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Introduction: Depression is a common mental health problem among soldiers worldwide. Depression decreases the efficiency and productivity of the soldiers. The objective of this research is to find out the prevalence of depression among armed police force soldiers serving in a police headquarter. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on a total of 314 soldiers serving in the eastern regional armed police force headquarters of Nepal from January 15, 2017 to June 14, 2017 after receiving ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 140/073/074-IRC). Convenience sampling was done. Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess the prevalence of depression. Data were collected and entered in the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 15.0. which was used for data analysis. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Among 314 soldiers, 133 (42.36%) (36.89-47.83 at a 95% Confidence Interval) soldiers had depression where, 47 (14.97%) had mild mood disturbance, 33 (10.51%) had borderline depression, 40 (12.74%) had moderate depression, 10 (3.18%) had severe depression and 3 (0.96%) had extreme depression. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in our study was lower when compared to other studies conducted in similar settings.

The causes of the nineteenth-century decline of mortality, characterized by lower mortality rates and increased longevity, have been the subject of debate among researchers for the past half-century. Because of a paucity of reliable data, little is understood about the role of morbidity, or illness episodes, in the mortality decline. This article introduces the results of a study that looks at the relationship of morbidity in the mortality decline during this portion of the epidemiological transition. The data are comprised of hospital admissions and deaths collected by the British army on the soldiers of the Gibraltar garrison from 1819 to 1899. Morbidity dropped during this period, but at a slower rate than mortality, and all categories of disease did not fall in concert; in some categories, morbidity rose as mortality dropped. Statistical modeling is used to analyze the categories of diseases that were most influential in the decline of mortality in this group. This research shows that there are discernible relationships between morbidity and mortality and that the two parameters are responding to different driving forces. Because changes within the military medical system may have had an effect on the relationship of the morbidity and mortality rates of the soldiers, surviving medical reports are used to reconstruct the medical care of the troops during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A list of recently completed dissertations in the history of medicine is presented.

Background: A survey was undertaken in patients of sexually transmitted infections with the aim of exploring STD and HIV prevention opportunities. Methods: A behavioral survey was conducted on 56 soldiers while being treated or followed up for a sexually transmitted disease. They were studied for their attitude and sexual activity patterns relevant to the transmission of STDs. In addition, the individual's outlook to sexual life and motivation factors was assessed. Results: The study revealed that the source of infection of STD was equally divided between commercial sex worker (CSW) and casual sexual relationships. The majority did not use barrier contraceptives and knowledge about their protective role was insufficient. Access to health education was satisfactory; however, awareness levels for preventive action were still inadequate. Homosexuality was rare and most soldiers could stay without frequent sex. Alcohol was not found to be a significant co-factor. Conclusions: Heterosexual contact remains the main route of sexual contact. A wide variation in casual relationships and motivating factors was noted. Long abstinence and transit periods, traditionally considered major reasons for a soldier's indulgence in sex did not seem to play a major role. The role of sex parlors in the army was negated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I present an inclusive fitness model for the origin of soldiers that incorporates soldier production of males and females, in haplodiploids and diploid's. In this paper, the term soldier refers to an individual that is morphologically and/or behaviorally specialized for defense. However, the model presented here can usefully be extended to other helping behaviors that are episodic in nature and that impact the colony as a whole rather than helping behavior that is directed to specific individuals. In general, the results of the model show that proto-soldier reproduction via sib-mating increases the ease with which soldiering evolves. Male haplodiploids appear the most apt to evolve soldier behavior compared to female haplodiploids and dip bids. Haplodiploid females are expected to produce a greater proportion of male dispersers relative to their production of female dispersers and thereby increase the predilection in females to evolve soldiering compared to diploid populations. Application of the model to gall-forming thrips in Australia reveals that species basal to the phylogenetic branch where soldiers are inferred to have evolved show a lower threshold for soldier evolution than more derived species. This phylogenetic pattern is consistent with soldier production of male and female offspring facilitating the origin of soldiering in the social gall-forming thrips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers brief profiles of David Cantor, Jeffrey K. Beemer and Douglas L. Anderton, who contributed to the writing of the "Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences."

A list of books on medicine is presented, including "Moving Mountains: The Race to Treat Global AIDS," by Anne-Christine D'Adesky, "Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany," by Arthur A. Daemmrich and "The Ethics of Life Writing," edited by Paul John Eakin.