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Plant vasculature transports molecules that play a crucial role in plant signaling including systemic responses and acclimation to diverse environmental conditions. Targeted controlled delivery of molecules to the vascular tissue can be a biomimetic way to induce long distance responses, providing a new tool for the fundamental studies and engineering of stress‐tolerant plants. Here, a flexible organic electronic ion pump, an electrophoretic delivery device, for controlled delivery of phytohormones directly in plant vascular tissue is developed. The c‐OEIP is based on polyimide‐coated glass capillaries that significantly enhance the mechanical robustness of these microscale devices while being minimally disruptive for the plant. The polyelectrolyte channel is based on low‐cost and commercially available precursors that can be photocured with blue light, establishing much cheaper and safer system than the state‐of‐the‐art. To trigger OEIP‐induced plant response, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the petiole of intact Arabidopsis plants is delivered. ABA is one of the main phytohormones involved in plant stress responses and induces stomata closure under drought conditions to reduce water loss and prevent wilting. The OEIP‐mediated ABA delivery triggered fast and long‐lasting stomata closure far away from the delivery point demonstrating systemic vascular transport of the delivered ABA, verified delivering deuterium‐labeled ABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro, Drosophila melanogaster Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) uses its helicase domain to initiate processing of dsRNA with blunt (BLT) termini, and its Platform•PAZ domain to initiate processing of dsRNA with 3' overhangs (ovrs). To understand the relationship of these in vitro observations to roles of Dcr-2 in vivo, we compared in vitro effects of two helicase mutations to their impact on production of endogenous and viral siRNAs in flies. Consistent with the importance of the helicase domain in processing BLT dsRNA, both point mutations eliminated processing of BLT, but not 3'ovr, dsRNA in vitro. However, the mutations had different effects in vivo. A point mutation in the Walker A motif of the Hel1 subdomain, G31R, largely eliminated production of siRNAs in vivo, while F225G, located in the Hel2 subdomain, showed reduced levels of endogenous siRNAs, but did not significantly affect virus-derived siRNAs. In vitro assays monitoring dsRNA cleavage, dsRNA binding, ATP hydrolysis, and binding of the accessory factor Loquacious-PD provided insight into the different effects of the mutations on processing of different sources of dsRNA in flies. Our in vitro studies suggest effects of the mutations in vivo relate to their effects on ATPase activity, dsRNA binding, and interactions with Loquacious-PD. Our studies emphasize the importance of future studies to characterize dsRNA termini as they exist in Drosophila and other animals., (© 2020 Donelick et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the RNA Society.)

Insects, the most diverse group of animals, can be infected by an extraordinary diversity of viruses. Among them, arthropod-borne viruses can be transmitted to humans, while bee and silkworm viruses cause important economic losses. Like all invertebrates, insects rely solely on innate immunity to counter viral infections. Protein-based mechanisms, involving restriction factors and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways regulating transcription factors of the NF-kB and STAT families, participate in the control of viral infections in insects. In addition, RNA-based responses play a major role in the silencing of viral RNAs. We review here our current state of knowledge on insect antiviral defense mechanisms, which include conserved as well as adaptive, insect-specific strategies. Identification of the innate immunity receptors that sense viral infection in insects remains a major challenge for the field.