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Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Il presente lavoro esplora l’evoluzione del potere nella società contemporanea, analizzando la transizione dalla sorveglianza alla governamentalità algoritmica. L’autore discute come la rivoluzione digitale abbia trasformato ogni aspetto della vita umana in dati, dando origine a nuove forme di controllo sociale. Queste forme di controllo, basate su algoritmi e big data, sfidano le tradizionali nozioni di libertà, diritti e democrazia. Vengono esaminate le implicazioni di questo nuovo paradigma, inclusi i rischi di discriminazione algoritmica e la perdita di autonomia individuale. Infine, si considerano le possibilità di resistenza a questo potere diffuso e invisibile, proponendo nuove forme di soggettività e di lotta.

Introduzione alla Sezione monografica "Lo Stato insicuro. Sicurezza e sorveglianza nella cybersocietà"

Made possible by ever-rising technologies and becoming the subject of a social message focused on the concept of security, surveillance is a fittingly topical issue. It is no longer just the classic video camera, but RFID, Iot, chip and many other devices scattered everywhere, which no longer aim solely at the control of the person in the flesh but of his or her virtual body. Total surveillance, then, to examine which it seems not only interesting but also appropriate to adopt the perspective outlined by Jeremy Bentham through the elaboration of an equally pervasive model of control, the Panopticon. After summarily reconstructing the basic principles of the panoptic machine. This article highlights the split that exists today between two forms of monitoring, one indebted to Benthamian thought and one that, on the contrary, seems to surpass it, recalling, finally, how both, though different, seem to forget the Benthamian teaching aimed at fostering democratic surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Conflittolgia is the property of Edizioni Labrys and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pope Francis, with his reform of the penal system of the Church, has introduced some changes in the regulation of penal remedies. The penal precept and surveillance have been recovered, which provide new possibilities for the prevention of crimes and avoid recourse to penalties, while continuing to prosecute transgressions of criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovaj rad nastoji istražiti dužnosti i mjerodavnosti ordinarija u upravljanju i nadzoru nad crkvenim vremenitim dobrima imajući u vidu odredbe kann. 134, §1; 1273-1289. Osim toga, pokušava se prikazati odnos između upravitelja kao javne pravne osobe i ordinarija, te koje odgovornosti i ovlasti ima ordinarij nad upravljanjem vremenitim dobrima u Crkvi. Sažeto su prikazana tri mehanizma kanonske kontrole koji stoje ordinariju na raspolaganju, naime: nadzor (kanonska vizitacija), izdavanje posebnih uputa te analiza godišnjih financijskih izvještaja javnih pravnih crkvenih osoba. U drugom dijelu rada kratko su prikazani neki od dokumenata biskupskih konferencija i (nad)biskupija koji mogu poslužiti kao primjeri i dobar predložak u stvaranju novih uputa o upravljanju vremenitim dobrima na hrvatskom govornom području. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Politica is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Conflittolgia is the property of Edizioni Labrys and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay investigates the organisation and plans for cross-border police surveillance during the 1960s and 1970s in the key border area of South Tyrol, in Northern Italy. At a time when political and ethno-nationalist terrorism appeared, the threats it posed took on an international character. This study seeks to understand the re-organisation of police surveillance and the militarisation of borders in peacetime, investigating continuities and ruptures in the history of policing in Republican Italy; it focuses on the exchange of knowledge between security experts and the transformation of organisation and practices of police officers with the task of monitoring borders. This leads on to propose conceptual reflections on the formats, effects and boundary-setting in transnational police actions, as well as on the spaces of interaction between transnational actors in the recent past. Which of these are devices of police border surveillance? How were areas of competence assigned to different Public Security bodies? What did they represent for the history of the police of Republican Italy? How was cross-border surveillance negotiated and how was it organised? How did the exchange of knowledge develop police cooperation and how did this influence diplomatic relations between Italy and Austria during the cold War? Cross-border surveillance took on an important role in the relations between states in negotiating areas of surveillance and legitimate competencies. This study is based on unpublished documents created by the Ufficio Affari Riservati (U.A.R.) of the Italian Ministry of the Interior, which make it possible to reconstruct an organisation chart of the civilian and military corps engaged at the border and to investigate the cross-border Italian–Austrian police cooperation in its theoretical and technical-scientific aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

GNSS and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) are a winning synergy in many applications: remote sensing, security, mapping, surveillance, and logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In George Orwell's 1984, Big Brother is the inscrutable leader of Oceania. Thanks to his media pervasiveness, his image assumes, an iconic value, expression par excellence of control and power. However, he is an icon without reference: no one has ever really seen the Big Brother. He is a strongly iconic entity and at the same time he is not visible, perhaps not even existing: a mere representation of the apparatus of power. He is a fictional icon circulating first of all in the narrative universe of 1984. He emerges from the pages of the novel and becomes an icon (or meta-icon) also within contemporary culture: in the game of his translations across the media, through the reuses and reconfigurations to which he was subjected in the arts, in popular culture, even in advertising, the Orwellian character (or non-character) becomes the emblem of the vision: image of control and mass surveillance, but also - weakly - of spectator's voyeurism (the TV program).

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes Elena Ferrante’s I giorni dell’abbandono (2002) as an infernal journey. The protagonist Olga moves from the dependency and timidity of her role as wife and mother to a position that Ferrante herself calls sorveglianza, i.e., vigilance. Arguably, this word is a gendered term in Ferrante. There exists a masculine—repressive— vigilance and a sorveglianza that is made of the desire to be awake and aware. In order to become vigilant, Olga needs to reach the bottom of abandonment before starting her voyage back. The fall and difficult ascent toward a regenerated self is not new in the Western literary canon, but this tradition denies a final regeneration to the figure of the abandoned woman. My analysis of the imagery and the language of the novel highlights the influence from Dante’s Commedia, especially from Inferno, on Ferrante’s work. I also seek, as a second goal, to consider the question of atonement and salvation in Ferrante by addressing the absence of a Virgil-like figure in her novel. Besides textual echoes of Dante’s Commedia on several levels (imagery, emotions, atmosphere, and lexicon) the most compelling parallel concerns the authoritative transformations achieved by Dante and Ferrante. Both poet and writer invent a “new “literature” based on the profound reworking of inherited models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Venice had comparatively high rates of violence by early modern European standards. This article presents new archival evidence which details one facet of the problem - sacred space. Churches were not immune from violence because of their social and political functions. The research explores the multiple uses of sacred space - as places of asylum, theatres for the display of honour, pick-up joints and magnets for paid assassins - and points the way to further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nosocomial water systems may be contaminated by Legionella spp; therefore, health care facilities represent a potential health risk for patients and health care staff. Active, well-planned clinical and environmental surveillance in hospitals is the most important instrument of prevention. Aim and Methods. The aim of the present article was to outline the state of the art in legionellosis control and prevention among Italian health care facilities by reporting some experiences in the field. Results. Our results showed that Legionella spp. are largely reported as both hospital water system contaminants and etiological agents in water-related health care-associated infections (HCAI) in Italy. Among the numerous sources of HCAI, water is the most investigated, although it has been demonstrated that air sampling may provide additional information for risk assessment. Conclusions. More appropriate risk assessment is needed, especially in large facilities. In addition, more sensitive diagnostic tests should be used and dedicated training courses should be implemented in health care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is the most frequent adverse event in healthcare settings. It is associated with increased mortality and antimicrobial resistance, leading to prolonged hospital stays and consistent financial loss for healthcare systems. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of HAIs and antimicrobial use in the Teaching Hospital Policlinico Umberto I (THPUI) of Rome and to identify the most critical areas for intervention. Methods. Data were collected according to the most recent ECDC point prevalence survey protocol in November 2018. Descriptive statistics for all variables were calculated. Univariate analysis was used to assess possible associations between variables and HAIs. Variables with a significance level of p<0.25 were included in a multiple logistic regression model. Results. A total of 799 patients were included in the analysis; of these, 13.3% presented with at least one HAI. Bloodstream infection was the most common, accounting for 30.9% of total infections. Overall, 125 microorganisms were isolated, with Enterobacteriaceae being the most frequent (32%). At the time of the survey, 49.1% patients were receiving antimicrobial therapy. The multivariate analysis showed a significant association between HAI and use of medical devices (OR=34.30; 95% CI:3.69-318.66), length of stay (OR=1.01; 95% CI:1.00-1.02) and exposure to prophylactic antimicrobial therapy (OR=0.23; 95% CI:0.11-0.47). Conclusions. The ECDC methodology proved to be applicable to THPUI, where HAI prevalence was higher than the European standard (6.7%). This highlights the need to implement targeted measures to prevent and control HAIs, including continuous monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We evaluated the trend of four years (2015 - 2018) of "alert organisms" surveillance carried out at the 450 bed teaching hospital S. Andrea in Rome. Methods. All patients with an "Alert organism" isolation were screened. In accordance with definitions used by the Centers for Disease Control patients with an "alert organism" isolation were evaluated for infection or colonization, by an infection control team (ICT). Results. Between April 2015 and December 2018 a total 4,762 specimens with "Alert organism" isolation were screened and 1,601 patients were surveyed and included in the study. Overall 780 (48.8%) patients developed an healthcare acquired infection (HAI) at our institution, whereas 311 (19.4%) entered with a community acquired infection, 254 (15.8%) with an infection acquired in another healthcare setting and 256 (16.0%) resulted simply colonized. The 780 patients who developed an HAI at our institution presented 878 infectious episodes and the isolation of 931 microorganisms. C. difficile infections were the most common (27.2%), followed by 21.3% respiratory tract infections, 16.9% urinary tract infections, 15.5% surgical site infections, 12.5% bloodstream infections, 3.6% ulcers and 3.0% others. Among HAI group Gram negatives (54.1%) were more frequent than Gram positives (45.9%), whereas in patients entering in the hospital already with a community infection Gram positives overpassed Gram negatives (58.7% vs. 41.3%; p<0.001). Most common pathogens responsible for HAI were C. difficile (25.6%), Klebsiella spp. (25.5%), MRSA (19.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (15.3%). Notably 30.0% HAI at other institutions were represented by C. difficile. Impressively, >40% of community acquired infections were related to MRSA. Conclusions. The present study provided some useful insight into the major multi-resistant pathogens epidemiology at our institution. The Authors succeeded in organizing a multidisciplinary ICT that created a partnership feeling with the hospital personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rotavirus and poliovirus are paradigmatic viruses for causing major diseases affecting the human population. The impact of poliovirus is remarkably diminished because of vaccination during the last half century. Poliomyelitis due to wild polio currently affects a limited number of countries, and since 2000 sporadic outbreaks have been associated to neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses. Conversely, rotavirus is presently very diffuse, accounting for the largest fraction of severe gastroenteritis among children

Un cavallo di 7 anni è stato abbattuto dopo aver manifestato una grave sindrome neurologica a rapida evoluzione. Campioni tessutali sono stati inviati al Centro Studi Malattie Esotiche dell’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale” (Istituto G. Caporale) per gli accertamenti diagnostici del caso. Gli esami per le più comuni virosi neurologiche equine non hanno evidenziato la presenza di infezioni in atto. Istologicamente, si è osservata a livello encefalico la presenza di manicotti perivascolari e numerosi corpi parassitari, morfologicamente riferibili a Halicephalobus gingivalis. Il rinvenimento ha consentito di formulare la diagnosi di meningo-encefalite da H. gingivalis. Il caso riportato conferma che le encefaliti parassitarie devono essere annoverate nella diagnosi differenziale delle encefalopatie equine e sottolinea l’utilità dell’approccio diagnostico multidisciplinare.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries invasive listeriosis is an infection of great concern to public health to due its clinical severity and high fatality rate, despite its low incidence. In Europe, statistically significant increasing trends in listeriosis notification rates from 2005 to 2009 were noted in Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Sweden. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The standardized techniques based on phenotype to typing Listeria monocytogenes is the serotyping. In Europe, as elsewhere in the world, about 95% of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from clinical and food samples belongs to serovars 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b. RESULTS: The target of this work is to draw attention to this important and atypical foodborne disease, reporting epidemiological data and serotypes distribution of 251 human L. monocytogenes isolates reported during 2000-2010 to Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Department of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, focusing on epidemiological trend of invasive listeriosis in Lombardia, a North Italian Region. The serotypes most frequently identified are 1/2a, 4b, 1/2b (in total 92%), but the detection of uncommon serotypes is not missing (1/2c, 3a, 3b, 4d). CONCLUSIONS: In Italy the surveillance laboratory network, as well as the foodborne disease network (ENTER-NET), has revealed in the last 11 years an increase trend of listeriosis cases reported likewise with results of Notificable National Infectious Disease surveillance System. This is probably due to a real increase of listeriosis, even if there is a greater sensitivity of the network in some regions.

Il virus West Nile (WNV), neuropatogeno per uccelli, cavalli e uomo, è mantenuto in natura da un ciclo primario di trasmissione tra uccelli e zanzare, in particolare quelle del genere Culex; il cavallo e l’uomo sono considerati ospiti a fondo cieco. Un focolaio circoscritto di encefalomielite equina da WNV verificatosi in Italia nel 1998 ed un’epidemia scoppiata in Francia nei pressi del confine italiano, hanno indotto il Governo Italiano ad attuare un piano di sorveglianza allo scopo di valutare il rischio di reintroduzione del virus. Il piano ha previsto la sorveglianza entomologica in 15 aree di studio considerate “a rischio” di introduzione del WNV in Italia. L’indagine entomologica, nel periodo compreso tra il 2003 e il 2007, ha visto come risultato la cattura di 28.798 zanzare, 14.765 adulte e 14.033 larve, appartenenti a 22 specie. In conformità con i dati riportati in letteratura, otto tra le specie identificate sono state trovate naturalmente infette con WNV o infettate con successo in laboratorio in alcuni paesi dell’Europa e degli Stati Uniti d’America: Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1897) (=Stegomiya albopicta), Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830), Anopheles maculipennis (Meigen, 1818), Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889), Culex modestus (Ficalbi, 1889), Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758), Culex theileri (Theobald, 1903) e Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) (=Aedes caspius).

Copyright of Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale di Storia Costituzionale is the property of Giornale di Storia Costituzionale (Journal of Constitutional History) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Testicular cancer is an infrequent disease, accounting for 1% to 2% of all malignant neoplasms in men. However, it represents the most common solid malignancy among men between 15 and 35 years old. The standard initial treatment for stage I seminoma is radical inguinal orchiectomy. Since the mid-20th century, the traditional treatment after surgery had consisted in external photon beam radiotherapy directed to the para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes. Patients receiving radiotherapy achieve cause-specific survival rates approaching 100%, with virtually no relapses within the radiation portal. At the moment, the options for the management of stage I seminoma consist of surveillance, adjuvant radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy usually done with carboplatin. Patients should be informed of all treatment options and of potential benefits and side effects of each choice. Significant treatment-related morbidities following radiotherapy have been reported. Acute toxicities are generally mild and self-timing, but patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy alone had a significantly increased risk of second primary malignances (SPMs) and gonadal toxicity. The Medical Research Council (MRC) TE10 and TE18 randomized trials have investigated the reduction of the treatment volume and total dose to decrease the risk of radiation-related side effects. The MRC TE19 randomized trial compared radiotherapy and a single course of carboplatin AUC7. The preliminary results, reported in 2005, and also the updated results, reported in 2008 and 2011, confirm the non inferiority of single-dose carboplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a case study for 45 cancer cases with potential occupational origin. It mentions that the case uses OCCAM approach, a control study where incidents are identified by hospital discharge records. It informs that controls are sampled from health population files and occupational histories are obtained by social security archives. The article further highlights that among 45 cases 24 were observed due to occupation.

Introduction: Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) is an economically important disease in cattle. Switzerland started an eradication program in 2008. After the initial virological examination of all cattle followed by the examination of all newborn calves, the BVD prevalence in 2012 was low enough to start serological monitoring. An unusually high number of increased tank milk values were observed during this serological monitoring in autumn 2019. No seropositive animals were found on most farms in the follow-up cattle group testing. The present study was designed in the form of a multiple case report to better assess the BVD situation in a herd after a serological tank milk result above the cut-off value. The tank milk of 13 farms with serological values above the cut-off value from the analyses in autumn 2019 was examined again with two different ELISA tests in spring 2020. In addition, at the same time blood samples were taken to obtain serological values of all adult cattle on the farm. The results of the two tests that were used to examine the tank milk samples correlated well with each another. The results of the tank milk serology showed a low correlation with the seroprevalence in the lactating cows, but no correlation with the seroprevalence of all adult animals in the herd. A single seropositive animal had a major influence on the results of the tank milk serology in some herds. In addition, correct tank milk sampling must be ensured because the representativeness of the tank milk sample is decisive for a meaningful result for the investigated farm. If the result of the tank milk test is above the cut-off value, the examination of a group of cattle is still the best way to identify a current infection in a herd.