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Abstract Tulips (Tulipa gesneriana) are one of the most widely cultivated bulbous plants with substantial ornamental value. However, the lack of well-documented reference genomes has limited the research progress and molecular breeding of tulips. In the present study, a full-length transcriptome of a commercial tulip cultivar was obtained using single-molecule long-read sequencing (PacBio Iso-Seq). In total, 244,357 full-length transcripts were identified, which had an average length of 2,044 bp and an N50 value of 3,861; 67,350 of these were annotated to databases. An inaugural integrated analysis of the transcriptome and phytohormone profiles during flower opening and petal senescence was performed using Illumina RNA-seq, coupled with Mfuzz (an R pakage, http://mfuzz.sysbiolab.eu ) and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). A total of 16 gene coexpression and six transcription factor (TF) modules were constructed. Additionally, 26 hormone analogs were comprehensively profiled. Finally, a prominently novel gene, Tulipa gesneriana Homeobox12-like (TgHB12-like), which encodes an homeodomain–leucine zipper (HD-zip) TF, was identified as a pivotal regulator of petal senescence. Overall, this work facilitates the identification of hormones and TFs in plants related to flower opening and senescence in tulips. It also provides an important and valuable genetic basis for further research in them.

WRKY transcription factors play a central role in controlling plant organ senescence; however, it is unclear whether and how they regulate petal senescence in the widely grown ornamental plant tulip (Tulipa gesneriana). In this study, we report that TgWRKY75 promotes petal senescence by enhancing the synthesis of both abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in tulip and in transgenic Arabidopsis. The expression level of TgWRKY75 was up-regulated in senescent petals, and exogenous ABA or SA treatment induced its expression. The endogenous contents of ABA and SA significantly increased during petal senescence and in response to TgWRKY75 overexpression. Two SA synthesis-related genes, TgICS1 and TgPAL1 , were identified as direct targets of TgWRKY75, which binds to their promoters. In parallel, TgWRKY75 activated the expression of the ABA biosynthesis-related gene TgNCED3 via directly binding to its promoter region. Site mutation of the W-box core motif located in the promoters of TgICS1 , TgPAL1 , and TgNCED3 eliminated their interactions with TgWRKY75. In summary, our study demonstrates a dual regulation of ABA and SA biosynthesis by TgWRKY75, revealing a synergistic process of tulip petal senescence through feedback regulation between TgWRKY75 and the accumulation of ABA and SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue, particularly with Cd pollution. The metal tolerance protein (MTP) proteins, as plant divalent cation transporters, play a crucial role in the transport and tolerance of heavy metals in plants. This study conducted comprehensive identification and characterization of the MTP gene family in the tulip. A total of 11 TgMTP genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three subfamilies. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses unveiled commonalities and variations among subfamily members. Expression profiling demonstrated several TgMTPs were markedly upregulated under Cd exposure, including the TgMTP7.1. Heterologous expression in yeast validated that TgMTP7.1 could ameliorate Cd sensitivity and enhance its tolerance. These results provide primary insights into the MTP gene family in tulip. Phylogenetic relationships and functional analyses establish a framework for elucidating the transporters and molecular mechanisms governing Cd accumulation and distribution in tulip. Key TgMTPs identified, exemplified by TgMTP7.1, may illuminate molecular breeding efforts aimed at developing Cd-tolerant cultivars for the remediation of soil Cd contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower color is one of the most important ornamental traits of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana). Five typical tulip cultivars were selected to identify the flavonoid components and analyze their key gene expression in their tepals. Firstly, after preliminary determination of the pigment type, the flavonoids were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 17 anthoxanthins were detected in the five cultivars. The total anthoxanthin content in the white tulip and the red tulip showed a similar decreasing trend, while an increasing trend was observed in the black tulip. Similarly, a total of 13 anthocyanins were detected in five tulip cultivars. The black tulip contained the largest number of anthocyanins, mainly delphinidin derivatives (Dp) and cyanidin derivatives (Cy). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) in the orange, red, and black cultivars was higher than that in the white and yellow cultivars and presented an overall increase trend along with the flower development. TgCHS, TgFLS, TgF3H, TgF3′H, TgF3′5′H, and TgDFR, as key structural genes, were involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, and the expression patterns of these genes are basically consistent with the components and accumulation patterns of flavonoids mentioned above. Taken together, the flower color in tulips was closely related to the composition and content of anthocyanins and anthoxanthins, which were indeed regulated by certain key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various light qualities of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the growth, quality, chlorophyll fluorescence, and phytohormones of tulip 'Lasergame' in a closed-type plant factory system. After planting the tulip bulbs, LEDs of red, green, blue, white, and red + green + blue mixed (RGB) light were used for cultivation. The growth and quality of cut flowers were investigated, and various parameters were calculated by examining the chlorophyll fluorescence response. In addition, the contents of gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in the stem were analyzed to investigate the changes in phytohormones according to various light qualities. Cut flower length and internode length were observed to be longer under green and blue light than under red or RGB light. The ratio of leaf length to width was higher under green and blue light than under other treatments. In particular, the ornamental value was higher as the leaves were more upright under green light than under other treatments. However, there were no significant differences between the treatments in terms of the number of leaves, stem diameter, and days to harvesting. In holding solution after harvesting cut flowers, the cut flower length was the shortest under red and RGB light treatments at full bloom. The vase life of cut flowers was not significantly affected by the light quality. In the OJIP curve based on LED light qualities, the values of FJ, FI, and FP were higher under green light than under other treatments. Additionally, the values of ABS/CS, TRo/CS, and ETo/CS fluorescence parameters were higher under green light than under other treatments, and the values of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ETo/TRo, and ETo/ABS fluorescence parameters appeared lowest under red light. Fourteen days after bulb planting, the GA3 and IAA contents in the stem were higher under green light than under RGB light, and the ABA content was higher under RGB light than under green light. Therefore, in the tulip 'Lagergame', it was found that the photosynthetic apparatus of photosystem II was operating more efficiently under green light than under other LED lights through the observation of the chlorophyll fluorescence reaction. These results support the notion that green light in a closed-type plant factory system improves the growth of cut flowers by promoting the biosynthesis of GA3 and IAA while inhibiting ABA biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower color is one of the most important ornamental traits of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana). Five typical tulip cultivars were selected to identify the flavonoid components and analyze their key gene expression in their tepals. Firstly, after preliminary determination of the pigment type, the flavonoids were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 17 anthoxanthins were detected in the five cultivars. The total anthoxanthin content in the white tulip and the red tulip showed a similar decreasing trend, while an increasing trend was observed in the black tulip. Similarly, a total of 13 anthocyanins were detected in five tulip cultivars. The black tulip contained the largest number of anthocyanins, mainly delphinidin derivatives (Dp) and cyanidin derivatives (Cy). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) in the orange, red, and black cultivars was higher than that in the white and yellow cultivars and presented an overall increase trend along with the flower development. TgCHS, TgFLS, TgF3H, TgF3′H, TgF3′5′H, and TgDFR, as key structural genes, were involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, and the expression patterns of these genes are basically consistent with the components and accumulation patterns of flavonoids mentioned above. Taken together, the flower color in tulips was closely related to the composition and content of anthocyanins and anthoxanthins, which were indeed regulated by certain key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway.

The research was conducted in the open field of Al-Noor Al-Ahly nursery to study the effect of different growth regulators on the growth, flowering and bulb formation of Tulipa gesneriana L. bulbs grown in pots. The studied factors included the following: The vegetative were sprayed with salicylic acid two months after planting at a concentration of 0 and 100 mg.L-1 in addition to the treatment of bulbs with the growth regulator paclobutrazol by pre-soaking the bulbs at concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mg.L-1 and the control treatment was soaked with distilled water. After the bulbs are planted and grown, the shoots are sprayed to until wet with Gibberellic acid after a month and a half of planting, at concentrations 0, 50 and 100 mg.L-1. The results indicated that spraying with salicylic acid did not have a significant effect on the characteristics of the vegetative growth, but it significantly increased the number of bulbs and bulblets formed to 9,650 bulbs. plant-1, vs 8,445 bulbs.plant-1 in control treatment. The pre-soaking of bulbs with paclobutrazole at a concentration of 25 mg.L-1 led to a significant decrease in plant height compared to other treatments, except for the treatment with paclobutrazole at a concentration of 50 mg.L-1. It also led to delaying the flowering date to 119.3 days and increasing the fresh weight and specific weight of bulbs and bulblets, which amounted to 42,705 g and 41.583 g, respectively. It differed significantly from all studied treatments, and the intensity of chlorophyll increased, amounting to 62.579 SPAD and the number of bulbs and bulblets formed on the plant 10,708 bulbs.Plant-1 when soaking with a high concentration of paclobutrazol. Spraying with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 50 mg.L-1 led to an increase in the height of the plant and reached 31.25 cm, in addition to an increase in the diameter and weight of the daughter bulb, which amounted to 32,683 mm and 15.547 g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral scent holds significant aesthetic and biological values. However, tulips have received less attention for their floral fragrance than the vibrant petal colors and exquisite bud shapes. Here, sensory assessment, E-nose, and HS-SPME-GC-MS were carried out to determine the scent intensity and characteristics of 14 tulip cultivars. Based on their scent intensity, the cultivars were divided into four groups, among which group Ⅰ was the most aromatic (M S = 4.20), followed by group Ⅱ (3.03 ≤ M S ≤ 3.97), group Ⅲ (2.43 ≤ M S ≤ 2.77), and finally group Ⅳ (1.00 ≤ M S ≤ 1.57). Compared with the sensory assessment, E-nose also categorized the 14 tulips into four categories according to the multi-dimensional sensor responses, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between them (R2 ≈ 0.57), and consistently confirming the scientific evaluation of tulip cultivars' scent. For HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, 21 volatiles were putatively detected, mainly aliphatics (9, 42.86 %), terpenoids (7, 33.33 %), and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids (4, 19.05 %). Octanal, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, and phenylacetaldehyde (17.82 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) were key components in T. 'Delta Queen', contributing to its distinctive aroma reminiscent of citrus and rosy. T. 'Spryng Break' cultivar contained octanal, eucalyptol, and nonanal (22.51 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100), imparting citrusy and herbal aromas. The fragrance of T. 'Lion King' is likely a blend of citrus, grassy, and green scents due to the presence of nonanal and hexanal (71.81 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100). In T. 'Red Judo', octanal, nonanal, and decanal (10.64 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) combined to create its pure citrus aroma. These findings are expected to provide a valuable reference for tulip floral fragrance analysis, establish a theoretical foundation for its fragrant germplasm breeding, and promote the development of tulip fragrance industry. • Octanal, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, and phenylacetaldehyde contributed to citrus and rosy odor of T. 'Delta Queen'. • Octanal, eucalyptol, and nonanal in T. 'Spryng Break' impart citrusy and herbal aromas. • T. 'Lion King' may be have a blend of citrus, grassy, and green scents for the presence of nonanal and hexanal. • Octanal, nonanal, and decanal combined to create the pure citrus aroma of T. 'Red Judo'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tulipa gesneriana L. was determined to investigate its phylogenetic position. This plastome is 151,958 base pairs (bp) in length, and comprises two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 26,352 bp, a small single-copy region of 17,123 bp and a large single-copy region of 82,131 bp. The GC contents of the cp genome were 36.6%. In total, we annotated 126 genes including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on nine chloroplast genomes indicates that T. gesneriana is closely related to T. iliensis and T. thianschanica.

This article presents results on the seed productivity of populations of Tulipa gesneriana L. in the Ergeninskaya Upland (within the boundaries of the Republic of Kalmykia). This species is listed in the Red Data Books of several regions of Russia, including Kalmykia. The research objects were 4 populations of T. gesneriana growing on the Ergeninskaya Upland, which extends across the Republic territory from north to southwest on light chestnut soils of solonetzicity. The potential seed productivity of these T. gesneriana plants was 161.8-181.5 pcs. seeds per plant; the actual seed productivity was 161.8-181.5 pcs. seeds per plant; and the formation of seeds was 34.4-75.6%. All indicators of seed productivity showed significant interpopulation differences when moving from the northern part of the Upland to its southern part. A potential reserve of mature seeds per 1 meter², formed during the growing season, in the coenopopulations of T. gesneriana was 253.2 - 3212.8 pcs. in 2018 and 368.0 - 1121.2 pcs. in 2017 on the Ergeninskaya Upland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi, Seria Horticultura is the property of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi, Seria Horticultura is the property of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue, particularly with Cd pollution. The metal tolerance protein (MTP) proteins, as plant divalent cation transporters, play a crucial role in the transport and tolerance of heavy metals in plants. This study conducted comprehensive identification and characterization of the MTP gene family in the tulip. A total of 11 TgMTP genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three subfamilies. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses unveiled commonalities and variations among subfamily members. Expression profiling demonstrated several TgMTP s were markedly upregulated under Cd exposure, including the TgMTP7.1 . Heterologous expression in yeast validated that TgMTP7.1 could ameliorate Cd sensitivity and enhance its tolerance. These results provide primary insights into the MTP gene family in tulip. Phylogenetic relationships and functional analyses establish a framework for elucidating the transporters and molecular mechanisms governing Cd accumulation and distribution in tulip. Key TgMTP s identified, exemplified by TgMTP7.1 , may illuminate molecular breeding efforts aimed at developing Cd-tolerant cultivars for the remediation of soil Cd contamination., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Lu, Xing, Zhang, Zhang, Wu, Tian and Qu.)

Floral induction in Tulipa gesneriana and Lilium longiflorum is triggered by contrasting temperature conditions, high and low temperature, respectively. In Arabidopsis, the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a member of the PEBP (phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein) gene family, is a key player in flowering time control. In this study, one PEBP gene was identified and characterized in lily (LlFT) and three PEBP genes were isolated from tulip (TgFT1, TgFT2 and TgFT3). Overexpression of these genes in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early flowering phenotype for LlFT and TgFT2, but a late flowering phenotype for TgFT1 and TgFT3. Overexpression of LlFT in L. longiflorum also resulted in an early flowering phenotype, confirming its proposed role as a flowering time-controlling gene. The tulip PEBP genes TgFT2 and TgFT3 have a similar expression pattern in tulip, but show opposite effects on the timing of flowering in Arabidopsis. Therefore, the difference between these two proteins was further investigated by interchanging amino acids thought to be important for the FT function. This resulted in the conversion of phenotypes in Arabidopsis upon overexpressing the substituted TgFT2 and TgFT3 genes, revealing the importance of these interchanged amino acid residues. Based on all obtained results, we hypothesize that LlFT is involved in creating meristem competence to flowering-related cues in lily, and TgFT2 is considered to act as a florigen involved in the floral induction in tulip. The function of TgFT3 remains unclear, but, based on our observations and phylogenetic analysis, we propose a bulb-specific function for this gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of flavonoids in white and yellow perianths and yellow anthers of a few tulip cultivars were determined at the stage of full flowering. To analyses of flavonols a HPLC method was used. In anthers (yellow) of all analyzed cultivars (Oscar, Pax, Profesor Wóycicki, Biała Dama, White Virgin, Calypso, Diana) high content of quercetin (2,35 - 6,01 mg·g-1 F.W.), kaempferol (1,09 - 9,47 mg·g-1 F.W.) and apigenin (1,34 - 8,24 mg·g-1 F.W.) was found. In analyzed white perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin also high content of quercetin (1,3 - 1,80 mg·g-1 F.W.) and kaempferol (1,90 mg·g-1 F.W.) was documented and only traces of apigenin was found. In the yellow perianth of cv. Profesor Wóycicki the level of quercetin and kaempferol was much lower than in perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin, and apigenin was absent. Thus, yellow anthers and white and yellow perianth of tulip cultivars are a rich source of flavonols.

The inhibitory effect of crab-shell chitosan, medium (200-800 cps) and high molecular weight ( 800-2000 cps) (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals) toward Alternaria alternata, Botrytis tulipae, Fiisarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae, Phoma narcissi and Phoma poolensis was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The chitosan evidently inhibited in vitro growth of all tested pathogens, with a marked effect at higher concentrations above 200 μg/cm3. Chitosan at a concentration of 1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 mg/cm3 didn't have inhibitory action in appearance of fungi growth on naturally contaminated Callistephus chinensis seeds. At the same concentrations, chitosan applied as bulb scales dressing of Hymenocallis narcissiflora bulbs, before inoculation or after inoculation with Phoma narcissi, inhibited the development of necrotic spots on scales. Chitosan used preventively or curatively at a concentrations of 1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 mg/cm3 indicated inhibitory effect on development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae on tulip bulbs. Chitosan at a concentration of 10 mg/cm3 applied preventively (first spray 12th June) was very effective in the control of Puccinia antirrhini on snapdragon in the field. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on snapdragon treated 8 times at week intervals.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tulipa gesneriana L. was determined to investigate its phylogenetic position. This plastome is 151,958 base pairs (bp) in length, and comprises two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 26,352 bp, a small single-copy region of 17,123 bp and a large single-copy region of 82,131 bp. The GC contents of the cp genome were 36.6%. In total, we annotated 126 genes including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on nine chloroplast genomes indicates that T. gesneriana is closely related to T. iliensis and T. thianschanica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the method of ISSR analysis, the genetic diversity of 18 natural populations of Tulipa gesneriana L. from the north of the Lower Volga region was examined. The ten ISSR primers used in the study provided identification of 102 PCR fragments, of which 50 were polymorphic (49.0%). According to the proportion of polymorphic markers, two population groups were distinguished: (1) the populations in which the proportion of polymorphic markers ranged from 0.35 to 0.41; (2) the populations in which the proportion of polymorphic markers ranged from 0.64 to 0.85. UPGMA clustering analysis provided subdivision of the sample into two large clusters. The unrooted tree constructed using the Neighbor Joining algorithm had similar topology. The first cluster included slightly variable populations and the second cluster included highly variable populations. The AMOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences ( F = 0.430; p = 0.000) between the two groups. Local populations are considerably genetically differentiated from each other ( F = 0.632) and have almost no links via modern gene flow, as evidenced by the results of the Mantel test ( r =-0.118; p = 0.819). It is suggested that the degree of genetic similarities and differences between the populations depends on the time and the species dispersal patterns on these territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-Tuliposides A (PosA) and B (PosB), which are the major secondary metabolites in tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana), are enzymatically converted to the antimicrobial lactonized aglycons, tulipalins A (PaA) and B (PaB), respectively. We recently identified a PosA-converting enzyme ( TCEA) as the first reported member of the lactone-forming carboxylesterases. Herein, we describe the identification of another lactone-forming carboxylesterase, PosB-converting enzyme ( TCEB), which preferentially reacts with PosB to give PaB. This enzyme was isolated from tulip pollen, which showed high PosB-converting activity. Purified TCEB exhibited greater activity towards PosB than PosA, which was contrary to that of the TCEA. Novel cDNA ( Tg TCEB1) encoding the TCEB was isolated from tulip pollen. Tg TCEB1 belonged to the carboxylesterase family and was approximately 50% identical to the Tg TCEA polypeptides. Functional characterization of the recombinant enzyme verified that Tg TCEB1 catalyzed the conversion of PosB to PaB with an activity comparable with the native TCEB. RT- qPCR analysis of each part of plant revealed that Tg TCEB1 transcripts were limited almost exclusively to the pollen. Furthermore, the immunostaining of the anther cross-section using anti-Tg TCEB1 polyclonal antibody verified that Tg TCEB1 was specifically expressed in the pollen grains, but not in the anther cells. N-terminal transit peptide of Tg TCEB1 was shown to function as plastid-targeted signal. Taken together, these results indicate that mature Tg TCEB1 is specifically localized in plastids of pollen grains. Interestingly, PosB, the substrate of Tg TCEB1, accumulated on the pollen surface, but not in the intracellular spaces of pollen grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana L.) is a fascinating bulbous cut flower, and also used for potting, bedding, and border purpose. However, under the sub-tropical climatic conditions, quality tulip flower production is severely affected by its non-uniform bulb sprouting, lack or erratic flowering, small flower stalk, and short vase life. Hence, this study was performed to evaluate the potential of gibberellic acid (GA) on sprouting, vegetative growth, flowering, flower quality, and vase life, including different bulb characteristics of 'Ad-Rem' tulip. Tulip bulbs were dipped in aqueous solution of different GA3 concentrations (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg L-1) for 30 min with Tween-20 (0.01%) as a surfactant. Tulip bulbs treated with 100 mg·L GA3 sprouted in significantly less number of days, exhibited higher sprouting percentage, more plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, flower stalk length, stalk diameter, and fresh and dry flower stalk weight. Moreover, 100 mg·L GA3 application also decreased overall flower emergence time, increased flower size, produced attractive, glowing, and sturdy flowers with increased quality, and extended the vase life of 'Ad-Rem' tulip flowers up to 2.9-folds. However, 150 mg·L GA3 application exhibited better results regarding daughter bulblets per clump with a subsequent increase in bulb diameter, and weight compared to other treatments. Additionally, significant correlation was also found among different growth, flower, and bulb characteristics of GA3-treated tulip plants. Hence, 100-150 mg·L pre-planting exogenous application of GA may be effective for quality tulip production under the sub-tropical climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are substantial variations in bulbing (bulb formation) efficiency among micropropagated tulip cultivars. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but presumably involve cytokinins (CKs) for several reasons. Therefore, we explored CK profiles and dynamics in 'Blue Parrot' and 'Prominence' cultivars (which have low and high bulbing efficiency, respectively) during the in vitro propagation stages: the last shoot multiplication subculture extended to 14 weeks (S1-S2), the shoot cooling at 5 °C for induction of bulb formation (S3-S4) and the bulb growth initiation after the end of cooling (S5-S6). The CK thidiazuron (TDZ) is routinely used in tulip micropropagation at the shoot multiplication stage, but replacing it with isopentenyladenine (iP) during the last multiplication subculture substantially changed CK dynamics in later stages, and significantly increased bulb formation rates in both cultivars. Generally, the most abundant CKs in both cultivars were the isoprenoid CK types, trans-zeatin ( tZ), iP, cis-zeatin and dihydrozeatin. However, 'Prominence' shoots had much lower cis- to trans- Z-type CK ratios than 'Blue Parrot' shoots, and generally higher levels of physiologically active CKs (free bases tZ, iP and their ribosides) until the last phase of bulb formation, S6 (bulb growth initiation, i.e. swelling of shoot bases), 6 weeks after the end of cold treatment. In this phase total active CK and O-glucoside contents sharply declined in 'Prominence' shoots, but not in 'Blue Parrot' shoots pretreated with iP. In contrast, the low bulbing ability observed in 'Prominence' shoots pretreated with TDZ and 'Blue Parrot' shoots pretreated with either TDZ or iP was associated with a gradual rise in active CK and O-glucoside contents after the end of cooling. The results suggest that low bulbing efficiency may be related to down-regulation of tZ biosynthesis, and high bulbing efficiency to a transient increase in active CK forms (mainly tZs) in response to cold treatment during the bulb induction phase, S4 (at the end of cold treatment), followed by a rapid decrease during bulb formation, S6 (6 weeks after the end of cooling). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tulipa gesneriana L. was determined to investigate its phylogenetic position. This plastome is 151,958 base pairs (bp) in length, and comprises two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 26,352 bp, a small single-copy region of 17,123 bp and a large single-copy region of 82,131 bp. The GC contents of the cp genome were 36.6%. In total, we annotated 126 genes including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on nine chloroplast genomes indicates that T. gesneriana is closely related to T. iliensis and T. thianschanica ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The influence of different floral preservatives were assessed to determine their effect on the water relations and vase life of cut tulip cv. Yellow Purissima. Uniform size scapes of tulip at bud colour break stage were kept in ten different treatments of floral preservatives comprised of sucrose-(2,4 and 6%), aluminium sulphate (100,200 and 300 ppm) and 8-HQS (100,200 and 300 ppm) along with control (distilled water). All the preservatives improved water relations and vase life of cut tulip significantly in comparison to control. The greatest cumulative water balance and maximum vase life were recorded in 8-HQS 300 ppm (10.5 g/scape and 10.1 days) followed by aluminium sulphate 300 ppm (9.67 g/scape and 8.9 days) over control (2.53 g/scape and 5.4 days), respectively. Maximum fresh weight change (10th day) was recorded in 8-HQS 300 ppm (105.13%) followed by aluminium sulphate 300 ppm (103.75%) in comparison to control (89.91%). The floral preservatives delayed the senescence of cut tulip by improving water uptake and post harvest physiology, thereby maintained better water balance leading to improved fresh weight and vase life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which analyzes flower Tulipa gesneriana (Tg) 's co-pigment anthocyanin, iron contents, and the expression of TgVit1 mRNA in 13 cultivars with blue colors. The study adopts a reproduction experiment to identify the same anthocyanin component knows as delphinidin 3-rutinoside. Results show that iron complexation to delphinidin 3-rutinoside causes the blue coloration in tulip petals and flavonol glycosides stabilizes the iron complex.

Abstract: Ethylene has many detrimental effects on tulip quality, including increased bulb gummosis and respiration, reduced rooting, and increased flower bud abortion. In this work, bulbs of four cultivars were exposed to ethylene (10μLL−1, with or without 1-MCP pretreatment) for different durations or at different times during the fall storage period. An experiment on post-ethylene storage temperature was conducted to test the hypothesis that a period of warm temperature after ethylene exposure is necessary to fully express ethylene injury symptoms that are seen months later after cooling and forcing. The degree of damage (flower abortion) in the sensitive cultivars ‘Apeldoorn’ and ‘World''s Favourite’ increased as the duration of ethylene exposure increased to 10 and 16d, respectively. This effect strongly depended on the timing of ethylene stress, as bulbs given ethylene late in the storage season showed more severe injury than early-treated bulbs. Bulbs that were cooled (9°C) immediately after ethylene stress had higher flowering percentages than those stored at 17°C for 2–4 weeks after ethylene stress, demonstrating that a period of warm temperature after ethylene exposure is necessary to allow full expression of the injury. This response was dependent on the cultivar and the timing of ethylene stress. When 1-MCP (1μLL−1) was applied within 21–28 days prior to the start of ethylene exposure (2 weeks, 10μLL−1), the ethylene sensitive varieties were protected. Putative ethylene-resistant cultivars ‘Friso’ and ‘Sevilla’ were unaffected by ethylene and showed no response to 1-MCP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blue color in flowers is due mainly to anthocyanins, and a considerable part of blue coloration can be attributed to metal-complexed anthocyanins. However, the mechanism of metal ion transport into vacuoles and subsequent flower color development has yet to be fully explored. Previously, we studied the mechanism of blue color development specifically at the bottom of the inner perianth in purple tulip petals of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho. We found that differences in iron content were associated with the development of blue- and purple-colored cells. Here, we identify a vacuolar iron transporter in T. gesneriana ( TgVit1), and characterize the localization and function of this transporter protein in tulip petals. The amino acid sequence of TgVit1 is 85% similar that of the Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar iron transporter AtVIT1, and also showed similarity to the AtVIT1 homolog in yeast, Ca2+-sensitive cross-complementer 1 (CCC1). The gene TgVit1 was expressed exclusively in blue-colored epidermal cells, and protein levels increased with increasing mRNA expression and blue coloration. Transient expression experiments revealed that TgVit1 localizes to the vacuolar membrane, and is responsible for the development of the blue color in purple cells. Expression of TgVit1 in yeast rescued the growth defect of ccc1 mutant cells in the presence of high concentrations of FeSO4. Our results indicate that TgVit1 plays an essential role in blue coloration as a vacuolar iron transporter in tulip petals. These results suggest a new role for involvement of a vacuolar iron transporter in blue flower color development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of gibberellin4+7 (GA4+7) plus benzyladenine (BA) on postproduction quality of potted tulips. Plants of Tulipa gesneriana ‘Seadov’ were sprayed with GA4+7 plus BA, and placed in a simulated consumer environment (SCE) in order to determine effectiveness of the compound at each stage. Regardless of plant stage, treatment with GA4+7 plus BA improved individual flower longevity and postproduction longevity in the range of concentrations tested, with BA being the main active ingredient in the mixture. At bud stage application, postproduction quality was improved with higher doses of GA4+7 plus BA. GA4+7 plus BA had a strong effect on enhancing flower longevity when sprayed at the mature (fully colored) bud, and a lesser effect when applied to immature (green) buds. When applied at bloom stage, however, concentrations over 50mgL−1 reduced individual flower and postproduction longevity relative to lower concentrations as a result of undesirable hyper-opening of older flowers and greatly stimulated gynoecium growth. For all flower ages, concentrations as low as 10mgL−1 significantly increased tulip flower longevity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: The purpose of this study was to know the mechanism of jasmonates to induce gummosis in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn) shoots, especially on the focus of sugar metabolism. Gummosis in the first internode of tulip plants was induced by the application of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me, 1% w/w in lanolin) and jasmonic acid (JA, 1% w/w in lanolin) 5 days after application and strongly stimulated by the simultaneous application of ethylene-releasing compound, ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, 1% w/w in lanolin), although ethephon alone had little effect. JA-Me stimulated ethylene production of the first internodes of tulips, ethylene production increasing up to more than 5 times at day 1 and day 3 after the application. On the other hand, application of ethephon did not increase endogenous levels of jasmonates in tulip stems. Analysis of composition of tulip gums revealed that they were consisted of glucuronoarabinoxylan with an average molecular weight of ca. 700kDa. JA-Me strongly decreased the total amount of soluble sugars in tulip stems even in 1 day after application, being ca. 50% of initial values 5 days after application, but ethephon did not. However, both JA-Me and ethephon had almost no effect on the neutral sugar compositions of soluble sugars mainly consisting of glucose, mannose and xylose in ratio of 20:2:1 and traces of arabinose. Both JA-Me and ethephon applied exogenously stimulated senescence of tulip shoots shown by the loss of chlorophyll. These results strongly suggest that the essential factor of gummosis in tulips is jasmonates affecting the sugar metabolism in tulip shoots. The mode of action of jasmonates to induce gummosis of tulip shoots is discussed in relation to ethylene production, sugar metabolism and senescence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A considerable number of blue mold rot reports of various commercially grown bulbs and vegetables in the literature have been based on outdated taxonomy attributing crop losses to Penicillium corymbiferum Westling (a synonym of P. hirsutum Dierkx). The species P. corymbiferum has recently been subdivided into seven taxa which comprise the Pencillium series Corymbifera: P. albocoremium, P. allii, P. hirsutum, P. hordei, P. radicicola, P. tulipae and P. venetum. Results from pathogencity trials indicated that P. allii was the predominant pathogen of Allium cepa (red onion) and Allium sativum; however it did not infect either tulip or gladiolus. P. hirsutum, P. radicicola, P. tulipae and P. venetum were predominant pathogens of Tulipa gesneriana and P. hirsutum, P. tulipae and P. venetum were predominant pathogens of a Gladiolus sp. Six of the Corymbifera taxa (excluding P. hordei) caused a rot in the basal root plate of A. cepa (yellow onion); however as P. tulipae produces the mycotoxin penitrem A, which has been previously implicated in tremorgenic toxicosis, spoilage of yellow onion during storage due to this fungus is of particular concern. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To investigate the role of gibberellins (GAs) in the cold requirement of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn), bulbs were dry‐stored at 5°C or at 17°C for 12 weeks prior to planting at 20°C. Only precooled bulbs showed rapid sprout growth and developed a full‐grown flower. Endogenous GA levels were measured in sprouts and basal plates at the time of planting and in the second week after planting, by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. GA4 was the major gibberellin. while GA1, GA9 and GA34 were present in lower amounts. At the time of planting, sprouts from non‐cooled bulbs contained significantly more GA4 and GA1, per sprout than those from precooled bulbs. Hence, there is no direct correlation between rapid sprout growth after planting and high GA levels at planting. In the second week after planting, floral stalks of precooled bulbs contained 2 to 3 times more GA4 and its metabolite GA34 per floral stalk and per g fresh weight than those of non‐cooled bulbs. The results are discussed with regard to the role of gibberellins in the cold‐induced floral stalk elongation of tulip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of gibberellins (Gas) in the regulation of floral stalk elongation and flower development has been studied in tulip. The biological activity of GA4 and GA9, both endogenous in tulip bulb sprouts, and GA1, was tested in vitro on sprouts of cooled and non-cooled tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoom), in the presence or absence of the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol. At early starting dates of incubation, floral stalks from both cooled and non-cooled bulbs hardly showed any elongation in the absence of exogenous GA. Paclobutrazol had no effect on floral stalk elongation, and the response to Gas of sprouts from cooled bulbs was greater than that of sprouts from non-cooled bulbs. At later starts of incubation, considerable floral stalk elongation occurred without GA application. Paclobutrazol inhibited this floral stalk elongation, and the growth of sprouts from both cooled and non-cooled bulbs was stimulated by GA application. The effect of paclobutrazol was reversed by simultaneous application of GA4 or GA9. Application of GA with and without paclobutrazol resulted in the same elongation of the floral stalk, indicating the absence of substantial side effects of the inhibitor. The isolated sprouts did not develop a full-grown flower without the addition of GA. GA4 was more effective than GA9 in stimulating this flower development. The results demonstrate that both sprouts from cooled and non-cooled bulbs are responsive to exogenous Gas in vitro, and may be a site of GA biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the production of good quality flowers, tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) bulbs need a period of low temperature. In cultivar Apeldoorn a treatment of 12 weeks at 5°C can be used. In the bulb scales the respiratory metabolism has to adjust to this low temperature. Mitochondria isolated from the bulb scales are able to use succinate. NADH and pyruvate as respiratory substrates. Respiratory characteristics of these mitochondria changed after transfer of the bulbs to 5°C and the adaptation was complete within 2 weeks. Both state 3 respiration and respiratory control increased. Alternative pathway capacity was constitutively present at both 5°C and 17°C: it was low and substrate dependent at both temperatures. During the following weeks of the treatment no significant changes took place. However, when bulbs were transferred to 17°C after storage at 5°C. various responses could be demonstrated. In bulbs only cooled for a short period no readjustment to this higher temperature occurred. In bulbs stored for longer periods the change depended on the duration of the 5°C treatment. The nature of the re‐adaptation is discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure is described by which the ribosome assemblies isolated from the buds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as well as the ribosome and polysome fractions purified by sucrose density gradient centrifagation can be prepared for study by scanning electron microscopy. The technique has also been used to illustrate ribosomes extracted froai leaves and roots of Nicotiana tabacum L., from roots of Tuiipa gesneriana hybr. and from commercial wheat germ. The sample under study is spread on a piece of coverslip', frozen and dried at room temperature. The coverslip, with attached material, is taken through the critical point drying procedure, glued on a specimen retainer aod coated with gold‐palladium. The coverslip serves as a sufficiently stable specimen support to allow the study of ribosomes at magnifications of several hundred thousand. Use of the method makes it possible to study the structure of polysomes, to check the purity of fractioned samples and to investigate differences in the ribosome assembly of the developing plant tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold particles coated with β-glucuronidase (GUS) mRNA with a 5′ cap structure that had been synthesized in vitro were introduced, by use of a pneumatic particle gun, into pollen grains of lily ( Lilium longiflorum), freesia ( Freesia refracta) and tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana). A fluorometric assay for the GUS activity indicated that in vitro synthesized GUS mRNA introduced into these pollen cells by particle bombardment was successfully expressed. GUS activity in extracts of the bombarded lily pollen became detectable fluorometrically within 30 min after bombardment, peaked at 6 h, then gradually decreased. This activity changed as a function of the developmental stage of the pollen cell of lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated epidermis of Commelina communis L. and Tulipa gesneriana L. assimilated CO into malic acid and its metabolites but not into sugars or their phosphates; epidermis could not reduce CO by photosynthesis and therefore must be heterotrophic (Raschke and Dittrich, 1977). If, however, isolated epidermis of Commelina communis was placed on prelabelled mesophyll (obtained by an exposure to CO for 10 min), radioactive sugars appeared in the epidermis, most likely by transfer from the mesophyll. Of the radioactivity in the epidermis, 60% was in sucrose, glucose, fructose, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and sugar phosphates. During a 10-min exposure to CO, epidermis in situ incorporated 16 times more radioactivity than isolated epidermal strips. Isolated epidermis of Commelina communis and Tulipa gesneriana took up C-labelled glucose-1-phosphate (without dephosphorylation), glucose, sucrose and maltose. These substances were transformed into other sugars and, simultaneously, into malic acid. Carbons-1 through-3 of malic acid in guard cells can thus be derived from sugars. Radioactivity appeared also in the hydrolysate of the ethanol-insoluble residue and in compounds of the tricarboxylic-acid cycle, including their transamination products. The hydrolysate contained glucose as the only radioactive compound. Radioactivity in the hydrolysate was therefore considered an indication of starch. Starch formation in the epidermis began within 5 min of exposure to glucose-1-phosphate. Autoradiograms of epidermal sections were blackened above the guard cells. Formation of starch from radioactive sugars therefore occurred predominantly in these cells. Epidermis of tulip consistently incorporated more C into malic and aspartic acids than that of Commelina communis (e.g. after a 4-h exposure to [C]glucose in the dark, epidermis, with open stomata, of tulip contained 31% of its radioactivity in malate and aspartate, that of Commelina communis only 2%). The results of our experiments allow a merger of the old observations on the involvement of starch metabolism in stomatal movement with the more recent recognition of ion transfer and acid metabolism as causes of stomatal opening and closing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated epidermes of Tulipa gesneriana L. and Commelian communis L. were exposed to CO in the light and in darkness, when stomata were either closed or open. The labelling patterns did not differ: the main products of CO fixation were malate and aspartate. Small amounts of radioactivity appeared also in acids of the tricarboxylic-acid cycle and their transamination products. Since the capacity of epidermis to assimilate CO is known to reside in the guard cells, we can state that guard cells continuously take up CO if present, and are thus able to recognize the presence of CO in their environment at all times. Epidermal samples exposed to CO in the light contained only small amounts of radioactive 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) and sugar phosphates, or none at all. Epidermal samples from Commelina communis did not contain labelled 3-PGA if all adhering mesophyll cells had been removed before exposure to CO. Homogenates of clean epidermal strips of Commelina communis were able to convert exogenous ribulose diphosphate to 3-PGA at a low rate, but could not catalyze the conversion of exogenous ribulose-5-phosphate to ribulose diphosphate. Guard cells of Commelina communis, and probably also those of Tulipa gesneriana, appear not to possess the reductive pentosephosphate pathway, despite the presence of chloroplasts. In such species, the guard cells will have to rely on import in order to maintain their carbon balance. Earlier findings of photosynthetic reduction of CO by epidermal tissues were probably obtained with samples that were contaminated with mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene effects were investigated on two tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cuitivars, Markant and Carreria. Pre-cooled bulbs were treated with ethylene (flow-through) for 1 week at 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μL.L-1 (± 10%) in a modified hydroponic system. After ethylene exposure, plants were either destructively harvested for root measurements or forced in a greenhouse for flower measurements. Ethylene exposure at concentrations as low as 1 μL.L-1 during the first week of growth reduced shoot and root elongation and subsequently increased flower bud abortion. At 10 μL.L-1 , root growth was essentially eliminated. In a second experiment, bulbs were treated overnight with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before a 7-day exposure to 1 μL.L-1 ethylene. 1-MCP pretreatment eliminated the harmful effects of ethylene on root and shoot growth. This study illustrates the effects of ethylene exposure during hydroponic tulip production and demonstrates a potential benefit to treating bulbs with 1-MCP before planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on a tuliposide-converting enzyme from bulbs of Tulipa gesneriana which was purified and characterized. It was found that after the purification and characterization of the enzyme which catalyzes the stoichiometric conversion of 6-tuliposide into tulipalin, the enzyme was dimer, with 34, 900 relative molecular mass (Mr) and has moderate temperature. It notes that the enzyme acted on glucose esters like 6-tuliposides and on p-nitrophenylacetate to a lesser extent.

Two novel anthocyanins, delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(2-O-acetyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside) and delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(3-O-acetyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside), were identified from the anthers of Tulipa gesneriana. These and delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside) made up over 80% of the anthocyanin content in the dark purple anthers and could be responsible for the intense color of the anthers.