Search

All‐solid‐state batteries with solid ionic conductors packed between solid electrode films can release the dead space between them, enabling a greater number of cells to stack, generating higher voltage to the pack. This Review is focused on using high‐voltage cathode materials, in which the redox peak of the components is extended beyond 4.7 V. Li−Ni−Mn−O systems are currently under investigation for use as the cathode in high‐voltage cells. Solid electrolytes compatible with the cathode, including halide‐ and sulfide‐based electrolytes, are also reviewed. Discussion extends to the compatibility between electrodes and electrolytes at such extended potentials. Moreover, control over the thickness of the anode is essential to reduce solid‐electrolyte interphase formation and growth of dendrites. The Review discusses routes toward optimization of the cell components to minimize electrode‐electrolyte impedance and facilitate ion transportation during the battery cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of high‐energy‐density batteries is the future goal of research on Li‐ion batteries. Halide‐type solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) exceed their counterparts in terms of their stability at high potential. In this minireview, we discuss the developments in the work on halide‐type SSEs for all‐solid‐state Li batteries. In particular, we focus on the Li3InCl6 structure. The effect of synthesis routes on this structure, as well as the convertible products resulting from its phase changes, is discussed. Conductivity can be increased and the electrochemical window can be improved through doping with different materials. Our review aims to provide readers with an overview of the stability and degradation of Li3InCl6 SSE and the structure of halide‐type SSEs (Li–M–X, where M is a metal and X is a halogen). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first commercialization of the "rocking chair" battery in the 1990s, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries has increased continuously. To reach higher energy density, the anode-free configuration has been suggested and intensively studied in recent years. In an anode-free battery, the Li deposits on the bare current collector (CC) in the first discharge without any host materials. Therefore, the anode-free configuration could be considered as a special kind of Li-metal battery. Although the anode-free design enhances the battery's energy density by decreasing network weight, the low coulombic efficiency (CE) and Li dendrite restrict the practical application. The interfacial issues, such as nonuniform deposition of lithium and parasitic reactions at the CC‖Li-metal‖electrolyte interfaces, are responsible for the low CE value and dendrite growth. To address these problems, tuning the CC‖Li-metal‖electrolyte interfacial chemistry has been considered as a promising approach. Diverse strategies have been used to modify the CC‖Li-metal‖electrolyte interfaces in the last few years. This review provides readers an overview of interfacial chemistry in anode-free batteries, including the interfacial problems and interfacial engineering strategies. Moreover, the interfacial modification strategies for the solid-state anode-free battery are also discussed. New approaches are expected to be developed to further improve the cycling stability of the anode-free batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting the carbon emission to the atmosphere requires the efficient utilization of carbonaceous gases and their capture via well‐designed platforms. Metal–CO2 batteries are currently being demonstrated as the route to utilize CO2 and produce energy simultaneously. In particular, Na–CO2 batteries are considered an alternative to Li‐batteries because of their abundance and low cost. In the current review, the developments in the field of Na–CO2 batteries are discussed. Carbon dioxide reactions to the decomposition of discharge products have been discussed elaborately. The main discharge products of Na–CO2 batteries are Na2CO3 and C. In the current review, various strategies are discussed to decompose the discharge products and hence improve cycle stability. The fraction of CO2 has a substantial influence on cell cycles. A plausible route of battery reaction can be drawn with the help of an ex situ analysis of the electrodes. The final part of the review focuses on the use of solid‐state Na‐ion conductors in Na–CO2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable Na–CO2 batteries are promising energy storage devices as they not only provide high energy density but also utilize earth-abundant Na and the greenhouse gas CO2. However, Na–CO2 battery development is deterred due to the sluggish electrochemical reactions at the cathode. The cathode catalyst is unable to decompose the insulating discharge product Na2CO3, thereby leading to increasing charge overpotential and poor cycle performance of the Na–CO2 battery. Herein, we report spinel ZnCo2O4 porous nanorods with multiwall carbon nanotubes (ZnCo2O4@CNT) as a cathode composite in the Na–CO2 batteries to effectively decompose Na2CO3 and improve the cycle performance. The battery shows stable discharge–charge for at least 150 cycles with a limited capacity of 500 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1. Moreover, the battery with the ZnCo2O4@CNT cathode catalyst exhibits a reversible discharge–charge capacity of 12 475 mA h g−1. Theoretical simulations suggest that the adsorption energies of CO2, Na, and Na2CO3 on the three surfaces of ZnCo2O4 are favorable for the CO2RR and CO2ER during the charge–discharge of the Na–CO2 battery. The surfaces of ZnCo2O4 investigated for catalytic activity include the [001] surface, the [111] surface with only exposed Co atoms, and the [111] surface with exposed Co and Zn atoms. The density of states calculation results further reveal that Co atoms on these three surfaces are possibly the catalytic active sites for the CO2RR and CO2ER during the charge–discharge of the Na–CO2 battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na–CO 2 battery is one of the most promising energy storage devices for the exploration of Mar. To fix the evaporation problem of liquid electrolytes in an open system, solid-state electrolyte Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) is used to fabricate a solid-state Na–CO 2 battery. In the battery, the interface between the Na-metal anode and NZSP plays a vital role in improving electrochemical performance. The interfacial parasitic reaction between NZSP and Na-metal results in a Na-rich kinetically stable interphase. (200) and (−111) planes are the preferentially etched crystal planes of NZSP, as SiO 4 and PO 4 tetrahedrons on the planes are easily broken by extra Na-ion injection. Aside from the interfacial reaction, the poor contact between Na-metal and NZSP is a more serious problem, which leads to large interfacial resistance and poor cycling stability. To fix this problem, carbon black is mixed with melted Na-metal to prepare a composite anode (Na@C). The Na@C composite anode easily wets NZSP, thus decreasing the interfacial resistance from 918 to 98 Ω cm2. Symmetrical cells stably cycled 1100 h at 0.1 mA cm−2, when using Na@C as the electrode. Furthermore, Na–CO 2 battery with Na@C composite anode also shows a prolonged cycling life. [Display omitted] ● (200) and (−111) planes are found as preferentially etched crystal planes of NZSP. ● Kinetically stable interphase between Na and NZSP has been found. ● Poor interfacial contact between Na and NZSP results in poor cycling stability. ● Na@C composite anode makes intimate contact with NZSP. ● The solid-state Na–CO 2 battery shows better performance by using Na@C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted much attention owing to their high energy density and safety and are known as the most promising next-generation LIBs. The biggest advantage of ASSLIBs is that it can use lithium metal as the anode without any safety concerns. This study used a high-conductivity garnet-type solid electrolyte (Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , LLZTO) and Li-Ga-N composite anode synthesized by mixing melted Li with GaN. The interfacial resistance was reduced from 589 to 21 Ω cm 2 , the symmetry cell was stably cycled for 1000 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm -2 at room temperature, and the voltage range only changed from ±30 to ±40 mV. The full cell of Li-Ga-N|LLZTO|LFP exhibited a high first-cycle discharge capacity of 152.2 mAh g -1 and Coulombic efficiency of 96.5% and still maintained a discharge capacity retention of 91.2% after 100 cycles. This study also demonstrated that Li-Ga-N had been shown as two layers. Li 3 N shows more inclined to be closer to the LLZTO side. This method can help researchers understand what interface improvements can occur to enhance the performance of all-solid-state batteries in the future.

An effective Ru/CNT electrocatalyst plays a crucial role in solid-state lithium-carbon dioxide batteries. In the present article, ruthenium metal decorated on a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is introduced as a cathode for the lithium-carbon dioxide batteries with Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 solid-state electrolyte. The Ru/CNT cathode exhibits a large surface area, maximum discharge capacity, excellent reversibility, and long cycle life with low overpotential. The electrocatalyst achieves improved electrocatalytic performance for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction and carbon dioxide evolution reaction, which are related to the available active sites. Using the Ru/CNT cathode, the solid-state lithium-carbon dioxide battery exhibits a maximum discharge capacity of 4541 mA h g -1 and 45 cycles of battery life with a small voltage gap of 1.24 V compared to the CNT cathode (maximum discharge capacity of 1828 mA h g -1 , 25 cycles, and 1.64 V as voltage gap) at a current supply of 100 mA g -1 with a cutoff capacity of 500 mA h g -1 . Solid-state lithium-carbon dioxide batteries have shown promising potential applications for future energy storage.

In this study, we propose a top-down approach for the controlled preparation of undercoordinated Ni-N x (Ni-hG) and Fe-N x (Fe-hG) catalysts within a holey graphene framework, for the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) to synthesis gas (syngas). Through the heat treatment of commercial-grade nitrogen-doped graphene, we prepared a defective holey graphene, which was then used as a platform to incorporate undercoordinated single atoms via carbon defect restoration, confirmed by a range of characterization techniques. We reveal that these Ni-hG and Fe-hG catalysts can be combined in any proportion to produce a desired syngas ratio (1-10) across a wide potential range (-0.6 to -1.1 V vs RHE), required commercially for the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis of liquid fuels and chemicals. These findings are in agreement with our density functional theory calculations, which reveal that CO selectivity increases with a reduction in N coordination with Ni, while unsaturated Fe-N x sites favor the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The potential of these catalysts for scale up is further demonstrated by the unchanged selectivity at elevated temperature and stability in a high-throughput gas diffusion electrolyzer, displaying a high-mass-normalized activity of 275 mA mg -1 at a cell voltage of 2.5 V. Our results provide valuable insights into the implementation of a simple top-down approach for fabricating active undercoordinated single atom catalysts for decarbonized syngas generation.

Alkali metal-carbon dioxide (Li/Na-CO 2 ) batteries have generated widespread interest in the past few years owing to the attractive strategy of utilizing CO 2 while still delivering high specific energy densities. Among these systems, Na-CO 2 batteries are more cost effective than Li-CO 2 batteries because the former uses cheaper and abundant Na. Herein, a Ru/carbon nanotube (CNT) as a cathode material was used to compare the mechanisms, stabilities, overpotentials, and energy densities of Li-CO 2 and Na-CO 2 batteries. The potential of Na-CO 2 batteries as a viable energy storage technology was demonstrated.