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The advancements in technology that developed with the Industrial Revolution provided people with the opportunity to explore their surroundings. Especially, the rocket technology developed during World War II paved the way for space exploration. The launching of the first satellites by Russia and the USA in 1957-58 marked the beginning of understanding the unknown and uncertainty of space. With the initiation of space research by Russia and the USA, the magnitude of the space industry has been increasing day by day. In recent times, the space economy is around $240 billion, while space tourism is around $1.5 billion. Space has attracted the interest of both states and private companies. Particularly, after the 2000s, space activities have been commercialized by private companies. In this study, the space economy has been evaluated within the scope of space tourism and space logistics. Qualitative in-depth analysis and quantitative VOSviewer methods have been used together in the study. In recent times, with SpaceX's reusable rocket technology, Falcon 9, a revolution has taken place in transportation and logistics in space. Also, SpaceX's low-cost approach providing access to space at more affordable costs is a significant advantage for future crewed or robotic space missions. The increase in space research and travel to space, the Moon, Mars, and deep space in the future will increase the volume of space tourism and, generally, the space economy, primarily boosting the importance of space logistics as it forms the basis of this process.

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW: Ekonomika i Organizacja Logistyki is the property of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Faculty of Economic Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper are reviewed publications that were concerned about the discovery of the location of the heliopause "nose" by the Newtonian Approximation method and publications using the full three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the heliosphere that confirmed that discovery. Since we do not have a clear answer to the question of what the heliosphere looks like, in connection with the planned launch of the Interstellar Probe within this decade, there was a problem with deciding which direction to send it. The discovery of the movement of the "nose" of the heliopause depending on the direction of the interstellar magnetic field and the determination of the position of the "nose" is very important for this decision. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to answer the question of where is the "nose" of the heliopause. In the second part of the article, the possibility of changing the paradigm of scientific research projects related to interstellar missions (including those focused on the study of the heliosphere), among other things, by increasing the interdisciplinarity of research, is explored. As part of initiating such cooperation, the article develops social sciences themes related to the sustainable logistics of Interstellar Probe missions to increase public involvement in these projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent aerospace missions, space logistics have proven essential in storing, delivering and returning crew and materials between terrestrial facilities and space stations. Unlike classical commercial logistics, space logistics operations are cost-prohibitive and mission-driven, and its replenishment cycle for essential materials is relatively long. Therefore, the complete utilisation of spacecraft payload is of utmost importance. The theory of the inventory packing problem is extended in this study to build autonomous agents that interact with one another within a space logistics decision support system to reinforce the replenishment decision, chunk loading optimisation, and quality inspection. With the long replenishment cycle time, an agent embedded with interval type-2 fuzzy logic is explored to support chaotic time-series demand forecasting to derive re-order quantities in the desired period. Afterwards, the second agent solves the space chunk loading problem using the differential evolution algorithm to utilise payloads and capacities, particularly cylindrical chunks fully. The third agent measures actual item dimensions and quality to deploy the three-dimensional object scanning devices. Feedback is provided to the second agent to derive optimal chunk-loading instructions. Thanks to the autonomous interactions among the above agents, mission-critical decisions for space logistics are supported to achieve operational excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the solution approach developed by the team "theAntipodes" for the 11th Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC11). The approach consists of four main blocks: (1) mothership chain generation, (2) rendezvous table generation, (3) the dispatcher, and (4) the refinement. Blocks 1 and 3 are purely combinatorial optimization problems that select the asteroids to visit and allocate them to the Dyson ring stations. The rendezvous table generation involves interpolating time-optimal transfers to find all transfer opportunities between selected asteroids and the ring stations. The dispatcher uses the data stored in the table and allocates the asteroids to the Dyson ring stations in an optimal fashion. The refinement ensures each rendezvous trajectory meets the problem accuracy constraints, and introduces deep-space maneuvers to the mothership transfers. We provide the details of our solution that, with a score of 5992, was worth 3rd place. • Formulation of a beam search approach for the optimization of multi-asteroid missions. • Combination of indirect methods, automatic differentiation, and solutions interpolations to efficiently solve minimum time rendezvous problems. • Global optimization approach to solve space logistic problems. • Complete solution strategy for the global trajectory optimization competition 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and advancement of human civilization have led it to its next great step - the exploration and colonization of outer space. Humans have had a continuous presence in outer space for more than twenty years, but until now, this was on the level of individual, isolated space missions. Reaching the cosmic level of civilization requires the planning and development of sustainable, long-lasting systems of space logistics. Previous scientific literature did not define the space logistics system adequately, nor did it identify the key elements and stakeholders/participants of such systems. The contribution of this article is in providing an encompassing definition of space logistics, the definition of space logistics system structure, and the role of different categories of logistics centres in its planning and development. The article provides a brief literature review in the domain of all types of human activities that take place in outer space and relates them with the realization of logistics processes to support those activities. Based on that, the main processes and functions that would take place in space logistics systems are defined, which dictate the emergence of diverse, specialized categories of space logistics centres. The identification and planning of appropriate space logistics cetres categories impacts the development directions and patterns of sustainable space logistics systems and enables the spatial integration of systems that cover enormous geographical dimensions and distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an interdisciplinary space architecture optimization framework to analyze the tradeoff on in-situ resource utilization options, identify technology gaps, evaluate the benefits of in-situ resource utilization, and optimize the design of infrastructure for Mars human space exploration scenarios and mission profiles. It performs trade studies from the perspective of space logistics, which takes into account the interplanetary transportation, infrastructure deployment, in-situ resource utilization system operation, and logistics of the produced resources. Our method considers space architecture design and operation from the subsystem level to capture the coupling between in-situ resource utilization technologies and in-space architecture elements for space resource logistics. A case study involving a multi-mission human Mars exploration campaign is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of existing and proposed in-situ resource utilization technology concepts and system designs. The results can provide us with a better understanding of the benefits and costs of different in-situ resource utilization technologies for interplanetary space transportation. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to understand the impacts of lunar and near-Earth-object's in-situ resource utilization systems on Mars missions. The results of this analysis can help decision-makers determine and optimize the roadmap for in-situ resource utilization technology development. • Subsystem-level in-situ resource plant design enables technology tradeoff. • Multiple in-space infrastructure sizing, price, and tradeoff models are established. • A Mars exploration case study is conducted with infrastructure design and logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows a new strategy for developing of space logistics which is supported by safety engineering for the operational techniques and technologies in space. A new strategy is a very important for developing of space technology because account improvement range and its independence from most terrestrial network failures. The developing space logistics is observable during make of satellites which are ensuring wide-ranging continuous information flow among people, businesses and governments for assuring of safety and security when terrestrial network connections are disrupted. The main goal in this publication is presenting example of analysis and assessment in an industrial enterprise of space logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper considers the design of a supply chain network for the delivery of asteroid-derived resources to customers in Earth orbit. The network features orbital nodes consisting of an asteroid source, an orbital propellant depot, arrival and departure parking orbits, and customer spacecraft. Edges between nodes represent transfer trajectories modelled as impulsive manoeuvres. Two classes of spacecraft vehicles are assigned to transport the product through various edges in the network. We determine the optimal location of nodes, and vehicle routes through the network (a location-routing problem) with the objective of maximizing either the total sellable mass delivered to customers, or the total net present value of the asteroid mining venture. The depot and parking orbit locations are to be selected from a discrete set of candidate locations with variable orbital radius and orientation. Vehicle routes are to be chosen from two candidate routes that ensure reusability over multiple mining trips. A mathematical formulation is presented to describe the objective function as a function of the candidate node locations and vehicle routes. We develop a set of constrained optimization problems to determine the optimal location and orientation of parking orbits, depot location, and vehicle routes though the network. Solution methods are developed using integer programming. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method for the case of maximizing total sellable mass delivered from a near-Earth asteroid to a single customer in Geostationary Orbit. The results showed that the maximum sellable mass is achieved with a delivery route in which the mining spacecraft remains in a highly elliptical parking orbit before returning to the asteroid, while a small transport spacecraft retrieves the load of material and delivers it to an orbital propellant depot and customers. The optimal location of a propellant depot is found to be at the same orbital radius and orbital plane as the customers. This depot location and vehicle routing can deliver between 33.15 and 52.63% of the mass extracted from the asteroid in a single trip (depending on the trajectories to/from the target asteroid), with the ability to conduct numerous return trips to the asteroid. Highlights • The optimal location of the depot was found to be in the same orbit as the customer. • The optimal route was found to be Route 2 with an Elliptical parking orbit. • The mining spacecraft performs an apo-twist manoeuvre at apoapsis of 768,798 km. • This strategy can deliver between 33.15 and 52.63% of the extracted mass to the customer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a network optimization formulation for dynamic campaign-level space mission planning. Although many past space missions have been designed mainly from a mission-level perspective, a campaign-level perspective will be important for future space exploration. In order to find the optimal campaign-level space transportation architecture, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation with a generalized multi-commodity flow and a time-expanded network is developed. Particularly, a new heuristics-based method, a partially static time-expanded network, is developed to provide a solution quickly. The developed method is applied to a case study containing human exploration of a near-Earth object (NEO) and Mars, related to the concept of the Flexible Path. The numerical results show that using the specific combinations of propulsion technologies, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), and other space infrastructure elements can reduce the initial mass in low-Earth orbit (IMLEO) significantly. In addition, the case study results also show that we can achieve large IMLEO reduction by designing NEO and Mars missions together as a campaign compared with designing them separately owing to their common space infrastructure pre-deployment. This research will be an important step toward efficient and flexible campaign-level space mission planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This paper introduces new concepts of on-orbit propellant depots for human space exploration based on contingency propellant. The proposed architecture is useful in that it does not require separate depot filling missions, whereas conventional depot architectures require large “prior investment” type missions for depot filling before gaining the returns. Two concepts for this type of depots are shown: “steady-state” architecture and “stockpiling” architecture. In the “steady-state” mode, the depot always keeps the contingency propellant in orbit as well as the reused habitat module. In each mission, the vehicles collect the habitat and the contingency propellant from the depot in orbit on its way to the destination, perform the maintenance for the habitat, and leave the habitat and the unused contingency propellant in orbit on its way back. In the “stockpiling” mode, on the other hand, the habitat module is reused in the same way, but the depot accumulates propellant so that a later mega-mission can carry larger payload. Numerical results show the usefulness of the proposed architectures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The realization of a sustainable manned Mars habitation mission cannot be achieved using conventional methods because the mission conditions, such as available resources, hazards, and journey time, differ significantly from those of previous manned space missions. Therefore, construction of a sustainable interplanetary transportation network, a Mars-based resource management system, and hazard management system should be considered. In addition, the development of key advanced technologies is very important. Hence, the logistics system constructed in this study considers not only mission requirements such as human transfer and stay times but also the available technology and required safety levels. Using simulations of the logistics system, we calculated the optimal stay cycle to minimize the initial mass in low Earth orbit. As a result, the effects of the limitation on the stay time and the superiority of stop-over and cycler trajectories with respect to the requirements of the stay cycle are quantitatively declared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)