomal composite catalytic membrane that exhibits efficient catalytic capabilities and robust stability, thereby addressing the challenge of recycling and reusing powdered photocatalytic materials. Specifically, Bi2MoO6 and WO3 nanoparticles were incorporated onto polyurethane (PU) substrates using a hybrid in situ growth method. By forming Bi2MoO6/WO3 heterojunctions, the photocatalytic activity of the membrane was enhanced without compromising its structural integrity. The flexibility and porosity of PUs play a crucial role in facilitating the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) molecules on the membrane's surface, leading to the efficient degradation of contaminants through the cleavage of C–Cl bonds triggered by the migration of electron pairs generated by the photocatalysts. A 5 × 5 cm composite membrane was tested for degradation in 20 mg/L 2,4-DCP solutions with neutral pH, achieving a degradation rate of 78.8% within 120 min. The composite membrane exhibited stability after undergoing six cycles of testing, affirming the effectiveness of its composition. Furthermore, a detailed analysis was conducted on the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of 2,4-DCP on the WO3/Bi2MoO6/PU membrane surface, highlighting the potential of porous composite membranes for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth-based photocatalytic technology has been a promising way to degrade contaminants in the aqueous system. In this work, a direct Z-scheme BiOCl/Bi3NbO7 heterojunction with a different molar ratio of Bi and Nb elements was fabricated through a facile in situ growth method. The structural and photoelectric characteristics of these as-prepared samples were investigated by SEM, XPS, TEM, XRD, BET, UV-vis DRS, PL, EIS and TPC. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of RhB, and its mechanism was analyzed by the active species trapping experiments and DFT calculation. The results showed that compared with other as-prepared samples, BN-4 had the highest activity for RhB degradation with the value of the rate constant (k) being 0.01664 min−1. The reason that might be those different molar ratios of Bi and Nb elements in BiOCl/Bi3NbO7 heterojunction would impact the interface structure. And an appropriate molar ratio of that could bring a lower interface resistance that enhances the photocatalytic activity. The •OH and •O2− were the main active substances during the RhB photocatalytic process, and a reasonable degradation pathway was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a 6-months of interventional analytic cohort study. The prime aim is to investigate the barriers general practitioners (GPs) face when initiating insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and Methods: As part of a training program, all 189 registered GPs in Nanhui Health Service Center in Shanghai were given a structured online-multi-choice questionnaire before and after a six-month interval, during which the GPs received sessions of training on insulin therapy either on theoretic classes or clinical practices.Results: Before and after training, via the methods of multiple-response analyses, the results showed that social, GP's, and patient barriers to initiating insulin therapy were comparable. However, through the crosstabs chi-square test, we found significant changes in the basal insulin initiation following the prescription of the senior endocrinologists, the titration of insulin, and the need for training (p< 0.05). The Spearman analyses discovered significant changes associated with the cause of initial insulin refusal and the factors influencing insulin administration. Finally, the binary logistic regression analysis revealed that distinct causes such as social factors, insurance, GP experience, insulin dosage calculation, follow-up, and patients' feelings are related to insulin treatment application before and after training.Conclusion: According to this study, training increased general practitioners' confidence in initiating insulin administration, especially basal insulin. General practitioners require additional education on insulin therapy, with a potential need for increased face-to-face training for insulin initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes and designs a novel variable pitch adjustment device for small wind turbines. The generator spindle is designed to be hollow so that the drive rod passes through it and connects the pitch drive mechanism to the pitch actuator. The article introduces the basic structure and working principle of the pitch mechanism and verifies the feasibility of the pitch device by using 3D printing technology to produce a small-scale model. The stress analysis of the wind turbine was carried out using the unidirectional fluid–structure coupling method. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress of the pitch mechanism is 27.42 MPa, the maximum tooth surface contact stress of the gear is 38.40 MPa, and the maximum tooth root bending stress is 18.13 MPa. The rack synchronous disk, blade handle, and gear rack mechanism were designed with light weight using various optimization schemes. The results of the optimization showed that the overall mass of the pitch mechanism was reduced by 33.2%, improving the applicability of the new pitch mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air, water, and soil pollution are worldwide problems. Of these, heavy metals and organic dyes are the main targets for removal. Graphene oxide (GO), especially functionalized GO, has shown great application potential for the removal of contaminants from wastewater. This study used Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) with amino acid to functionalize GO, not only to increase the adsorption sites, but also chelate with heavy metals to improve the adsorption efficiency. The optimal experimental conditions for Cu2+ adsorption were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM): pH=5.8 , C0=38.38 mg/L , M=0.56 g/L , and T=35.68°C. The optimum experimental conditions for MB adsorption were pH=10.24 , C0=82.70 mg/L , M=0.33 g/L , and T=35.27°C , and absorption rates all above 70%. Also, the adsorption mechanism, desorption, and reusability of the complexes are reviewed. Finally, the application potential of GO/SBA-15 as an adsorbent in the field of industrial wastewater treatment is summarized and its prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy 60Co γ ray in mice. A total of 120 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: blank control (Ctrl) and model (IR). The IR mice were exposed to a single dose of total body irradiation (2 Gy, dose rate: 1 Gy/min) and sacrificed on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after irradiation. The indicators including general observations and body weight, the changes in peripheral hemogram, spleen index, histopathology examination and lymphocyte subsets of spleen. As well as the count and subsets of lymphocyte in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Compared with the Ctrl group, the body weight, spleen index, peripheral blood cell and splenocyte amounts, intraepithelial lymphocytes number decreased significantly after exposure, accompanied by a notable decreased count of lymphocytes in Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph nodes. Moreover, ionizing radiation also broke the balance of CD4+/CD8+ and increased the Treg proportion in spleen, which then triggered immune imbalance and immunosuppression. In general, the spleen injuries occurred on 1st day after exposure, worse on 3rd day, and were relieved on 7th day. The intestinal immune injuries were observed on 1st day, and attenuated on 3rd day. On 21st day after exposure, the spleen volume and index have returned to normal, except for the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations. Furthermore, all indicators of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, except for mesenteric lymph nodes lymphocyte count, had returned to normal levels on 21st day. In conclusion, our data showed the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy 60Co γ ray whole-body irradiation. These findings may provide the bases for further radiation protection in the immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized graphene oxide was an important candidate for removing heavy metal pollution. However, its difficult separation, low mechanical strength, and secondary pollution were restricted. In our study, polyvinyl alcohol/functionalized graphene oxide macroporous composite spheres (PVA/GO-SH) were prepared by wrapping sulfhydryl-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-SH) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to solve the above problems. The experiments showed that the removal rates of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by 1 g L−1 PVA/GO-SH were 86.59% and 94.7%, and the equilibrium adsorption capacities were 84.42 mg g−1 and 218.62 mg g−1, respectively. The isothermal equation calculation showed that the adsorption was monomolecular layer adsorption. Kinetic and thermodynamic results showed that adsorption follows a second-order reaction kinetic model, and the more high temperature, the more favorable the adsorption. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min−1, 80 mg L−1 of Cu2+ solution, and 100 mg L−1 of Pb2+ solution could be adsorbed entirely, with volumes of 1960 mL and 2480 mL, respectively. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption rate achieved more than 75% of the initial adsorption rate. The composite sphere maintained an excellent spherical shape without damage, which had good stability. In conclusion, PVA/GO-SH has potential practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the impact of a droplet on a confined thin liquid film is encountered in a variety of industrial applications. Despite exhaustive research, the central rebound jet (CRJ) and its pinch-off are still far from being understood owing to their strong randomness and the uncertainty in secondary pinch-off droplet numbers. This study experimentally investigated the CRJ and its pinch-off formed by the normal impact of a single droplet on a confined thin liquid film. The dynamic evolution of CRJ formation along with its pinch-off is discussed for three typical Weber numbers (We). Its morphology (base diameter and height) was analyzed by focusing on the effects of We and film thickness on the formation mechanism for droplets, and a qualitative comparison of CRJ height with the previous results was made. The critical thresholds of the CRJ pinch-offs are characterized, and a novel concise prediction method was developed. The results show that the increase in the dome diameter is caused not only by the CRJ growth but also by its fallback. Its maximum value is positively correlated with the increase in We and film thickness. The pinch-off height of the CRJ column is characterized by the critical threshold of We (or K), decreasing with the increase in the film thickness. The maximum height of the CRJ increases with the increase in the Froude number (Fr) and shows a power function. An active region of the liquid film thickness taking a Gaussian normal distribution was found for CRJ formation and its pinch-off. The film thickness has a significant influence on the CRJ height in the active region, but little outside this region. A novel concise equation for predicting CRJ pinch-off and its droplet numbers was further obtained by a multiple inverse power-law function of We with Ohnesorge number (Oh), Re/Fr, and viscosity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of droplet impact on an immiscible liquid is encountered in a variety of scenarios in nature and industrial production. Despite exhaustive research, it is not fully clear how the immiscibility of the liquid on which a droplet impacts affects the crown evolution. The present work experimentally investigates the evolution kinematics of a crown formed by the normal impact of a camellia oil droplet on an immiscible water layer. Based on discussion of dynamic impact behaviors for three critical Weber numbers (We), the radius of the crown and its average spreading velocity are compared with those of previous theoretical models to discuss their applicability to the immiscible liquid. The evolution kinematics (morphology and velocity) are analyzed by considering the effects of the We and layer thickness. Furthermore, the ability of crown expansion in radial and vertical directions is characterized by a velocity ratio. The results show that our experimental crown radius still follows a square-root function of evolution time, which agrees with the theoretical predictions. The dimensionless average spreading velocity decreases with We and follows a multivariate power law, while the dimensionless average rising velocity remains constant. The velocity ratio is shown to linearly increase with We, demonstrating that the rising movement in crown evolution gradually enhances with We. These results are helpful for further investigation on the droplet impact on an immiscible liquid layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of low‐calorific fuel gas without oxygen (LCFGWO), generated by industry every year, are hardly utilized by the conventional combustion technology. Here, an LCFGWO mixture was simulated by diluting natural gas (NG) with nitrogen (N2), and its combustion under different lower heating values (LHV) was experimentally investigated in a SiC ceramic foam burner via an intermittent operation method. The key operating parameters of the burner (i.e., LHV, superficial velocity, and excess air ratio) were analyzed by focusing on its combustion characteristics (temperature profiles, super‐adiabatic effects, and emissions). The results showed that the initial position of the combustion flame was anchored downstream with decreasing LHV. As the LHV decreased to 3.36 MJ/Nm3, super‐adiabatic combustion began to appear, and the super‐adiabatic ratio slightly increased with decreasing LHV. Further, clean combustion of the NG/N2 mixtures in the burner could be achieved over a wide range of LHV with an optimal excess air ratio ranging from 1.3 to 1.5. Subsequently, the length of the porous medium was discussed in terms of the optimal excess air ratio. Its minimum length required to burn the NG/N2 mixtures was found to decrease exponentially with increasing LHV, and an exponential function was fitted to the experimental data. A mathematic correlation for designing the burner length was obtained by considering the effect of flame propagation velocity. These results are helpful toward the design of porous burners for the clean combustion of low‐calorific NG/N2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the effects of one exposure to the 1 Gy60 Co y ray on the reproductive function of male mice and the possible protective and therapeutic functions of Yiqijiedu Decoction ( qi-tonifying toxin-resolving decoction, YQJD) for such a condition. Methods 24male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: blank,model and YQJD group (n = 8 in each group). A one-time whole-body exposure to 1Gy 60Co y ray was given to all groups except the blank group. In the YQJD group, mice were given the decoction for 7 days in succession before irradiation, and from d 4 to d 35 after irradiation. Mice of the blank and model groups were given deionized water respectively. During the experiment, mice were weighed daily. On d 36 after irradiation, mice in each group were put in the same cage for mating with female Balb/c mice in the ratio of 1 male to 2 females for 4 weeks. Afterwards, the concep tion rate, liiter size and the health conditions of newborn mice were rec orded . The male mice were kiiled on d 70 after irradiation to measure their testicular index and sperm quality. Results Compared with the blank group, the body mass of the model group decreased significantly from d 1to d 7 after irradiation ( P < 0. 05), but there was no significant difference between the YQJD group and the blank group. In the 1st, 2nd to 5th, 7th and 10th week after irradiation, the average body mass of the model group decreased significantly (P < 0. 05 in the 5thand 10th week, P < 0. 001 in the others) ; while the body mass of the YQJD group only decreased significantly in the 4th week (P <0. 001) . In the 1stto 5th, 7th, 8 th and 10 th week after irradiation, compared to the model group, the weekly average body mass of the YQJD group significantly increased ( P <0.01 int e5t and10t week P <0.001int eot ers) .Ond 70 after iradiation there were no significant can gesin testicular index conception rate and body soft newborn mice in modeland YQJD groupscompared wit t eblank group; tests perm concentration abilityrate motility and liter size intemodel group were al significantly lower than blank group ( P < 0.05); however these indicators of sperm int eYQJD group were all restored to the level equal to those in the blank group, and there was no significant difference in liiter size compared with that of the blank group. Conclusion 1Gy 60Co y ray could cause damage to the reproductive function of Balb/c male mice to a degree, andthe YQJD Decoction might have certain protective and therapeutic effects on these injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the energy storage devices, supercapacitors (SCs) have the advantages of high-power density, short charging time and excellent cycle stability, and have received widespread attention. Therefore, designing and synthesizing a supercapacitor material with high energy density has become a key factor to promote the development of SCs. In this work, the inter-crosslinked Co 3 S 4 nanosheets which derived from ZIF-67 are successfully loaded on Co 2 (CO 3)(OH) 2 nanowires (CoCH NWs) can significantly facilitate the diffusion of electrolyte ions and enhance mass/electron transfer. The obtained Co 3 S 4 @CoCH composite grows directly on nickel foam (NF) substrates without binder, which improves the conductivity of Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF electrode. Consequently, the obtained Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF electrode possesses an excellent capacitance of 2697.1 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and outstanding rate capability (84.4 % retention at 2–20 A g−1). In the three-electrode system, the capacitance retention is 79.8 % after 8000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled from Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF and activated carbon as cathode and anode respectively which has fabulous energy density of 42.2 W h kg−1 at 799.0 W kg−1 and stability (74.0 % retention after 8000 cycles). It improves that Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF is a promising cathode material for supercapacitors. • Co 3 S 4 are anchored on Co 2 (CO 3)(OH) 2 nanowires (CoCH NWs) to form composites and supported on foamed nickel. • Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF has excellent specific capacitance and outstanding rate capability. • The introduction of CoCH NWs improves the structure of Co 3 S 4 nanosheet. • Asymmetric supercapacitor Co 3 S 4 @CoCH/NF//AC (activated carbon) exhibits great performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation damage refers to acute, delayed, or chronic tissue damage associated with ionizing radiation. Specific or effective therapeutic options for systemic injuries induced by ionizing radiation have not been developed. Studies have shown that Chinese herbal Medicine or Chinese Herbal Prescription exhibit preventive properties against radiation damage. These medicines inhibit tissue injuries and promote repair with very minimal side effects. This study reviews traditional Chinese herbal medicines and prescriptions with radiation protective effects as well as their mechanisms of action. The information obtained will guide the development of alternative radioprotectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intestinal tract is an essential component of the body's immune system, and is extremely sensitive to exposure of ionizing radiation. While ionizing radiation can effectively induce multiple forms of cell death, whether it can also promote ferroptosis in intestinal cells and the possible interrelationship between ferroptosis and intestinal immune function has not been reported so far. Here, we found that radiation-induced major ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of small intestinal epithelial cells and the changes induced in iron content and MDA levels in the small intestine were consistent with that observed during cellular ferroptosis, thus suggesting occurrence of ferroptosis in radiation-induced intestinal damage. Moreover, radiation caused a substantial increase in the expression of ferroptosis-related factors such as LPCAT3 and ALOX15 mRNA, augmented the levels of immune-related factors INF-γ and TGF-β mRNA, and decreased the levels of IL-17 mRNA thereby indicating that ionizing radiation induced ferroptosis and impairment of intestinal immune function. Liproxstatin-1 is a ferroptosis inhibitor that was found to ameliorate radiation-induced ferroptosis and promote the recovery from immune imbalances. These findings supported the role of ferroptosis in radiation-induced intestinal immune injury and provide novel strategies for protection against radiation injury through regulation of the ferroptosis pathway. • Ionizing radiation induces ferroptosis in mouse small intestine cells. • Ferroptosis may be involved in ionizing radiation-induced imbalance of intestinal immune function. • Liproxstatin-1 may inhibit cellular ferroptosis after radiation by regulating the LPCAT3/LOX pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of wave–current forces is the critical content in the design of the composite bucket foundation (CBF). Inaccurate calculations of wave–current forces lead to failure for offshore wind power foundation. In this study, experiments for the hydrodynamic forces acting on a CBF with a scale of 1:40 under different wave and current conditions in the wave–current flume were designed and conducted. A machine learning and data mining method called M5′ model tree was used to predict the hydrodynamic forces acting on the foundation. The accuracy of the new formulae was confirmed by the statistical indicators using Pearson correlation coefficient, agreement index, scatter index, and bias. The results show that the M5′ models were effective in predicting the hydrodynamic forces. The scatter parameter and relative cylinder diameter play vital roles in the prediction of the wave forces. In the prediction of the wave–current forces, the relative cylinder diameter is the most important parameter, and the wave–current forces increase with relative cylinder diameter increase. Overall, the results illustrate that the developed formulae can serve as a valuable tools for the prediction of the wave–current forces acting on a CBF. • M5′ model tree algorithm was implemented to develop new formulae in wave and wave–current forces prediction. • Different combinations of parameters were selected to construct M5′ model trees. • The scatter parameter and relative cylinder diameter play vital roles in the prediction of the wave forces. • In the prediction of the wave–current forces, the relative cylinder diameter is the most important parameter, and the wave–current forces increase with relative cylinder diameter increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of wave run-up is a major issue when designing offshore structures, such as offshore wind turbine foundation. In this study M5ʹ model tree algorithm was used to predict the wave run-up for CBF due to regular wave and current. This study investigated wave-only and wave–current run-up on a CBF via model tests. The influences of the relative wave height, wave steepness, and Froude number on the relative run-up were investigated. Based on different combinations of non-dimensional parameters, the performance of novel formulae developed using the M5ʹ model tree (M5MT) algorithm was analysed in terms of statistical error indexes. The relative wave run-up was found to increase with the wave steepness, and under low water depth increase with the Froude number for low wave steepness. Based on the scatter parameter, relative water depth, the prediction formulae developed exhibited optimal performance when predicting run-up under wave-only conditions. New formulae with a reliable precision were developed for wave–current conditions based on the scatter parameter, wave steepness, relative wave height, and Froude number. The experimental results and proposed run-up formulae will assist engineers in the design of CBFs. • Run-up on composite bucket foundation is investigated under wave-current conditions. • M5' model tree algorithm was implemented to develop new formulae in run-up prediction. • Different combinations of parameters are selected to construct M5' model trees. • Scatter parameter plays the key role in prediction for composite bucket foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

We present a high-absorption optical stack design for aluminum (Al) kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). Aluminum can be easily processed in micro-fabrication and is the most conventional superconducting material for KIDs. However, it is challenging to achieve high absorption in the Al absorber because of its high reflection at optical wavelengths. By embedding the thin Al film between an anti-reflection (AR) coating layer and a dielectric-based distributed Bragg reflector, we show that close-to-unity absorption can be achieved around a single wavelength (e.g., ≈98.9 % at 1518 nm). The reflection and transmission measurements agree well with the calculation based on the transmission matrix model. We also show our preliminary results of absorption ≥70 % in a broader wavelength range (≈230 n m ) with multilayer AR coatings. The absorber design in a lumped-element KID is discussed. Our work paves the way to high-efficiency photon-counting and energy-resolving Al-based KIDs in the optical to NIR range.

Direct air capture (DAC) is important for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. However, the ultradilute atmospheric CO 2 concentration (~400 parts per million) poses a formidable hurdle for high CO 2 capture capacities using sorption-desorption processes. Here, we present a Lewis acid-base interaction-derived hybrid sorbent with polyamine-Cu(II) complex enabling over 5.0 mol of CO 2 capture/kg sorbent, nearly two to three times greater capacity than most of the DAC sorbents reported to date. The hybrid sorbent, such as other amine-based sorbents, is amenable to thermal desorption at less than 90°C. In addition, seawater was validated as a viable regenerant, and the desorbed CO 2 is simultaneously sequestered as innocuous, chemically stable alkalinity (NaHCO 3 ). The dual-mode regeneration offers unique flexibility and facilitates using oceans as decarbonizing sinks to widen DAC application opportunities.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy 60 Co γ ray in mice., Materials and Methods: A total of 120 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: blank control (Ctrl) and model (IR). The IR mice were exposed to a single dose of total body irradiation (2 Gy, dose rate: 1 Gy/min) and sacrificed on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after irradiation. The indicators including general observations and body weight, the changes in peripheral hemogram, spleen index, histopathology examination and lymphocyte subsets of spleen. As well as the count and subsets of lymphocyte in gut-associated lymphoid tissue., Results: Compared with the Ctrl group, the body weight, spleen index, peripheral blood cell and splenocyte amounts, intraepithelial lymphocytes number decreased significantly after exposure, accompanied by a notable decreased count of lymphocytes in Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph nodes. Moreover, ionizing radiation also broke the balance of CD4+/CD8+ and increased the Treg proportion in spleen, which then triggered immune imbalance and immunosuppression. In general, the spleen injuries occurred on 1st day after exposure, worse on 3rd day, and were relieved on 7th day. The intestinal immune injuries were observed on 1st day, and attenuated on 3rd day. On 21st day after exposure, the spleen volume and index have returned to normal, except for the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations. Furthermore, all indicators of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, except for mesenteric lymph nodes lymphocyte count, had returned to normal levels on 21st day., Conclusion: In conclusion, our data showed the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy 60 Co γ ray whole-body irradiation. These findings may provide the bases for further radiation protection in the immunity.