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This study reports feasibility, fidelity and acceptability of a pilot of START; a 12‐week parent‐toddler, group‐based, neurodiversity‐affirming programme aiming to support executive function development in toddlers at elevated likelihood of autism or ADHD. After 4 days' training, community early years practitioner pairs delivered START to 13 UK families with a toddler showing elevated autistic traits, or with a parent or sibling with autism or ADHD, in groups of 6 and 7. Sessions were audio‐recorded and rated by practitioners and researchers regarding the extent to which programme and session aims were met. Practitioners' reflections on strengths and challenges in session delivery, adaptations to the session plan and researchers' observations from the audio recordings were probed in weekly debrief calls, and one‐to‐one interviews at programme end‐point. Recruitment and retention were monitored. Parent participants were asked to complete a feedback questionnaire after each session. Results show recruitment to the programme is feasible, but a large minority of parents experience barriers to regular attendance, which is a challenge for achieving exposure targets. Practitioners delivered the programme to a high quality and at least partially met programme and session‐specific aims in every session. The most significant barrier to fully meeting session aims was families' late arrival. Parents reported regularly engaging with the suggested activities at home and found the sessions useful, although not all parents responded each week. Overall, the results of this small‐scale pilot indicate START is feasible and acceptable as a parent‐mediated programme to support toddlers at elevated likelihood of autism or ADHD to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the profile of COVID-19 toddler patients in 2021. Using descriptive observational design and cross-sectional design. Secondary data in the form of medical records were obtained using the total sampling technique so as to reach n = 100 in the time span January 1, 2021-31 July 2022. The data were then analyzed univariately and then presented in a frequency / percentage distribution table. The results showed that out of 100 medical records, 53 male and 47 female patients were obtained in the majority of ages >4 years-5 years. Sixty-five of the total sample were outpatients and 35 were inpatients. The diagnostic method used was COVID-19 RT-PCR swab. The most common symptom was fever (77) accompanied by gastrointestinal system involvement, namely vomiting (21). The most common physical examination sign was an increase in body temperature (71) with the most severity being mild symptoms (54) cases. Other supporting medical examinations were only performed in patients with moderate-critical severity who underwent hospitalization, accounting for 35% of the total study subjects, the results of complete blood tests were mostly normal and x-rays in (24) patients pointed to bilateral pneumonia. Antiviral treatment history was only given to mild-critical symptoms who underwent hospitalization and the most common drugs were vitamin C and zinc in (74) patients with clinical outcomes only assessed in hospitalized patients as (34) patients had improved clinical outcomes and (1) patient died due to septic shock and severe hypoglycemia. The most common symptom was fever and the most common gastrointestinal-related symptom was vomiting. Clinical severity was mostly mild. The most common physical examination result was elevated body temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of Blount disease and childhood obesity have increased in parallel, although the co-management of this acquired comorbidity and obesity is not well described. This report shares the course of a toddler with severe obesity who experienced rapid and persistent weight gain without success from nutrition and behavior changes. After repeat subspeciality evaluation, the patient was ultimately diagnosed with signs of early-onset Blount disease, urging the need for adjunct medical therapy. Initiation of topiramate was shown to achieve weight neutrality and improve the patient's body mass index (BMI), appearing to halt the progression of Blount disease and avoiding escalation to surgical treatment. This report suggests topiramate can be an effective and well-tolerated medication in young patients with a pressing need for weight intervention.

Nutrition problems are still a concern for the Indonesian government to be resolved immediately, one of which is the problem of stunting. , Bojonegoro Regency's stunting prevalence rate is 23.9 percent, making Bojonegoro the district with the 13th highest stunting prevalence of 38 districts and cities in East Java. The prevalence of stunting which is still quite high can affect Indonesia's development performance because stunting has an impact on children's health status so that children become vulnerable to illness and has an impact on children's intelligence and quality of life, so handling it is still a government priority. The innovation of the KELANTING program (Stunting Caring Grandmother Class) is present by involving academics who act as references for solving problems based on research results (based on research) in the field of midwifery and nursing. So that it is able to increase the understanding of the community, especially grandmother caregivers, so that they are able to carry out care appropriately and get used to it. children to consume foods with balanced contents. The Klanting Program is carried out with Local Food Education and Diversification in Sidobandung Village, Balen District, Bojonegoro Regency" as a pilot project for community-based stunting prevention efforts. This activity is carried out by involving 25 grandmothers who care for toddlers by carrying out outreach and education. After the Klanting activity was carried out, there was an increase in the understanding and knowledge of grandmother caregivers regarding parenting styles and food diversification to prevent stunting, namely 72% of grandmother caregivers after the clanting activity had good knowledge, compared to previously only 28%. This shows that there is an increase in the percentage of understanding and knowledge of grandmothers who care for toddlers about parenting patterns of grandmothers and local food diversification in order to increase toddlers' interest in eating food diversity and the use of local food which can prevent stunting in toddlers.

Abstract Background Since the 1920s, motor development has been a strong research theme, focusing on infants' acquisition of motor skills, such as turning over and crawling. In the 1980s, a dynamic systems approach began emphasizing children's own motivation, which helped explain individual differences in the emergence of motor skills. However, few studies have examined factors contributing to individual differences in early motor development. In response, we investigated directional associations between temperament and motor development in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Method The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS-A) recruited mothers between January 2011 and March 2014. 2,639 mothers were sent a questionnaire at 6 months, and responses were received from 1,657 of them, with full data for children aged 6 months, 2 years, and 3 years, including from three mothers of twins, were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Question items regarding fine and gross motor activities at each age were selected by pediatric neurologists specializing in developmental disorders. The Japanese version of the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire was administered at 42 months. Temperament was assessed through the parent-reported Behavior Questionnaire (short version) for infants, toddlers, and children. In all three measures, Surgency and Negative Affectivity were extracted, and Effortful Control, a major form of self-regulation, was found from toddlerhood onward, as in previous studies. Results A path diagram reveals that at 6 months, Surgency and Orienting/Regulation interacted positively with the motor function (respectively, r = .57; r = 40, ps

Background: Stunting is a nutrition problem that can slow down the growth. With prevalence at 32.5%, Landak Regency in West Kalimantan has been designated as a stunting hotspot. The lack of a maximum penalty for the stunting case in Landak Regency is not based on factors causing the stunting itself, because there is no identifiable factor causing the stunting in certain area due to narrow roads and sharp curves. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify causes and distribution of the stunting case in Landak Regency. Methods: A total of 330 households in Meranti, Sebangki, and Senakin were included in this cross-sectional study because they were at a risk of the stunting. Toddlers, mothers, health care, and environmental factors were among the found variables. The researchers employed a basic random sampling strategy for the sampling and used the secondary health center data to find out whether or not toddlers were stunted. Researchers in this study collected data on the independent variables by observing and interviewing participants. Using the chi-square test, the data was analyzed. Results: The results showed that determinants of the stunting in Landak Regency were the history of early breastfeeding initiation (p-value=0.032), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value=0.042), frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value=0.040), the continued breastfeeding (p-value=0.024), complementary feeding (p-value=0.042), immunization history (p-value=0.007), infectious disease history (p-value=0.000), maternal height (p-value=0.046), delivery assistance (p-value=0.000), access to health services (p-value=0.004), the role of health workers (p-value=0.002), and family latrine ownership (p-value=0.000). Conclusions: Several factors were found to be associated with incidence of the stunting among toddlers in Landak Regency.

Background: Lack of nutritional intake is a significant factor causing stunting in children, affecting their growth and development. The role of maternal knowledge and parenting practices is crucial in preventing stunting. Objective: In This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and stunting in toddlers in Forestry Hamlet, Secanggang Village, Langkat Regency. Methods: A descriptive quantitative research design was employed. Data were collected using questionnaires from a sample of 30 mothers of toddlers. The study analyzed the knowledge levels of these mothers regarding stunting. Results: The analysis revealed that 70% of mothers had good knowledge, 26.7% had sufficient knowledge, and 3.3% had poor knowledge about stunting. The findings suggest that higher education levels among mothers are associated with better knowledge about preventing stunting. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Enhancing health education and promoting better understanding of toddler nutrition among mothers can contribute to reducing stunting rates. Health services and authorities should focus on disseminating information through various media to improve maternal knowledge and practices related to child nutrition.

This study delves into the early language development of a 25-month-old toddler, emphasizing phonological aspects encompassing consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. Conducted in Palembang in December 2023, the research employs a qualitative methodology utilizing a case study approach. The investigation aims to address the crucial role of phonological development in early language acquisition and its implications for linguistic theory and pedagogy. By focusing on the phonological repertoire of a toddler identified as "M. AH," this study contributes to bridging the gap in research regarding early phonological development in Bahasa Indonesia-speaking children. Key research questions include identifying the range of phonological elements mastered by the toddler and exploring potential factors influencing their linguistic development. The analysis reveals the toddler's adeptness in articulating various phonemes, including 14 consonants, six vowels, and several diphthongs, within their linguistic environment. These findings shed light on the intricate process of early language acquisition and underscore the importance of understanding phonological development in diverse linguistic contexts. Methodologically, the research utilizes direct observation and recording techniques to capture and analyze the toddler's linguistic interactions and productions. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the early stages of language acquisition, offering implications for both research and practice in child language development and education.

Abstract Background Health service providers closely monitor the developmental state of toddlers to identify the factors affecting this process because any defect during this period will cause irreversible damage. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of nutritional behaviors and parent–child interactions with the developmental domains of Iranian toddlers. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 toddlers aged 12–36 months covered by comprehensive health centers in the south of Tehran in 2021–2022. The participants were selected through single-stage cluster sampling. To this end, 16 comprehensive health centers were randomly selected, and then some of the clients from each center were randomly selected as the sample. The required data were collected through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), and a demographics form. They were then analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS-21, considering a significance level of p

Penjaringan Sari Flats is a solution implemented by the Surabaya City Government to overcome the limited housing in Surabaya. Due to the high number of residents , Penjaringan Sari Flats have a rapid and spread infectious rate. One of the impacts of infectious diseases that may be experienced by pregnant women and also children under five aged is low birth weight (LBW) babies and stunting. One solution to reduce the number of stunting and LBW that can be done is screening at early conditions of infection in pregnant women and toddler using the urine examination method (urinalysis). In examining a urine sample which is examined using the dipstick method (urinalysis using strips), 11 parameters can be read. Three of the eleven dipstick parameters (nitrite, leukocytes, and protein) were stated to be sufficient to screen a patient's initial infection profile. Participants in this community service activity are residents of Penjaringan Sari flats who are female, pregnant, and/or small children aged up to 5 years. The first stage carried out was the introduction of this program and activity plan to the Head of Penjaringan Sari Subdistrict. Data collection on the number of pregnant women and toddlers in Penjaringan Sari Village using observational methods. Data collection was carried out personally by the Head of Community Service accompanied by local women community. The number of pregnant women is 40 and toddlers are 60 as of August 2023. The results of urine sample examinations from 74 patients from residents of Penjaringan Sari Subdistrict are divided into two different categories: pregnant women and toddlers. In the category of pregnant women, around 90% of patients had positive leukocyte results, 60% had proteinuria, and 10% showed positive urine nitrite. In the second group, namely toddlers, the results showed that around 58.13% showed positive leukocytes, around 16.27% experienced proteinuria, and 4.65% of toddler patients had positive nitrite values.

Abstract Background In recent years, smart devices have become an integral part of daily life. However, longitudinal studies, particularly those regarding the relationship between toddlers’ smart device usage and behavioral outcomes, are limited. Understanding the impact of parent–child interactions on this relationship is crucial for enhancing toddlers’ developmental outcomes. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of early screen time and media content exposure on toddlers’ behaviors, as well as the positive effects of mother–child interactions on this influence. Methods We used relevant data related to 277 children born between November 2016 and July 2020 and who were part of an ongoing prospective follow-up study conducted across five hospitals in Taipei City, Taiwan. We analyzed (1) data from maternal reports regarding children’s behavior by using the Child Behavior Checklist (for ages 11/2–5 years), (2) assessments of mother–child interactions by using the Brigance Parent–Child Interactions Scale, and (3) self-reported parental data covering the first 3 postpartum years. Statistical analyses involved group-based trajectory modeling and multiple linear regression. Results A considerable increase in screen time between the ages of 1 and 3 years was associated with less favorable behavioral outcomes at age 3. These outcomes included somatic complaints [adjusted beta coefficient (aβ) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.39–3.95, p-value = 0.01], withdrawal (aβ = 2.42, 95% CI = 0.15–4.69, p-value = 0.04), and aggressive behavior (aβ = 6.53, 95% CI = 0.25–12.81, p-value = 0.04). This association was particularly evident among children with lower levels of mother–child interaction. Nevertheless, positive mother–child interactions mitigated most of the adverse effects. Additionally, increased exposure to games and cartoons was associated with poorer behavioral outcomes in all children except for those experiencing positive mother–child interactions. Conclusion Early mother–child interactions play a crucial role in mitigating the risk of behavioral problems in toddlers who spend prolonged periods looking at screens and who are frequently exposed to game and cartoon content.

Objectives: The EQ-TIPS was developed to measure the Health-Related Quality of Life in infants/toddlers. Considering the rapid development in this period, this study aimed to investigate age-related variations in EQ-TIPS performance. Methods: Data from 551 infants/toddlers living with a health condition were analysed. Infants/toddlers were grouped by age: 0–6 months (n = 100), 6–12 months (n = 95), 12–24 months (n = 147), and 36–48 months (n = 97). Differences in item responses and item correlations across age groups were calculated by Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman's correlations, respectively. Results: The report of problems was significantly higher for movement, play, and communication in the 36–48-month group compared to the 0–6-month group. There were strong correlations (r > 0.50) across all age groups between play and movement and communication and social interaction/play; neither pain nor eating showed a clear pattern of association. Conclusions: There is an age-related difference in the reporting of items linked to developmental milestones (movement, play, and communication) with most problems reported in the 36–48-month group when deviation from peers and continued dependence on caregivers is notable. Consideration should be given to including broader examples of play in the EQ-TIPS. Redefining the items to represent social communication and/or (social) emotion, rather than communication and social interaction, may be warranted. Future research should explore the psychometric performance of items to further inform item inclusion and/or revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Health service providers closely monitor the developmental state of toddlers to identify the factors affecting this process because any defect during this period will cause irreversible damage. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of nutritional behaviors and parent–child interactions with the developmental domains of Iranian toddlers. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 toddlers aged 12–36 months covered by comprehensive health centers in the south of Tehran in 2021–2022. The participants were selected through single-stage cluster sampling. To this end, 16 comprehensive health centers were randomly selected, and then some of the clients from each center were randomly selected as the sample. The required data were collected through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), and a demographics form. They were then analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS-21, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that most participants were normal in all developmental domains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, personal-social, and problem-solving), with a mean developmental delay ranging from 1.8 to 7%. The most serious problem of participants requiring medical referral was related to gross motor (7%) with a mean of 54.35 ± 7.28 followed by communication (6.5%) with a mean of 49.41 ± 9.67. The mean nutritional behavior of participants was 77.9 ± 21.7. A significant relationship was found between the nutritional behaviors of participants and the problem-solving domain of development (p = 0.018). The results also indicated a mean parent-child interaction score of 94.26 ± 12.63. There was a significant relationship between parent-child interactions and the communication area of development (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Since some areas of toddler development are influenced by children's nutritional behavior and parent-child interactions, it is necessary to train families to identify, monitor, and correct the factors affecting the development of their children. Health system officials and planners are also recommended to develop interventions to improve the nutritional behaviors of children and parent-child interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infants and toddlers with kidney failure are susceptible to neurodevelopmental delays due to medical comorbidities and rapid brain development in early childhood. However, research on the neuropsychological development of this patient population has been limited over the past 10 years. Methods: We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the neurodevelopmental functioning of infants/toddlers with kidney failure who completed the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd and 4th Edition) as part of a pretransplant evaluation between 2010 and 2022 (n = 23; Mage = 18 months, SD = 8.53; 16 males) using t-tests, linear model, and Pearson correlations. Results: Mean Bayley scores of participants were below normative means for cognition (M = 86.74, 95% CI = 80.53–92.94, p < 0.001), language (M = 79.20, 95% CI = 73.32–85.08, p < 0.001), and motor (M = 78.00, 95% CI = 70.15–85.85, p < 0.001) domains. After adjusting for prematurity and epilepsy, patients on dialysis had significantly lower cognitive (78.7 vs. 93.8; p = 0.001) and motor scores (67.1 vs. 85.5; p = 0.01) compared to no dialysis. Pretransplant cognitive scores were positively correlated with posttransplant Full-Scale IQ (r(8) = 0.65 p = 0.04), verbal comprehension (r(8) = 0.75 p = 0.02), and fluid reasoning (r(7) = 0.68 p = 0.045). Similarly, pretransplant language scores were positively correlated with posttransplant Full-Scale IQ (r(7) = 0.74 p = 0.03) and verbal comprehension (r(7) = 0.73 p = 0.03). Of the 16 participants who reached age > 5 years during the study period, seven were diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder, including three with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusions: Infants and toddlers with kidney failure are at risk of developmental delays and later neurodevelopmental disorders. Dialysis is associated with cognitive and motor delays independent of prematurity and epilepsy. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early executive functioning (EF) skills are foundational capabilities that predict school readiness, academic development and psychiatric risk. Early interventions enhancing these capabilities could have critical import in improving outcomes. However, to develop interventions, it is necessary to identify specific EF skills that will vary with child age. Thus, we aimed to examine the characteristics and efficacy of interventions targeting EF in infancy and early childhood up to age 3. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and APA PsycINFO databases was performed for studies published before December 2022. Randomized and non‐randomized studies of interventions designed to improve at least one EF skill in children ≤3 years were included. EF skills included attentional control, inhibition/self‐regulation, activity initiation, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning ability, problem‐solving and performance monitoring. We independently extracted data, used the revised Cochrane Risk‐of‐Bias tool to assess the quality of the evidence and conducted Synthesis Without Meta‐analysis (SWiM). The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations was determined using elements of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Thirty‐five studies met inclusion criteria (original n = 7467). Studies were highly variable in the EF skill targeted, target subject (i.e., child, parent and teacher), nature and dosage of the intervention, and timing of outcome assessment. Most interventions focused on improving impulse control and self‐regulation. The overall quality of evidence was low to moderate with a high risk of bias, though six studies had low risk of bias but yielded mixed findings of efficacy. Conclusions: The relatively small number of early EF intervention studies uses such variable methods that there is currently no converging evidence of efficacy to recommend a specific intervention. Thus, findings support the need for a more systematic, targeted approach to the design and implementation of early EF interventions for target populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The impact of young child formula (YCF) consumption on children's growth, particularly under suboptimal conditions, has scarcely been studied. In the current study, weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and BMI-for-age (BAZ) z-score development was evaluated in children from five different countries (n = 668) who participated in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: The children (1–3 years old) were randomized to one of two intervention YCFs (with presence or absence of prebiotics and n-3 LCPUFAs) during 52 weeks of intervention. Additional stratified analyses evaluated the growth patterns of underweight, overweight, or stunted children. Results: No apparent differences in anthropometric measurements were observed between the intervention groups. In both YCF intervention groups, mean WAZ, LAZ and BAZ development was indicative of adequate growth during the intervention period. Stratified analyses showed stable WAZ and BAZ development among children with a healthy weight or overweight at baseline. Among underweight and stunted children, normalization in mean weight (∼1 SD) and length (∼0.8 SD) gain, respectively, was observed. Conclusion: The current study suggests that consumption of YCF, either or not containing prebiotics and n-3 LCPUFAs, is associated with adequate growth among young children. This association may depend on the child's baseline nutritional status. Future studies to assess the potential role of YCF in supporting adequate weight/length gain among children at risk for undernutrition are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penjaringan Sari Flats is a solution implemented by the Surabaya City Government to overcome the limited housing in Surabaya. Due to the high number of residents, Penjaringan Sari Flats have a rapid and spread infectious rate. One of the impacts of infectious diseases that may be experienced by pregnant women and also children under five aged is low birth weight (LBW) babies and stunting. One solution to reduce the number of stunting and LBW that can be done is screening at early conditions of infection in pregnant women and toddler using the urine examination method (urinalysis). In examining a urine sample which is examined using the dipstick method (urinalysis using strips), 11 parameters can be read. Three of the eleven dipstick parameters (nitrite, leukocytes, and protein) were stated to be sufficient to screen a patient's initial infection profile. Participants in this community service activity are residents of Penjaringan Sari flats who are female, pregnant, and/or small children aged up to 5 years. The first stage carried out was the introduction of this program and activity plan to the Head of Penjaringan Sari Subdistrict. Data collection on the number of pregnant women and toddlers in Penjaringan Sari Village using observational methods. Data collection was carried out personally by the Head of Community Service accompanied by local women community. The number of pregnant women is 40 and toddlers are 60 as of August 2023. The results of urine sample examinations from 74 patients from residents of Penjaringan Sari Subdistrict are divided into two different categories: pregnant women and toddlers. In the category of pregnant women, around 90% of patients had positive leukocyte results, 60% had proteinuria, and 10% showed positive urine nitrite. In the second group, namely toddlers, the results showed that around 58.13% showed positive leukocytes, around 16.27% experienced proteinuria, and 4.65% of toddler patients had positive nitrite values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals are an important source of nutrients, especially used in complementary feeding. The objective of this study is to review the nutritional composition of cereal-based foods for infants from 4 months and toddlers that are offered in Spain and Ecuador, countries selected because of the opportunity to work in them, and due to their socio-economic differences (industrialized and developing countries, respectively). The number of these products was 105 cereals in Spain and 22 in Ecuador. The products were classified as gluten-free cereals, five cereals, eight cereals, multigrain cereals, and cookies. A 25 g serving was used to determine the percentage in which the samples analyzed can cover the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) for micronutrients in infants from 7 months and toddlers according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Nutritional information per 100 g of dry product was collected according to medium, minimum, and maximum units, and nutrient density was calculated. The age range in which these products are recommended is different in both countries. The nutritional composition presents some differences; Spanish cereals show a lower content of sodium, added sugars, hydrolyzed cereals, and maltodextrin than Ecuadorian cereals. Commercialized cereals could contribute to satisfying the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers; however, they can also be a source of non-recommended components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Merdeka Belajar curriculum is the current curriculum developed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, which should be implemented thoroughly in 2024. Project-based learning is identically engaged with this curriculum, which offers many advantages to enrich the quality of education. This method has been promoted and implemented in several schools across the region in Indonesia, yet many teachers still need help applying it. This research explores the project-based learning steps for preschool teachers in Bandung through a community service program by Industrial Engineering lecturers in Indonesia. There were 42 participants from 35 kindergarten and playgroup schools who joined the PJBL workshop. With an active learning workshop delivery, a significant result has been achieved that could increase their understanding of the PJBL concept. The "A Healthy House" project was an example of the topic covered in the workshop. To check the participant's knowledge of the PjbL steps, the questionnaire was distributed two times, before and after the workshop ended. Using the Mc Nemart test, the PJBL workshop has significantly impacted the teachers. They could understand the principles of PjBL and the steps of the methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, smart devices have become an integral part of daily life. However, longitudinal studies, particularly those regarding the relationship between toddlers' smart device usage and behavioral outcomes, are limited. Understanding the impact of parent–child interactions on this relationship is crucial for enhancing toddlers' developmental outcomes. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of early screen time and media content exposure on toddlers' behaviors, as well as the positive effects of mother–child interactions on this influence. Methods: We used relevant data related to 277 children born between November 2016 and July 2020 and who were part of an ongoing prospective follow-up study conducted across five hospitals in Taipei City, Taiwan. We analyzed (1) data from maternal reports regarding children's behavior by using the Child Behavior Checklist (for ages 11/2–5 years), (2) assessments of mother–child interactions by using the Brigance Parent–Child Interactions Scale, and (3) self-reported parental data covering the first 3 postpartum years. Statistical analyses involved group-based trajectory modeling and multiple linear regression. Results: A considerable increase in screen time between the ages of 1 and 3 years was associated with less favorable behavioral outcomes at age 3. These outcomes included somatic complaints [adjusted beta coefficient (aβ) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.39–3.95, p-value = 0.01], withdrawal (aβ = 2.42, 95% CI = 0.15–4.69, p-value = 0.04), and aggressive behavior (aβ = 6.53, 95% CI = 0.25–12.81, p-value = 0.04). This association was particularly evident among children with lower levels of mother–child interaction. Nevertheless, positive mother–child interactions mitigated most of the adverse effects. Additionally, increased exposure to games and cartoons was associated with poorer behavioral outcomes in all children except for those experiencing positive mother–child interactions. Conclusion: Early mother–child interactions play a crucial role in mitigating the risk of behavioral problems in toddlers who spend prolonged periods looking at screens and who are frequently exposed to game and cartoon content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptive behavior problems among young children can result in long-term negative consequences, highlighting the importance of early interventions. While there have been recent developments in early interventions (e.g., Parent–Child Interaction Therapy-Toddler), there is a need for brief assessments for toddler disruptive behaviors. The current study aims to adapt the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) for toddler-aged children. Archival data from toddler- and preschool-aged children underwent a three-step process for data reduction (qualitative content validation, missing data and low variability exclusion, and criterion-related validation against the preschool version of the Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with measurement models on the reduced item set were conducted, with a final validation model against the CBCL. This procedure resulted in eight of the 36 items of the ECBI being retained. A metric measurement model of the 8 items, allowing for higher average scores for preschool children compared to toddlers, fit well (chi-square p = 0.13; SRMR = 0.07, GFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.94). This study provides evidence for a developmental factor of the ECBI for toddler-aged youth that can be used in future clinical and research work. Items included on this factor support previous research that suggests toddler behavior problems are partially due to undeveloped emotion regulation skills and parent–child attachment concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early childhood centres, decontextualised talk is often associated with literacy activities. In this study, however, we investigated toddler-educator conversations across various activities with a focus on those about topics that were not related to the immediate context. We examined the communicative purposes and linguistic features of these conversations and the opportunities they afford for toddlers' learning. A qualitative analysis of video-recorded conversations between 12 2-year-old toddlers and their educators resulted in identifying four kinds of talk: 'interview', 'story', 'inquiry' and 'rebuttal'. The findings reveal that toddler–educator conversations provide varied learning opportunities for toddlers, which are reinforced by both educators' and toddlers' conversational contributions. The participants' contributions are shaped by the extent to which a topic is removed from their immediate activity. These findings can inform more effective use of linguistic features, such as questions and narrative constructions, for supporting under-3-year-old children's learning and developing skills in using decontextualised talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspiration of foreign body is not an uncommon life threatening emergency in pediatric practice. Objects that are commonly aspirated include nuts, beans, toys, and in very rare instances jewelries among others. This is a 2 year old female toddler who presented in our facility on account of sudden onset of cough which became recurrent with associated difficulty with breathing of one month duration. Symptoms were first observed immediately after she was noticed to have aspirated a piece of her rigid earrings that was left on a table at home. She had chest x-ray that showed evidence of an opaque foreign body in the left main bronchus for which she had fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopy with removal of a rigid metallic ear-ring. The patient was subsequently discharged on the second day post-operation. Ear-ring aspiration is uncommon in children, but when it occurs it could result in grave consequences. Parents and guardians should suspect possibility of such aspiration if there is a missing earring belonging to a child who has sudden onset of respiratory difficulty.

Abstract Background Limited data are available regarding the risk factors for fistula-in-ano (FIA) in infants and toddlers, potentially affecting their daily lives. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for FIA in infants and toddlers, in order to implement early preventive interventions, avoid disease progression, and develop therapeutic strategies. Design and settings A retrospective case-control study was conducted, comparing 41 infants and toddlers diagnosed with FIA with 41 healthy controls, between August 2020 and December 2021. Independent variables (a) maternal characteristics during pregnancy and delivery, (b) perinatal characteristics, dietary behaviors, and defecation-related behaviors in infants and toddlers, (c) family dietary behaviors. Results Mothers of infants and toddlers with FIA had given birth more times in the past, while the infants and toddlers themselves had less mealtime, a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding, frequent loose stools, and a larger proportion of used wipes, experiencing perianal skin anomalies. The logistic regression analysis revealed that there are four significant risk factors associated with the development of FIA in infants and toddlers, including the number of previous deliveries by the mother (OR 6.327), defecation frequency score (OR 5.351), stool consistency score (OR 5.017), and cleaning with wipes after defecation (OR 8.089). Conclusion Based on our data, it appeared that FIA in infants and toddlers could be attributed to several factors. These included an increased number of previous deliveries by mothers, frequent loose stools, and repeated wipe use. To prevent the occurrence and worsening of the disease, it is important to improve the frequency and consistency of stooling and provide proper care. Further research is required to verify these findings in other clinical settings.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify sleep problems in children aged 0-3 years and the factors influencing them. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted online with 366 parents of children aged 0-3 years. Children’s sleep problems and influencing factors were assessed using a seven-question demographic form, and the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire was used to assess infant sleep. Results: Children aged 0-3 years had a late bedtime (21:30) and were awake more than twice a night. They slept an average of 2 hours during the day and 5 hours of uninterrupted sleep at night. Regardless of gender, they slept a total of 10 hours per night. Children who did not have a regular bedtime (54.2%) and had late sleep onset (51.5%) had more sleep problems. In total, 21.5% of the children were awake more than three times a night, 12.7% were awake for more than one hour at night, 8.8% had a total sleep time of less than 9 hours and 34.4% had sleep problems. Children with a total sleep time of less than 9 hours were more likely to have sleep problems. Conclusion: Children aged 0-6 months living in extended families and sleeping out of bed had more sleep problems. The results of the study shed light on factors such as the prevalence of sleep problems in children aged 0-3 years, sleep ecology and hygiene.

Background: fulfillment of the basic physical biomedical needs of children under five affects their growth and development. Most poor families pay little attention to the basic needs of their children due to lack of knowledge and the economy. To overcome this, the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia has issued social security to reduce the number of poverty and social welfare cases called the Family Hope Program (PKH). Within the health sector, KPM (Beneficiary Families) are required to ensure the provision of fundamental healthcare services for children under the age of five. These services include monthly regular vaccines, biannual administration of Vitamin A, and monthly monitoring of the children's weight.Objectives: this study aims to analyze the impact of conditional cash transfer programs on the fulfillment of basic physical-biomedical needs. Methods: we conducted a quantitative study using a cross sectional design. Our research sample was 83 of 289 children under five years in Patempuran-Kalisat-Jember taken using simple random sampling technique. Results: the results showed that there were no differences in the completeness of immunization (Sig = 0.501), exclusive breastfeeding (Sig = 0.378), routine weighing (Sig = 0.445) and utilization of health services (Sig = 0.845) between conditional cash transfer program recipients and non recipients. Conclusions: This program is considered effective because the majority of children under five have received complete basic immunization and routinely have their weight weighed at the posyandu, but children under the age of five are not given exclusive breast milk. The social service and primary health care need to increase collaboration to provide education about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.

PURPOSE: Understanding parental experiences with managing their toddlers screen use is important to inform the design of interventions addressing early childhood screen use, yet current evidence is limited. To enhance our understanding of the context of toddler screen use, this study characterizes the screen-related discord and dismay parents experience in families with toddlers. DESIGN AND METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted to explore everyday experiences with screen use among low-income Mexican American caregivers of toddlers (21 mothers, 10 fathers, 1 grandmother). Transcripts were content analyzed to identify prominent themes. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. Experiences of screen-related discord and dismay arose (1) between parent and child, (2) between parents, and (3) surfaced as parental internal dissonance about toddler screen use. Parent-child discord resulted from parental limit setting and child reactions to parental screen use, which often included tantrums. Parent-partner discord included patterns of agreeing to disagree and direct disagreement between partners. Parents also reported their own feelings of ambivalence and dismay as they struggled to reconcile their preferences against their toddlers actual screen use, while living in a screen-saturated world. CONCLUSIONS: Findings offer insight into types of screen-related discord and dismay low-income Mexican American parents experience as they attempt to manage their toddlers screen use. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Although discord in families is normal, the screen-specific discord reported by participants warrants consideration in efforts promoting healthy screen use in families. Providers can tailor their counseling to consider the range of screen-related discord families of toddlers may experience.

Grit is known to be effective for long-term academic and social success. However, few studies have focused on the role of grit in parenting and its effect on the development of grit in children. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of maternal grit on children's effortful control (EC), which is thought to be a precursor to grit, using parenting as a mediating factor. Participants in the current study were 412 children (age range: 18-21 months, M = 34.67 months, SD = 4.51 months) and their mothers. We assessed maternal grit, parenting style, maternal EC, and child EC, and found that maternal grit, maternal EC, and parenting style were positively correlated with child EC. Furthermore, maternal grit was related to EC in children not only directly, but also indirectly through responsive parenting. Additionally, maternal grit was found to be directly related to child EC only when assessed separately from maternal EC. The current study's findings suggest that maternal grit is directly related to EC in children in a way that differs from the mother's EC in child-rearing situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited data are available regarding the risk factors for fistula-in-ano (FIA) in infants and toddlers, potentially affecting their daily lives. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for FIA in infants and toddlers, in order to implement early preventive interventions, avoid disease progression, and develop therapeutic strategies. Design and settings: A retrospective case-control study was conducted, comparing 41 infants and toddlers diagnosed with FIA with 41 healthy controls, between August 2020 and December 2021. Independent variables: (a) maternal characteristics during pregnancy and delivery, (b) perinatal characteristics, dietary behaviors, and defecation-related behaviors in infants and toddlers, (c) family dietary behaviors. Results: Mothers of infants and toddlers with FIA had given birth more times in the past, while the infants and toddlers themselves had less mealtime, a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding, frequent loose stools, and a larger proportion of used wipes, experiencing perianal skin anomalies. The logistic regression analysis revealed that there are four significant risk factors associated with the development of FIA in infants and toddlers, including the number of previous deliveries by the mother (OR 6.327), defecation frequency score (OR 5.351), stool consistency score (OR 5.017), and cleaning with wipes after defecation (OR 8.089). Conclusion: Based on our data, it appeared that FIA in infants and toddlers could be attributed to several factors. These included an increased number of previous deliveries by mothers, frequent loose stools, and repeated wipe use. To prevent the occurrence and worsening of the disease, it is important to improve the frequency and consistency of stooling and provide proper care. Further research is required to verify these findings in other clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the validation of the Rapid Interactive Screening Test for Autism in Toddlers (RITA-T) in Turkish toddlers between 18 and 36 months of age. Children aged 18–36 months were referred to the department of child psychiatry for concerns of autism spectrum disorder, language disorder, developmental delay, and typically developing children were enrolled. A total of 81 toddlers participating in the study received clinical interviews according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. They received the translated RIT-T from reliably trained and blinded providers. Parents completed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers form. A cut-off score was calculated based on the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of the RITA-T total score that best differentiates autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. For all participants, the RITA-T total score correlated with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (r = 0.715) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale total score (r = 0.825). Using a cut-off score of ⩾17, the RITA-T had a sensitivity of.90 and a specificity of.927 for identifying autism spectrum disorder risk. The area under the curve was.977. Our findings demonstrate that the RITA-T is effective in Turkish toddlers for the early identification of autism spectrum disorder, early intervention settings, and allowing access to treatment. It is important to diagnose autism spectrum disorder at an early age and to start an early intervention program without delay. In this study, we aimed to validate the Rapid Interactive Screening Test for Autism in Toddlers (RITA-T) in a group of Turkish children and found that the RITA-T which has been shown to be a valid and reliable screening test for 18- to 36-month-old children in studies conducted in different countries, is also valid in Turkish children. Similar to previous studies, our results showed that the RITA-T has good sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing children with autism spectrum disorder. We think that our study will contribute to the timely initiation of early intervention programs for many children with autism by enabling a valid test to be used in screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a diagnostic surgery that implants electrodes to identify areas of epileptic onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). SEEG is effective in identifying the epileptic zone; however, placement of electrodes in very young children has been considered contraindicated due to skull thinness. The goal of this study was to evaluate if SEEG is safe and accurate in young children with thin skulls. Methods: Four children under the age of two years old with DRE underwent SEEG to locate the region of seizure onset. Presurgical planning and placement of electrodes were performed using ROSA One Brain. Preoperative electrode plans were merged with postoperative CT scans to determine accuracy. Euclidean distance between the planned and actual trajectories was calculated using a 3D coordinate system at both the entry and target points for each electrode. Results: Sixty-three electrodes were placed among four patients. Mean skull thickness at electrode entry sites was 2.34 mm. The mean difference between the planned and actual entry points was 1.12 mm, and the mean difference between the planned and actual target points was 1.73 mm. No significant correlation was observed between planned and actual target points and skull thickness (Pearson R = − 0.170). No perioperative or postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SEEG can be safe and accurate in children under two years of age despite thin skulls. SEEG should be considered for young children with DRE, and age and skull thickness are not definite contraindications to the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the developmental-behavioral profiles of 2-year-olds of mothers who experienced postpartum and/or current depression with profiles of toddlers of mothers without depression at either time using population-based Rhode Island data. Weighted data from Rhode Island Department of Health's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and Rhode Island's follow-up Toddlers Wellness Overview Survey distributed to mothers giving birth between 2006 and 2008 were analyzed. Compared with non-depressed mothers, those with any depression following childbirth reported more concerns with their toddlers' receptive language, social-emotional development, and their sleep and feeding behaviors. When adjusted for demographics, persistent depression remained associated with social-emotional (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.53, 2.78-20.34) and feeding concerns (aOR = 3.13, 1.36-7.22), and current depression was associated with social-emotional concerns (aOR = 2.52, 1.26-5.01). We conclude that pediatric providers should explore maternal mental health as a mediating and potentially modifiable factor beyond the postpartum period when toddlers present with developmental-behavioral challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal mass in a toddler is a common condition encountered in clinical practice. The nature of abdominal mass in toddlers can be a developmental cyst or benign and malignant tumours from various intraabdominal organs. Round blue cell tumours arising from the kidney, adrenals, pancreas, and liver in toddlers present as abdominal masses and are potentially fatal even with systematic treatment. Hepatoblastoma, a small round blue cell tumour of childhood, is a rare hepatic tumour. We report a case of hepatoblastoma in a toddler in view of its diagnostic challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identify and describe diet patterns of children during early childhood using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Longitudinal data were drawn from the STRONG Kids 2 program. Mothers were surveyed about their child's diet at 24 (n = 337), 36 (n = 317), and 48 (n = 289) months old. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire for children aged 2–7 years was used to derive diet patterns; 23 food groups were created for analyses. Principal component analysis was used to obtain preliminary factor loadings, and loadings were used to form a priori hypotheses for CFA-derived diet patterns. Independent samples t tests were used to compare food groups, nutrient intakes, and child and family characteristics by CFA pattern scores above vs at/below the median. Three diet patterns consistently emerged: (1) processed meats, sweets, and fried foods; (2) vegetables, legumes, and starchy vegetables; and (3) grains, nuts/seeds, and condiments (only 24 and 36 months). Patterns were related to differences in added sugars, dietary fiber and potassium intakes, maternal education, and household income. Opposing healthful vs Western patterns, extant in child and adult literature, were observed across all ages. The third pattern differed between 24/36 and 48 months, representing a potential shift in food choices or offerings as children age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify sleep problems in children aged 0-3 years and the factors influencing them. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted online with 366 parents of children aged 0-3 years. Children's sleep problems and influencing factors were assessed using a seven-question demographic form, and the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire was used to assess infant sleep. Results: Children aged 0-3 years had a late bedtime (21:30) and were awake more than twice a night. They slept an average of 2 hours during the day and 5 hours of uninterrupted sleep at night. Regardless of gender, they slept a total of 10 hours per night. Children who did not have a regular bedtime (54.2%) and had late sleep onset (51.5%) had more sleep problems. In total, 21.5% of the children were awake more than three times a night, 12.7% were awake for more than one hour at night, 8.8% had a total sleep time of less than 9 hours and 34.4% had sleep problems. Children with a total sleep time of less than 9 hours were more likely to have sleep problems. Conclusion: Children aged 0-6 months living in extended families and sleeping out of bed had more sleep problems. The results of the study shed light on factors such as the prevalence of sleep problems in children aged 0-3 years, sleep ecology and hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc and Fe as salivary trace elements had been observed to have a relationship with reduction of caries in children in several research though it is still controversial. The aim of this research is to determine the association of Zn and Fe concentration level in saliva with the gender and caries in toddler. This cross-sectional research conducted with analyzing the unstimulated saliva of 50 children divided into 2 two groups by mean. The group consisted with 25 carious free children and 25 higher caries children (deft > 3). 1 mL of saliva was collected in a sterile polytube, analyzed with a flame atomic emission spectrophotometer in 248,3 nm and stored in a -20˚ C refrigerator. Normality test and variable relationship analysis was conducted with Saphiro-wilk, MannWhitney and Kruskal-wallis test respectively. Zn and Fe concentration level are insignificantly higher in female with the result of 0.0043±0.0069 (p=.816) and 0.0115±0.0245 (p=.430) respectively. Zn and Fe values in saliva of carious free children are higher than in the children with deft>3 (p=.000 and p=.042). There is an association between Zn and Fe concentration level in saliva of carious free and higher carious. Meanwhile, there is no association between Zn and Fe value in saliva with gender in toddler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of basic immunizations for toddlers has been delayed due to the Covid 19 pandemic. Many parents in Pangguh Village, Ibun District, Bandung Regency are afraid of contracting Covid 19 when carrying out basic immunizations for their toddlers. As a result, the willingness to carry out basic immunizations for toddlers decreases. The aim of this community service is to increase awareness of parents who have children under five to carry out basic immunizations for toddlers. This community service is carried out in a hybrid manner from preparation to implementation of health education. The activity was attended by 56 people. The results of the activity showed that before the health education was carried out the average knowledge score was 3.61 and after it was carried out it increased to 5.96 with a p value <0.05. An increase in knowledge is a good start for the community in understanding the importance of basic immunization for toddlers. It is hoped that people who take part in this activity can also share information with the surrounding community, especially in the Pangguh Village area, Ibun District, Bandung Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the proportion of healthy under-fives whose physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep and screen time adhered to WHO 2019 recommendations and to identify risk factors for non-adherence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 480 healthy children (6 mo - 4 years) who attended 20 selected urban anganwadis or immunization clinics in South Kerala, India. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and outcome variables (duration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep and screen time) were collected for all participants. Results: Physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep and screen time recommendations were adhered by 63.3%, 22.7%, 82.2% and 22.7% under-five children, respectively. Risk factors for inadequate physical activity were female sex, nuclear family, maternal education below college level, unskilled maternal occupation/housewife, unskilled paternal occupation and low monthly income. Risk factors for non-adherence to recommended sedentary behavior duration included joint family, paternal education college level/above, unskilled maternal occupation/housewife, unskilled paternal occupation and low monthly income. Conclusion: Under-fives should reduce sedentary behaviors and screen time and spend more time on physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia, the country in Asia with the highest stunting rate (ranked fifth), has a program to accelerate reducing the number of cases with Banyuwangi Regency being one of the pilot projects for the Healthy Children's Movement to Prevent Stunting Toddlers and accelerating stunting prevention issued by the Regent of Banyuwangi in April 2022. On the other hand, Bangorejo District, which is close to the south coast in Banyuwangi, means that this area has a lot of marine products in the form of fish and has cheap prices. The problem is, the community, especially mothers, most of whom are housewives, do not yet have the skills to increase the use value of these marine products. This program aims to improve skills in extending the shelf life of products made from lemuru fish and increase the use value of these products. The methods used are counseling and direct practice through training. The target partners are 27 mothers/women in Padukuhan Kedungrejo, Sambirejo, and Pasembon, Bangorejo District, Banyuwangi Regency. Training activities were held on 23 and 31 August 2023. The results of this activity were that participants had knowledge of making processed fish food which increased by 29.6%, and skills in making processed fish food which increased by 33.3%. The conclusion is that people's knowledge and skills in making processed lemuru fish have increased. The target community is able to make dragon legs and nuggets from lemuru fish.

Background: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. 23.8% prevalence of diarrhea was found among children under five years of age. Area-based management is required to address and provide specific interventions. Purpose: The study aims to analyze the effect of unsafe toddler feces management and incomplete primary immunization on the incidence of diarrhea using a spatial analysis in East Java, Indonesia. Methods: The data used is the 2018 Basic Health Research data. The measurement of the relationship between region and diarrhea was carried out by studying Moran's I index. Lisa Cluster Map and the Lisa Significance Map were also studied to understand distribution and significance. The regression used is OLS regression, spatial lag, and spatial error. The best model is assessed by comparing various parameters. Data were analyzed using GeoDA. Results: Moran's I result shows an index value of 0.489 with a pseudo-value of 0.001 (p

الملخص: أهداف البحث: التهاب الجلد الناتج عن الحفاظ هو أحد أكثر الأمراض الجلدية شيوعا لدى الأطفال. الأدوية شائعة الاستخدام للعلاج لها العديد من الآثار الجانبية، مما يفرض الحاجة إلى تقييم استراتيجيات علاجية آمنة. لذلك، فإننا نهدف إلى مقارنة فعالية زيت الأرغان سبينوزا ومرهم الهيدروكورتيزون 1٪ على شفاء التهاب الجلد الحفاظي. طريقة البحث: أجريت دراسة شبه تجريبية في الأردن على أطفال تتراوح أعمارهم بين عامين أو أقل يعانون من التهاب الجلد الحفاظي الخفيف إلى الشديد. في البداية، تم تسجيل 73 مشاركا في مجموعة زيت الأرغان سبينوزا و 74 مشاركا في مجموعة مرهم الهيدروكورتيزون 1 ٪. تم تعيينهم بشكل عشوائي، بعد إجراء القياس الأساسي لالتهاب الجلد الحفاظي. تم قياس الشفاء في الأيام 1و3 و 7 من خلال الزيارات المنزلية، باستخدام مقياس تصنيف مكون من 5 نقاط. تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام نماذج فيشر، مان ويتني يو، ومعادلات التقدير المعممة من خلال برنامج اس بي اس اس الإصدار 25. النتائج: من بين 147 طفلا تم تسجيلهم، أكمل 140 منهم الدراسة. لوحظ انخفاض في درجات التهاب الجلد الحفاظي في كلا المجموعتين. بعد استبعاد العوامل المربكة، كشفت نماذج معادلات التقدير المعممة أن الأطفال الذين استخدموا علاج زيت الأرغان سبينوزا كانوا أقل عرضة بنسبة 25 مرة للإصابة بدرجات التهاب الجلد الحفاظي الحاد وتحسنوا بشكل أسرع من الأطفال الذين استخدموا الهيدروكورتيزون 1٪. كشف الانحدار اللوجستي المتعدد على بيانات خط الأساس أن استخدام كريم الحاجز وتكرار الاستحمام مرة واحدة في الأسبوع كانت تنبؤية بحدوث التهاب الجلد الحفاظي. الاستنتاجات: يعتبر زيت الأرغان سبينوزا أكثر فعالية في علاج التهاب الجلد الحفاظي ويمكن استخدامه كخيار تكميلي. ومع ذلك، ستكون التجارب السريرية الإضافية على عينات أكبر ضرورية لتأكيد النتيجة وإصدار حكم موثوق. Abstract: Objectives: Diaper dermatitis (DD) is one of the most common dermatological disorders in children. Commonly used drugs for treatment have several adverse effects; therefore, assessment of safe therapeutic strategies is necessary. We, therefore, aimed at comparing the efficacy of argan spinosa oil and 1% hydrocortisone ointment on DD healing. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Jordan on children 2 years old or younger with mild to severe DD. Initially, 73 participants were enrolled in the argan spinosa oil group, and 74 participants were enrolled in the 1% hydrocortisone ointment group. Participants were assigned to groups randomly after the baseline measurement of DD. Healing was measured on a 5-point scale on days 1, 3, and 7, through home visits. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models in SPSS version 25 software, with a significance level of p

Health cadres are an extension of the health workers at the Community Health Center who take part in the monitoring program for the growth and development of toddlers. Cadre development is an important means of improving cadre skills in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers. This activity aims to increase the capacity of cadres in optimally monitoring the growth and development of toddlers. The respondents in this activity were 60 posyandu cadres. The training provided includes measuring height or body length, body weight, LiLA of toddlers, and detecting toddler development using KPSP. Respondents were given a pre-post test to measure the increase in cadres' ability to monitor the growth and development of toddlers. As many as 86.7% of posyandu cadres were able to monitor the growth of toddlers correctly after attending the training. As many as 45% of posyandu cadres were able to properly monitor the development of toddlers using KPSP after attending training. Training related to monitoring the growth and development of toddlers needs to be provided periodically so that cadres' abilities continue to increase.

The value of positive teacher‐child relationships for child development is well established for preschool‐ and school‐age children, but little is known regarding children under the age of 3. The current study examined the links between teacher‐child relationship, stability of care, and toddlers' expressive vocabulary. It also examined whether the associations between the expressive language and the teacher‐child relationship differ depending on the stability of care. Participants of the study were 212 toddlers (50.9% boys) and 36 teachers. Expressive vocabulary skills were assessed individually across two waves, and relationship quality was reported by teachers in the second wave. Results suggested that closeness was associated positively with expressive vocabulary, whereas neither conflict nor dependency were associated with vocabulary. Prior expressive vocabulary also positively predicted closeness, particularly for children with less stable relationships with teachers. Moreover, children who stayed with the same teacher were more likely to have closer, more dependent, and less conflictual relationships with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. 23.8% prevalence of diarrhea was found among children under five years of age. Area-based management is required to address and provide specific interventions. Purpose: The study aims to analyze the effect of unsafe toddler feces management and incomplete primary immunization on the incidence of diarrhea using a spatial analysis in East Java, Indonesia. Methods: The data used is the 2018 Basic Health Research data. The measurement of the relationship between region and diarrhea was carried out by studying Moran's I index. Lisa Cluster Map and the Lisa Significance Map were also studied to understand distribution and significance. The regression used is OLS regression, spatial lag, and spatial error. The best model is assessed by comparing various parameters. Data were analyzed using GeoDA. Results: Moran's I result shows an index value of 0.489 with a pseudo-value of 0.001 (p <0.05) and a z-value of 3.7515. Lisa Cluster Map shows seven high-high category areas, five low-low category areas, and one high-low category area. Lisa's Significance Map shows six areas p=0.05, three areas p=0.01, and four areas p=0.001. The unsafe management of toddler feces and incomplete primary immunization related to diarrhea shows a significance of p<0.05. By comparing the R square, log-likelihood, p(sign), and sigma square values, the better model is the spatial lag model. Conclusion: The unsafe toddler feces management and incomplete primary immunization related to diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speech register that adults especially caregivers use when interacting with infants and toddlers, that is, infant‐directed speech (IDS) or baby talk, has been reported to facilitate language development throughout the early years. However, the neural mechanisms as well as why IDS results in such a developmental faciliatory effect remain to be investigated. The current study uses functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to evaluate two alternative hypotheses of such a facilitative effect, that IDS serves to enhance linguistic contrastiveness or to attract the child's attention. Behavioral and fNIRS data were acquired from twenty‐seven Cantonese‐learning toddlers 15–20 months of age when their parents spoke to them in either an IDS or adult‐directed speech (ADS) register in a naturalistic task in which the child learned four disyllabic pseudowords. fNIRS results showed significantly greater neural responses to IDS than ADS register in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L‐dlPFC), but opposite response patterns in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The differences in fNIRS responses to IDS and to ADS in the L‐dlPFC and the left parietal cortex (L‐PC) showed significantly positive correlations with the differences in the behavioral word‐learning performance of toddlers. The same fNIRS measures in the L‐dlPFC and right PC (R‐PC) of toddlers were significantly correlated with pitch range differences of parents between the two speech conditions. Together, our results suggest that the dynamic prosody in IDS increased toddlers' attention through greater involvement of the left frontoparietal network that facilitated word learning, compared to ADS. Research Highlights: This study for the first time examined the neural mechanisms of how infant‐directed speech (IDS) facilitates word learning in toddlers.Using fNIRS, we identified the cortical regions that were directly involved in IDS processing.Our results suggest that IDS facilitates word learning by engaging a right‐lateralized prosody processing and top‐down attentional mechanisms in the left frontoparietal networks.The language network including the inferior frontal gyrus and temporal cortex was not directly involved in IDS processing to support word learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate feeding practices could be a major cause of stunting. Stunting was one of the problems in the growth process because it was associated with an increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and suboptimal brain development. Based on data obtained from the electronic data collection of community-based nutrition recording and reporting in East Manggarai district at August weighing in 2023 from 24,427 toddlers there were 2195 stunted toddlers or 9. 0%. Pota health center was one of the health centers in East Manggarai Regency with a high number of stunted toddlers, namely 107 children or 10. 9%. The purpose of this study was to determine, describe and analyze the feeding patterns of stunted toddlers at Pota health center, East Manggarai regency. Methods: this study used a qualitative method with phenomenological research approaches. The informants in this study consisted of 7 main informants, namely mothers who had stunted toddlers in the pota puskesmas working area who were taken by purposive sampling technique. Results: mothers' perceptions of stunting tended to be the physical signs of children without knowing the long-term effects. The pattern of exclusive breastfeeding was still not good where most children were not given exclusive breastfeeding and the pattern of complementary feeding was still inadequate from the age of administration, frequency, amount, texture, variety and not knowing the complementary feeding of breast milk. Conclusion: mothers' perceptions of stunting were only related to the physical signs of the child and most informants did not gave their children exclusive breastfeeding and the pattern of complementary feeding was still inadequate from the age of administration, frequency, quantity, texture, variety and did not knew complementary feeding of breast milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared book reading is a well-established intervention for promoting child language and early development. Although most shared reading interventions have included children 3 years of age and older, recent evidence demonstrates dialogic strategies can be adapted for parents of infants and toddlers. The current study examines gains in parent book-sharing skills during a brief, structured intervention. Parent–child dyads participated in an 8-week book-sharing intervention, Ready, Set, Share A Book!, designed for 12- to 36-month-old children. Parent book-sharing skills were assessed at baseline, weekly during the intervention, and at intervention end. Parents demonstrated significant gains in book-sharing skills from baseline to end of intervention, and results also indicate immediate skill gains in response to instruction. Furthermore, improvement in book-sharing skills at end of intervention was evident within the same book. The current study extends previous evidence for the benefit of a brief, low intensity, targeted intervention to enhance parent book-sharing interactions with infants and toddlers. Future directions for research and implications for practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders are chronic pediatric conditions, and their prevalence has been on the rise over recent decades. Affected children have long-term health sequelae and a decline in health-related quality of life. Due to the lack of a validated database for pharmacoepidemiological research on selected mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, there is uncertainty in their reported prevalence in the literature. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of coding related to pediatric mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in a large integrated health care system's electronic health records (EHRs) and compare the coding quality before and after the implementation of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) coding as well as before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Medical records of 1200 member children aged 2-17 years with at least 1 clinical visit before the COVID-19 pandemic (January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, the ICD-9-CM coding period; and January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, the ICD-10-CM coding period) and after the COVID-19 pandemic (January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022) were selected with stratified random sampling from EHRs for chart review. Two trained research associates reviewed the EHRs for all potential cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depression disorder (MDD), anxiety disorder (AD), and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children during the study period. Children were considered cases only if there was a mention of any one of the conditions (yes for diagnosis) in the electronic chart during the corresponding time period. The validity of diagnosis codes was evaluated by directly comparing them with the gold standard of chart abstraction using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, the summary statistics of the F-score, and Youden J statistic. κ statistic for interrater reliability among the 2 abstractors was calculated. Results: The overall agreement between the identification of mental, behavioral, and emotional conditions using diagnosis codes compared to medical record abstraction was strong and similar across the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM coding periods as well as during the prepandemic and pandemic time periods. The performance of AD coding, while strong, was relatively lower compared to the other conditions. The weighted sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each of the 5 conditions were as follows: 100%, 100%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for ASD; 100%, 99.9%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for ADHD; 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively for DBD; 87.7%, 100%, 100%, and 99.2%, respectively, for AD; and 100%, 100%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively, for MDD. The F-score and Youden J statistic ranged between 87.7% and 100%. The overall agreement between abstractors was almost perfect (κ=95%). Conclusions: Diagnostic codes are quite reliable for identifying selected childhood mental, behavioral, and emotional conditions. The findings remained similar during the pandemic and after the implementation of the ICD-10-CM coding in the EHR system. INSET: cc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of stunting in East Java Province in 2022 reached 19.2%, showing a decrease compared to 2021, which recorded a prevalence rate of 23.5%. Despite the declining trend in stunting prevalence in East Java, the province has not yet achieved the Renstra target, which stipulates that the prevalence of stunting should decrease to 18.4% by 2022. Objectives: This study aims to investigate further the causes of stunting incidents in East Java Province. Methods: The method employed in this research is a literature review, where data sources are obtained using the Google Scholar electronic database. The research search process follows the PICOS protocol, formulating keywords using Boolean Operator techniques. The keywords used are "factors" AND "causes" OR "relationships" OR "risks" AND "stunting" AND "infants" OR "toddlers" OR "children." The selection of studies to be included in the review is adjusted to inclusion criteria: studies published in the last ten years (2013-2023), written in Indonesian and English, full-text, published, and open access. Exclusion criteria include age range, non-observational research, and studies that do not discuss the causes of stunting. Results: A total of 13 studies were used in compiling this review. The location characteristics of the studies were found in 10 Districts/Cities in the East Java Province. Over the past ten years, various factors have been recognized as causes of stunting based on the identified research publications. These factors include parenting styles, Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS), economic status, educational history of birth, history of infectious diseases, and maternal pregnancy history. Conclusions: The primary research focus on stunting incidents in toddlers in East Java Province is the parenting style provided by mothers. The level of maternal knowledge regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding (ASI), provision of Complementary Feeding (MPASI), and the intake of foods consumed by toddlers has a significant correlation with the occurrence of stunting and the developmental progress of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]